一、紙扇是用什么材料做成的
紙(zhi)(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)一般是指折扇(shan)(shan),那(nei)么(me)做紙(zhi)(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)用(yong)什么(me)材料呢(ni)?折扇(shan)(shan)制(zhi)作主要分為扇(shan)(shan)骨和扇(shan)(shan)面兩部分。
1、紙扇扇骨
制作(zuo)扇骨(gu)的材質(zhi)大致(zhi)可用“竹(zhu)木牙角”四字(zi)概括(kuo),其中(zhong)常見的有竹(zhu)質(zhi)扇骨(gu)和木質(zhi)扇骨(gu),作(zuo)為(wei)日(ri)常使用和收藏,像湘妃竹(zhu)、玉竹(zhu)、鳳眼(yan)竹(zhu)、羅漢竹(zhu)、檀木、烏木、雞(ji)翅木、黃楊木等都(dou)是常用扇骨(gu)材料。
2、紙扇扇面
扇面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)常見的(de)有礬宣面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),綾絹面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),撒金面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),泥金面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),棉紙面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)等很多種(zhong)。一般(ban)來說(shuo),礬宣扇面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)最常用的(de)。
二、紙扇扇面的種類有哪些
1、金箋扇面
金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋是折扇扇面中變化最多的一類。有灑金(jin)(jin)(jin)、泥金(jin)(jin)(jin)、冷金(jin)(jin)(jin)、渾金(jin)(jin)(jin)、屑金(jin)(jin)(jin)、雨金(jin)(jin)(jin)、片金(jin)(jin)(jin)等等種類。
①灑金箋
折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)上有(you)或(huo)大(da)或(huo)小金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)或(huo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屑(xie)作裝飾的(de)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian),泛稱(cheng)(cheng)灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箋或(huo)灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)。有(you)大(da)片(pian)分(fen)布紙面(mian)(mian)如(ru)雪片(pian)的(de),又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)或(huo)大(da)片(pian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。由于這(zhe)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)是用碎金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔粘貼上去的(de),所以又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。這(zhe)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)的(de)疏密大(da)小可以有(you)種種變化。片(pian)極(ji)小的(de)也(ye)可稱(cheng)(cheng)屑(xie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)或(huo)雨金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。有(you)時(shi)也(ye)能見到大(da)片(pian)小屑(xie)夾雜在一起(qi)的(de),折扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)兩面(mian)(mian)中,如(ru)果只有(you)一面(mian)(mian)灑(sa)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),則稱(cheng)(cheng)半(ban)冷(leng)。
②泥金箋
泥(ni)金(jin)(jin)(jin)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面的(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝(yi)用金(jin)(jin)(jin)粉(fen)代替金(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)來(lai)裝飾折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面的(de),則稱(cheng)泥(ni)金(jin)(jin)(jin)箋或(huo)泥(ni)金(jin)(jin)(jin)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面。泥(ni)金(jin)(jin)(jin)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面一般可以(yi)整張(zhang)折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面全為金(jin)(jin)(jin)色而無隙地,但也(ye)有(you)遠(yuan)觀如全金(jin)(jin)(jin)而近(jin)觀仍(reng)見粉(fen)屑密集并留細小密布空隙的(de)品種。
③渾金箋
通(tong)身作金的(de)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面,卻不一(yi)定都是用金粉(fen)涂刷而成。有一(yi)種較厚重(zhong)、細(xi)看(kan)全(quan)無(wu)紙底痕(hen)跡的(de)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面,或許是由(you)整張極(ji)薄(bo)金箔粘貼(tie)而成。這種折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面在殘缺處,可以看(kan)到極(ji)薄(bo)的(de)一(yi)層金翻起或脫落,據此即(ji)(ji)可證明絕非金粉(fen)敷粘。渾金箋有有紋(wen)無(wu)紋(wen)之分,有紋(wen)金箋即(ji)(ji)在折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面壓出布(bu)紋(wen)(平紋(wen))和羅紋(wen)等仿紋(wen)織品的(de)細(xi)微紋(wen)路。
2、發箋扇面
發(fa)箋扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)是在紙扇(shan)(shan)的表面(mian),加入了(le)細細的毛發(fa)般的卷(juan)曲植(zhi)物(wu)纖維(wei),隨機地布(bu)滿了(le)整個折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)。這種纖維(wei),比人的頭發(fa)細很多,色澤(ze)卻較(jiao)淺,呈棕黑色。加入“毛發(fa)”的折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian),其(qi)韌(ren)度(du)牢(lao)度(du)會得到(dao)提高,也更加美觀。發(fa)箋也有(you)雙面(mian)發(fa)箋和單面(mian)發(fa)箋之分,后(hou)者另一面(mian)可以是素紙或其(qi)他。
3、銀箋扇面
銀(yin)箋(jian)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)與金(jin)(jin)箋(jian)相(xiang)仿(fang),也(ye)(ye)(ye)有各種加(jia)銀(yin)的折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian),相(xiang)應地也(ye)(ye)(ye)有泥(ni)銀(yin)、灑銀(yin)等品種。銀(yin)箋(jian)易發黑(hei),外觀也(ye)(ye)(ye)不如金(jin)(jin)箋(jian)富麗(li)堂皇,在折扇(shan)(shan)的使用上要少得多。金(jin)(jin)銀(yin)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)施之于素(su)紙,也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)施之于色紙;可(ke)(ke)以(yi)雙面(mian)施,也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)僅施于其中一面(mian)。這樣(yang)銀(yin)箋(jian)折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面(mian)的花樣(yang)就數(shu)不勝(sheng)數(shu)了。
4、素紙扇面
素紙折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面是應用(yong)最廣的一種折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面,紙扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是用(yong)多層(ceng)(ceng)薄(bo)宣(xuan)粘合(he)而(er)成,白紙折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的制作(zuo)流程早期是兩面一里的三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)制法。北方(fang)沿襲此法較久,而(er)南(nan)方(fang)常(chang)見(jian)有四層(ceng)(ceng)、五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)、六層(ceng)(ceng)、七層(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)別。文人扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)多五(wu)至七層(ceng)(ceng),秋扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)層(ceng)(ceng)數較少,偶爾也能見(jian)到九層(ceng)(ceng)棉料所作(zuo)的折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面。折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面貼(tie)合(he)完成后,表面還要加(jia)(jia)礬或加(jia)(jia)云(yun)母粉,故其(qi)吸水性能與(yu)熟宣(xuan)相近(尤以重云(yun)母折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面為(wei)佳)。講(jiang)究的還要加(jia)(jia)銀粉,則折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面泛銀光。
5、色紙扇面
色紙折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面中最常(chang)見的(de)(de)是杭(hang)州黑紙扇(shan)(shan)子扇(shan)(shan)面和(he)瓷(ci)青紙扇(shan)(shan)。兩者都深色,需用(yong)金(jin)銀粉或(huo)金(jin)銀粉調色來作書作畫(hua)。色紙扇(shan)(shan)也有半色半素的(de)(de)品種。除黑紙和(he)瓷(ci)青紙以(yi)外的(de)(de)色紙折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面,又被塵尾箋(jian)本折扇(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)面。
6、集錦扇箋
文人作折扇扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)書畫(hua),常有數(shu)人(ren)合作之舉(ju)。某(mou)人(ren)畫(hua)坡石,某(mou)人(ren)作屋宇(yu),某(mou)人(ren)補遠岑,某(mou)人(ren)題(ti)詩句等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。雖(sui)然是數(shu)人(ren)合作,卻(que)是一幅(fu)完(wan)整的作品。然后從(cong)此演變衍生,就有了集錦扇(shan)(shan)(shan)書畫(hua)。折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)開始仍是普通品種,而以素紙為(wei)多(duo)。大約到了清(qing)末民初,出現(xian)了專門為(wei)這種多(duo)人(ren)合作書畫(hua)用的集錦折(zhe)(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)。其(qi)最常見的形式,是灑(sa)金與素面(mian)(mian)相鄰互為(wei)分(fen)界,可以有一面(mian)(mian)二分(fen)、三分(fen)、四(si)分(fen)等(deng)(deng)不同。