【五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動(dong)(dong)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)】五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動(dong)(dong)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)結構(gou) 五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動(dong)(dong)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)優勢

五軸聯動數控機床的結構

5軸機床大多是(shi)3+2的(de)(de)結構，即x，y，z三(san)(san)(san)個直線運動(dong)軸加(jia)上分(fen)別(bie)圍(wei)繞x，y，z軸旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)a，b，c三(san)(san)(san)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸中的(de)(de)兩個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸組成。這樣，從大的(de)(de)方面分(fen)類(lei)，就有(you)x，y，z，a，b；x，y，z，a，c；x，y，z，b，c三(san)(san)(san)種形(xing)式(shi)；由(you)二(er)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)軸的(de)(de)組合(he)形(xing)式(shi)來分(fen)，大體上有(you)雙(shuang)轉(zhuan)臺(tai)式(shi)、轉(zhuan)臺(tai)加(jia)上擺(bai)頭式(shi)和雙(shuang)擺(bai)頭式(shi)三(san)(san)(san)種形(xing)式(shi)。

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這三種結構形式由于物理上的原因，分別決定了機床的規格大小和加工對象的范圍。其中，雙轉臺結構的五軸聯動數控機床由于在(zai)加工工件(jian)時工件(jian)需(xu)要在(zai)兩個(ge)旋轉(zhuan)方(fang)向運(yun)動(dong)，所以(yi)只(zhi)適(shi)合加工小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)零件(jian)，如(ru)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)整體渦輪(lun)、葉輪(lun)、小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)精密模具等，由于結構最(zui)為簡單(dan)，所以(yi)相對價格較為低廉，就應用(yong)來講，這是(shi)數(shu)量(liang)最(zui)多的一類(lei)五連動(dong)數(shu)控機(ji)床。

轉臺加上擺頭式結構的五連動數控機床由于(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)(tai)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)a軸(zhou)(zhou)、b軸(zhou)(zhou)或c軸(zhou)(zhou)，擺(bai)(bai)頭也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)分別是(shi)(shi)a軸(zhou)(zhou)、b軸(zhou)(zhou)或c軸(zhou)(zhou)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)(tai)加(jia)(jia)上(shang)擺(bai)(bai)頭式結(jie)構的(de)(de)五(wu)聯動數(shu)控(kong)機床可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)有各種不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組合(he)(he)，以(yi)(yi)適(shi)應不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)對(dui)象，如(ru)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)汽輪發電機的(de)(de)葉(xie)片，需(xu)(xu)要a軸(zhou)(zhou)加(jia)(jia)上(shang)b軸(zhou)(zhou)，其中a軸(zhou)(zhou)需(xu)(xu)要用尾座頂(ding)尖配合(he)(he)頂(ding)住工(gong)(gong)件(jian)，如(ru)果工(gong)(gong)件(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)長同(tong)(tong)時直徑(jing)又細，則需(xu)(xu)要兩(liang)頭夾(jia)住并且(qie)拉伸工(gong)(gong)件(jian)來進行加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，當然這里(li)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)必要條件(jian)是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)(tai)必須嚴格(ge)(ge)同(tong)(tong)步旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。采(cai)用c軸(zhou)(zhou)加(jia)(jia)上(shang)b軸(zhou)(zhou)，由于(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)僅在c軸(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)運動，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)很小，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)大，直徑(jing)范圍可(ke)(ke)由幾(ji)十毫(hao)米(mi)至(zhi)數(shu)千毫(hao)米(mi)，c軸(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)直徑(jing)也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從100～200mm至(zhi)2～3m，機床的(de)(de)規格(ge)(ge)、質量也從幾(ji)噸(dun)至(zhi)十幾(ji)噸(dun)甚(shen)至(zhi)數(shu)十噸(dun)。這也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)類應用十分廣泛的(de)(de)五(wu)軸(zhou)(zhou)數(shu)控(kong)機床，其價格(ge)(ge)居中，隨機器規格(ge)(ge)大小、精度和(he)性能的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)相差很大。雙擺(bai)(bai)頭式結(jie)構的(de)(de)五(wu)軸(zhou)(zhou)數(shu)控(kong)機床，由于(yu)(yu)其結(jie)構本身(shen)的(de)(de)原因(yin)，擺(bai)(bai)頭中間一(yi)(yi)般有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)帶有松拉刀(dao)結(jie)構的(de)(de)電主軸(zhou)(zhou)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)雙擺(bai)(bai)頭自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)尺寸不(bu)容易做(zuo)小，一(yi)(yi)般在400～500mm。

五軸聯動數控機床的優勢

五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動(dong)數控機(ji)床(chuang)系統是解決葉輪、葉片、船用(yong)(yong)螺旋(xuan)槳(jiang)、重型(xing)發電機(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)、汽(qi)輪機(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)、大(da)型(xing)柴油機(ji)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)等等加工的唯一手段。它是一種(zhong)科技含量高(gao)、精(jing)密度高(gao)專門用(yong)(yong)于加工復雜曲面的機(ji)床(chuang)，該機(ji)床(chuang)系統對一個國家(jia)的航(hang)空、航(hang)天、軍(jun)事、科研、精(jing)密器械(xie)、高(gao)精(jing)醫療設備等等行業有(you)著舉足輕重的影響力(li)。

五軸聯動數控機床的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，讓(rang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)夾變(bian)得(de)(de)容易(yi)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時無需(xu)特(te)殊夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，降低(di)了(le)(le)夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本，避免了(le)(le)多次裝(zhuang)夾，提高(gao)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)五軸(zhou)(zhou)技(ji)術加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)以(yi)減少夾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)數量(liang)(liang)。另外，由于五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動機(ji)床可(ke)在加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中省去許多特(te)殊刀具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，所以(yi)降低(di)了(le)(le)刀具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)成(cheng)本。五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動機(ji)床在加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中能(neng)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)刀具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效切削(xue)刃長度，減小切削(xue)力(li)，提高(gao)刀具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命，降低(di)成(cheng)本。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動機(ji)床加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)以(yi)很(hen)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，交貨快(kuai)，更好的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變(bian)得(de)(de)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)容易(yi)，并且(qie)使(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)修(xiu)改變(bian)得(de)(de)容易(yi)。在傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中，一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)來(lai)完(wan)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)(de)(de)銑(xian)削(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。隨著模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)制造技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)，立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)本身的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些弱點表(biao)現得(de)(de)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)明顯(xian)。現代模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)普遍使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)球(qiu)頭銑(xian)刀來(lai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，球(qiu)頭銑(xian)刀在模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中帶來(lai)好處非常(chang)明顯(xian)，但是如果用(yong)(yong)(yong)立式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)話，其底面的(de)(de)(de)線速度為(wei)零，這(zhe)樣底面的(de)(de)(de)光潔度就很(hen)差(cha)，如果使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)四、五軸(zhou)(zhou)聯動機(ji)床加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，可(ke)以(yi)克服(fu)上述不(bu)足。