一、什么是分布式儲能系統
分(fen)布(bu)式儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)針對(dui)分(fen)布(bu)式的儲能(neng)(neng)電站進行監控(kong)管理的一(yi)套軟件(jian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。通(tong)俗來說,同(tong)一(yi)項(xiang)目的儲能(neng)(neng)電站可能(neng)(neng)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)的地方,要進行監控(kong)和管理的難度(du)很大(da),但是(shi)依托軟件(jian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行,就會大(da)大(da)提高效率(lv)。具體功能(neng)(neng)有:
1、管理(li)跨(kua)區域的就地儲能系(xi)統。
2、針對各就地儲能系統(tong)施(shi)不同目的的策略(lve)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(例如(ru):峰谷模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、需(xu)量模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、平(ping)滑模(mo)(mo)式(shi)等(deng))。
3、具有相關性的獨立儲(chu)能站可(ke)實現集(ji)中(zhong)虛擬儲(chu)能站,統(tong)一(yi)管理、集(ji)中(zhong)調配。
4、用(yong)戶間相互隔離(li),用(yong)戶在自己(ji)的(de)權限(xian)范圍內(nei)監控自己(ji)的(de)儲能站。
5、支持web瀏(liu)覽及手機(ji)客戶(hu)端。
6、支持本(ben)地(di)存(cun)儲(chu)、云端存(cun)儲(chu)。
二、分布式儲能在電力系統的應用場景
1、削峰填谷
近年來,電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)峰(feng)谷(gu)差日益增大,可再生能源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)滲透(tou)率(lv)的(de)不斷提高(gao)又進一步導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)壓力(li)增大。利用(yong)(yong)儲能裝置在(zai)(zai)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)(shi)期放電(dian)(dian)(dian),負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)低谷(gu)時(shi)(shi)期從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian),減少(shao)高(gao)峰(feng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)需求,節省用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)(yong),從(cong)而(er)達到改善負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)特性、參與系統(tong)調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。通過實施削峰(feng)填(tian)谷(gu),可以提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)設備的(de)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)并且延(yan)緩(huan)或減少(shao)發-輸-配電(dian)(dian)(dian)環節設備的(de)擴容(rong)與升級。
根據實(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong),儲能系(xi)統(tong)進行削(xue)峰填(tian)谷的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)也有差異:①當儲能系(xi)統(tong)實(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)為電網時,從電網調(diao)峰角度考慮,為減少(shao)常規發電機組的(de)(de)(de)開停機次數以及旋(xuan)轉備用的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang),儲能系(xi)統(tong)削(xue)峰填(tian)谷的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)應為負荷(he)波動小、峰谷差小。②當儲能系(xi)統(tong)實(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)為用戶(hu)或者第三方投資方時,儲能系(xi)統(tong)削(xue)峰填(tian)谷的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)則(ze)變為節(jie)省電費、最大限度套利。目前的(de)(de)(de)儲能系(xi)統(tong)削(xue)峰填(tian)谷控制策略多以負荷(he)波動最小為目標(biao)函數,并輔助經(jing)濟性分析,從而(er)實(shi)現(xian)儲能系(xi)統(tong)充(chong)放電的(de)(de)(de)優化管理。
2、提高供電可靠性和電能質量
為防止(zhi)電力系統(tong)的(de)重要用戶在電網故障或停電時的(de)經濟損失,通過(guo)配(pei)置一定容量的(de)儲能系統(tong)作為應(ying)急電源(yuan)或不間斷電源(yuan),可(ke)有效(xiao)提高(gao)供電可(ke)靠性。另(ling)外,儲能系統(tong)可(ke)實現高(gao)效(xiao)快速(su)地有功和(he)無功控制,快速(su)響應(ying)系統(tong)擾(rao)動,調整頻率(lv)與電壓,補償負荷波動,提高(gao)系統(tong)運行(xing)穩(wen)定性,改善電能質量。
3、調頻
儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尤其是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術具備響應速(su)度快、雙(shuang)向調(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)等(deng)優(you)點,比(bi)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)手段更加高(gao)效。但由(you)于儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經濟性(xing)的(de)制約(yue),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)容量比(bi)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源小,因此儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)一般是與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源進行組合(he)使用。在(zai)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)方(fang)面,有文獻對儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助常(chang)規機組進行一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)的(de)控制策略進行了(le)研究,主(zhu)要(yao)使用了(le)改進下垂控制方(fang)法。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也可與(yu)(yu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)聯合(he)提高(gao)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)機組的(de)一次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),此種(zhong)模(mo)式下,也會相應減小風(feng)電(dian)(dian)場棄風(feng)量。在(zai)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)與(yu)(yu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二次調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)方(fang)面,針對傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)中,火電(dian)(dian)機組響應速(su)度慢、機組爬(pa)坡速(su)率低等(deng)問(wen)題,主(zhu)要(yao)從(cong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)的(de)角度,提出了(le)基于模(mo)糊控制、遺傳(chuan)(chuan)算法、靈敏度分析的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)控制方(fang)法,從(cong)而改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。
4、分布式可再生能源消納
分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)風(feng)電(dian)、光伏等(deng)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨機(ji)性(xing)、波(bo)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)特點將會(hui)對(dui)其接入的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)網運行控(kong)制(zhi)產生沖擊。儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)可(ke)(ke)平滑分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)功功率波(bo)動(dong)(dong)、改善電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量、提高跟蹤計劃出力的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力,從而減小分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)風(feng)光發(fa)(fa)電(dian)對(dui)電(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊,促進電(dian)網接納(na)高滲透率分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。目前(qian),儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)提高集中式(shi)(shi)大規模可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)方面,主要開展了(le)平滑風(feng)光出力波(bo)動(dong)(dong)、跟蹤計劃等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)技術研究(jiu),成果較多。分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)由于(yu)接入位置、利用方式(shi)(shi)與集中式(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)不同(tong),因此控(kong)制(zhi)需(xu)求也有(you)差異(yi),這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)目前(qian)剛處于(yu)起步階(jie)段(duan)。
三、分布式儲能系統的前景及關鍵技術
隨著儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統尤其(qi)是電池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術(shu)經濟性的不斷提(ti)高,必將推動(dong)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統的推廣應(ying)用(yong)。目前的技術(shu)儲(chu)(chu)備尚不能(neng)支撐大(da)量的分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統接(jie)入電網的應(ying)用(yong),分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統在(zai)電網的應(ying)用(yong)還有很大(da)的研究需求(qiu)。
1、分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲能提高(gao)分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)風光(guang)(guang)可再生能源并網消納技術(shu)研(yan)究。從(cong)分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)風光(guang)(guang)發電引(yin)起的配電網電能質量改(gai)善、調峰等需求(qiu)為切入點,開展分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲能容量配置(zhi)、經濟性分析以及控(kong)制技術(shu)的研(yan)究,通(tong)過(guo)兩者聯合,提高(gao)配電網的運行水平(ping)。
2、分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在電網的統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)(diao)度管理技術研究。電網中接(jie)入的分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)數量達到一定規模時,對分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行有序的調(diao)(diao)度管理,使其不(bu)僅滿足就地(di)的功能(neng),同時還能(neng)通過統(tong)(tong)一的協調(diao)(diao)控(kong)制滿足電網級的應用,最大(da)限度發(fa)揮分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的作(zuo)用。
3、儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式應(ying)用的優化配(pei)置及經濟性分(fen)(fen)析技術(shu)研究。目前的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)優化配(pei)置多(duo)是針對特(te)定的接入(ru)點進(jin)行功率與容量的優化配(pei)置。未來,以(yi)電網(wang)角度進(jin)行統(tong)(tong)一布(bu)置時,應(ying)開展(zhan)對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)有序規劃(hua)與配(pei)置技術(shu)研究,充分(fen)(fen)發揮多(duo)點分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)聚(ju)合效應(ying),實現(xian)對電網(wang)多(duo)種需(xu)求的支撐能(neng)力,并產生一定的經濟、社會效益。