太陽能光伏發電原理

太陽能電池與蓄電池組成系(xi)統的(de)電(dian)源單元，因此蓄電(dian)池性能直接(jie)影響著系(xi)統工(gong)作特性。

（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)元：由于技術和(he)材料(liao)原因(yin)(yin)，單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)十分有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，實(shi)用中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經串(chuan)、并(bing)聯組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統(tong)，稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組件(jian)（陣(zhen)列）。單(dan)(dan)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)一只硅晶體(ti)二極(ji)管，根據(ju)半導體(ti)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)學(xue)特性，當太(tai)陽光照射到由P型和(he)N型兩(liang)種不(bu)同(tong)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)質半導體(ti)材料(liao)構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)P-N結(jie)(jie)上(shang)時(shi)，在一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下，太(tai)陽能(neng)輻射被半導體(ti)材料(liao)吸收，在導帶和(he)價帶中(zhong)產(chan)生非(fei)平(ping)衡(heng)載流(liu)子(zi)即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)和(he)空穴(xue)。同(tong)于P-N結(jie)(jie)勢壘區(qu)存在著較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內建靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，因(yin)(yin)而能(neng)在光照下形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度J，短路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Isc，開路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Uoc。若(ruo)在內建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)側面引出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)并(bing)接上(shang)負載，理論(lun)上(shang)講由P-N結(jie)(jie)、連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)負載形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回路(lu)(lu)(lu)，于是(shi)就(jiu)有“光生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”流(liu)過，太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組件(jian)就(jiu)實(shi)現了對負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率P輸(shu)出。

（2）電能儲存單元：太陽能電池產(chan)生的直流電先進入蓄(xu)電池(chi)儲存，蓄(xu)電池(chi)的特性(xing)影響(xiang)著系統的工作效(xiao)率和特性(xing)。蓄(xu)電池(chi)技術是十分(fen)成(cheng)熟的，但其容量(liang)要(yao)受到(dao)末端需(xu)電量(liang)，日照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)（發電時(shi)間(jian)(jian)）的影響(xiang)。因此蓄(xu)電池(chi)瓦時(shi)容量(liang)和安時(shi)容量(liang)由預定的連(lian)續無日照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)決(jue)定。

設置原理

太陽能光伏發電系(xi)統的設計需要(yao)考(kao)慮的因素：

1、需要(yao)考(kao)慮太陽能光伏(fu)發電系(xi)統(tong)使用的地方以及(ji)該地日光輻射(she)情(qing)況；

2、需(xu)要考(kao)慮太陽能光伏發電系統需(xu)要承載的負載功率；

3、系統所輸出(chu)電(dian)壓，以及考慮應該使用(yong)直流電(dian)還是交(jiao)流電(dian)；

4、系統每天需要(yao)工作的小時(shi)數；

5、如(ru)遇到(dao)沒(mei)有日(ri)光(guang)照射的陰雨(yu)天(tian)氣，系統需連續(xu)供電多少天(tian)；

6、考慮負載的情(qing)況，是純電(dian)阻(zu)性、電(dian)容性還是電(dian)感性，啟(qi)動電(dian)流(liu)的大小。

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太陽能光伏發電系統組成

光伏系統是由太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)方陣，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)組，充放(fang)電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器，逆變器，交流配(pei)電(dian)柜、自動太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)跟蹤系統、自動太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)組件(jian)除塵系統等設備(bei)組成。其各部分(fen)設備(bei)的作用是：

1、太陽能電池

在有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照（無論是(shi)太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，還是(shi)其它發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)體(ti)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照）情(qing)況下，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)吸收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩端出現異號電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)積累，即產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)”，這就是(shi)“光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)伏特(te)效應”。在光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)伏特(te)效應的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下，太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩端產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)動勢，將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，是(shi)能(neng)(neng)量轉換的(de)(de)(de)器件。太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般為(wei)硅(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，分為(wei)單晶硅(gui)(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，多晶硅(gui)(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和非晶硅(gui)(gui)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)三種。

原材料特點：

電池(chi)片：采用高(gao)效率(lv)（16.5%以上）的(de)單晶硅太陽能片封裝，保(bao)證(zheng)太陽能電池(chi)板發電功(gong)率(lv)充(chong)足。

玻(bo)璃：采(cai)用低鐵鋼化(hua)絨(rong)面玻(bo)璃(又稱為白玻(bo)璃)，厚度3.2mm,在太陽(yang)電(dian)池光(guang)譜(pu)響應(ying)的波長范圍(wei)內(nei)(320-1100nm)透光(guang)率(lv)達91%以上(shang)，對于大于1200 nm的紅外光(guang)有(you)較高的反射(she)率(lv)。此玻(bo)璃同時(shi)能耐(nai)太陽(yang)紫外光(guang)線的輻(fu)射(she)，透光(guang)率(lv)不下降(jiang)。

EVA：采用加有抗(kang)紫外劑(ji)、抗(kang)氧(yang)化(hua)劑(ji)和固化(hua)劑(ji)的厚(hou)度為0.78mm的優質EVA膜層作為太(tai)陽(yang)電池的密封劑(ji)和與玻璃(li)、TPT之(zhi)間的連接劑(ji)。具有較高的透光率和抗(kang)老化(hua)能力(li)。

TPT：太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池的背面覆蓋(gai)物(wu)—氟塑(su)料(liao)膜(mo)為白色，對(dui)陽(yang)光起反射作用，因此(ci)對(dui)組(zu)件的效率略有(you)提(ti)高，并因其具有(you)較(jiao)高的紅(hong)外發射率，還(huan)可降低(di)組(zu)件的工(gong)作溫度，也有(you)利于提(ti)高組(zu)件的效率。當然(ran)，此(ci)氟塑(su)料(liao)膜(mo)首先具有(you)太(tai)陽(yang)電(dian)池封(feng)裝材料(liao)所(suo)要求(qiu)的耐老化、耐腐蝕、不(bu)透氣(qi)等基(ji)本要求(qiu)。

邊框：所采(cai)用的(de)鋁(lv)合金(jin)邊框具有高強度(du)，抗(kang)機械沖擊能(neng)力強。也是家用太(tai)陽能(neng)發電(dian)中(zhong)價值最高的(de)部分。

2、蓄電池組

其作(zuo)用(yong)是貯存太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池方陣受光照時發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)并可(ke)隨時向(xiang)負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對所用(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)基本要(yao)求是：a.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)低；b.使用(yong)壽命長(chang)；c.深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強(qiang)；d.充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)高；e.少維(wei)護或(huo)免維(wei)護；f.工作(zuo)溫度范(fan)圍(wei)寬；g.價格低廉(lian)。目前我國(guo)與(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統配套(tao)使用(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池主要(yao)是鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)鎘鎳蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。配套(tao)200Ah以上的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，一般選用(yong)固定式(shi)或(huo)工業密封式(shi)免維(wei)護鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，每(mei)只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為2VDC；配套(tao)200Ah以下的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，一般選用(yong)小(xiao)型密封免維(wei)護鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，每(mei)只(zhi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為12VDC。

3、充放電控制器

是能(neng)自動(dong)防止蓄(xu)電池(chi)過充(chong)電和過放(fang)電的設(she)備(bei)。由于蓄(xu)電池(chi)的循(xun)環充(chong)放(fang)電次數及放(fang)電深(shen)度是決定蓄(xu)電池(chi)使用壽命(ming)的重(zhong)要因(yin)素，因(yin)此(ci)能(neng)控(kong)制蓄(xu)電池(chi)組過充(chong)電或(huo)過放(fang)電的充(chong)放(fang)電控(kong)制器(qi)是必不可少的設(she)備(bei)。

4、逆變器

是(shi)(shi)將直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換成交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)設備。由于(yu)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，而負載是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)(liu)負載時(shi)，逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)。逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)按運(yun)行方(fang)(fang)式，可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)獨(du)立運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)并(bing)網(wang)逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。獨(du)立運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用于(yu)獨(du)立運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)，為(wei)獨(du)立負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)網(wang)逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用于(yu)并(bing)網(wang)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)。逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)按輸出波型(xing)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)方(fang)(fang)波逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)正弦(xian)(xian)波逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。方(fang)(fang)波逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單(dan)，造價低，但(dan)諧波分(fen)量大，一般(ban)用于(yu)幾百瓦以下和(he)對諧波要求(qiu)不(bu)高的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)。正弦(xian)(xian)波逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成本(ben)高，但(dan)可(ke)以適用于(yu)各種負載。

逆變(bian)器保護功能：a、過載保護；b、短路保護；c、接(jie)反保護；d、欠(qian)壓保護；e、過壓保護；f、過熱保護。

5、交流配電柜

其在電站系統的主要(yao)作用(yong)是對備用(yong)逆變器的切換(huan)功能，保(bao)證系統的正(zheng)常(chang)供電，同(tong)時還有對線路(lu)電能的計量。