一、光伏發電是什么意思
光伏發電是利(li)用半導(dao)體界面的(de)光(guang)生伏(fu)特效(xiao)應(ying)而(er)將(jiang)光(guang)能直接轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)能的(de)一種(zhong)技術。主要(yao)由太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(組件(jian)(jian))、控制器(qi)和逆變(bian)器(qi)三大部(bu)分組成(cheng),主要(yao)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)由電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)件(jian)(jian)構(gou)成(cheng)。太陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)經(jing)過(guo)串聯后進行封(feng)裝(zhuang)保護(hu)可形成(cheng)大面積的(de)太陽(yang)電(dian)池(chi)組件(jian)(jian),再配合上(shang)功(gong)率控制器(qi)等部(bu)件(jian)(jian)就形成(cheng)了光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。
二、光伏發電的組成結構及作用
光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統是(shi)由(you)太(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)池(chi)方(fang)陣(zhen),蓄電(dian)池(chi)組(zu),充放(fang)電(dian)控制(zhi)器(qi),逆(ni)變器(qi),交流配(pei)電(dian)柜,太(tai)(tai)陽跟蹤控制(zhi)系(xi)統等設(she)(she)備組(zu)成(cheng)。其部分設(she)(she)備的作用是(shi):
1、電池方陣
在有光(guang)照(zhao)(無論是太(tai)陽光(guang),還(huan)是其它(ta)發光(guang)體產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)光(guang)照(zhao))情(qing)況下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)吸(xi)收光(guang)能(neng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端出現異號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)積累,即產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)“光(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓”,這就是“光(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)伏(fu)特效(xiao)應”。在光(guang)生(sheng)(sheng)伏(fu)特效(xiao)應的(de)作用(yong)下,太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)兩(liang)端產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi),將光(guang)能(neng)轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),是能(neng)量轉換的(de)器(qi)件。太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般(ban)為硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),分為單晶(jing)硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),多晶(jing)硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和非晶(jing)硅太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)三種。
2、蓄電池組
其(qi)作用(yong)是貯存太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣受光照時發出的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)并可隨時向(xiang)負載供電(dian)(dian)。太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發電(dian)(dian)對(dui)所用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的基(ji)本要求是:a.自放電(dian)(dian)率低(di)(di);b.使(shi)用(yong)壽命長;c.深放電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強;d.充電(dian)(dian)效率高;e.少維護(hu)或免維護(hu);f.工(gong)作溫度范圍(wei)寬;g.價格低(di)(di)廉。
3、控制器
是(shi)能自動防止蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池過充電(dian)(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的設備(bei)。由于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的循(xun)環充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)次(ci)數及(ji)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度是(shi)決定蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽命的重要(yao)因(yin)素,因(yin)此(ci)能控制蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池組過充電(dian)(dian)或過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)控制器是(shi)必不可少的設備(bei)。
4、逆變器
是將直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換成交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由于(yu)太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池和蓄電(dian)(dian)池是直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源,而負載(zai)是交流(liu)負載(zai)時,逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)是必(bi)不可少的(de)。逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)按運(yun)行方式(shi),可分為(wei)獨立運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)和并網逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)。
獨立運(yun)(yun)行逆變器(qi)用(yong)于獨立運(yun)(yun)行的太(tai)陽能電(dian)池發電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統,為(wei)獨立負載供(gong)電(dian)。并網(wang)逆變器(qi)用(yong)于并網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行的太(tai)陽能電(dian)池發電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統。
逆(ni)變(bian)器按輸出波(bo)型可分為方波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)器和正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)器。方波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)器電路簡單,造價低,但諧波(bo)分量(liang)大,一般用于幾百瓦以(yi)下和對諧波(bo)要求不(bu)高的(de)系統。正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)器成本高,但可以(yi)適(shi)用于各種負載。
5、跟蹤系統
由于相對于某一個固定地點的太陽能光伏發電系統,一年春夏秋冬四(si)季、每(mei)天日升日落(luo),太陽(yang)的光照角度(du)時時刻刻都在(zai)變化,如果太陽(yang)能電(dian)池板能夠時刻正對太陽(yang),發電(dian)效率才會達到最佳(jia)狀態。
世界(jie)上通用的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)都(dou)(dou)需要(yao)根據安放點的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)緯(wei)度(du)等信息(xi)計(ji)算一年中的(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一天的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同時刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)角度(du),將(jiang)一年中每(mei)個(ge)時刻的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)位置存儲到PLC、單片機或電(dian)腦(nao)軟件中,也就是靠計(ji)算太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)位置以實現跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。采用的(de)(de)(de)是電(dian)腦(nao)數(shu)(shu)據理(li)論,需要(yao)地球經(jing)(jing)緯(wei)度(du)地區的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據和設(she)定(ding),一旦(dan)安裝(zhuang),就不(bu)(bu)便移(yi)動(dong)(dong)或裝(zhuang)拆,每(mei)次移(yi)動(dong)(dong)完就必須重新設(she)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)據和調整(zheng)各個(ge)參數(shu)(shu);原理(li)、電(dian)路、技術、設(she)備復雜,非專業(ye)人士不(bu)(bu)能夠隨便操作。把加裝(zhuang)了智能太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)儀的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能發電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)安裝(zhuang)在高速行駛的(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)、火車(che)(che),以及通訊應(ying)急車(che)(che)、特種(zhong)軍用汽(qi)車(che)(che)、軍艦(jian)或輪船上,不(bu)(bu)論系(xi)統(tong)向何方行駛、如何調頭(tou)、拐彎,智能太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)儀都(dou)(dou)能保證設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)部(bu)位正(zheng)對(dui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)。