一、汽車啟動系統的組成
汽車點火開關
汽車點火開(kai)關可自由開(kai)啟或關閉點火線圈的(de)主要(yao)電(dian)路。鑰匙(chi)插進點火開(kai)關后,在每個擋(dang)位做(zuo)瞬(shun)間停留(liu)大約1-2秒鐘,這(zhe)時(shi)能聽見電(dian)器(qi)設(she)備通電(dian)的(de)聲音,然后再進入下一(yi)個擋(dang)位就(jiu)可以了(le)。
汽車啟動繼電器
起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)工作時,需要(yao)有很大的電(dian)流(liu),而汽車起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)繼電(dian)器(qi)就是來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)流(liu)的。主要(yao)是通過控(kong)(kong)制低壓(ya)線路的電(dian)流(liu)來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制高壓(ya)線路的電(dian)流(liu),起(qi)到電(dian)流(liu)開關的作用。啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)繼電(dian)器(qi)是啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成部(bu)(bu)件之一,在(zai)汽車上主要(yao)作用為(wei)小電(dian)流(liu)控(kong)(kong)制大電(dian)流(liu)方式(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)馬達轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong),從而帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)發電(dian)機(ji)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)磁(ci)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong),給(gei)點(dian)(dian)火器(qi)輸入點(dian)(dian)火脈沖信號,使點(dian)(dian)火器(qi)產生電(dian)火花,點(dian)(dian)燃汽缸內(nei)(nei)的混合燃氣并做功。
汽車啟動機
起動(dong)(dong)機可以(yi)將蓄電(dian)池的電(dian)能轉化(hua)為機械(xie)能,驅動(dong)(dong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機飛輪旋轉實現發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的起動(dong)(dong)。發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機在以(yi)自(zi)身動(dong)(dong)力運轉之前,必(bi)須(xu)借助(zhu)外(wai)(wai)力旋轉。發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機借助(zhu)外(wai)(wai)力由靜(jing)止狀態過(guo)渡到(dao)能自(zi)行運轉的過(guo)程(cheng),稱為發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的起動(dong)(dong)。
汽車蓄電池
汽車蓄(xu)電池是(shi)一種將(jiang)化學(xue)能(neng)轉變成電能(neng)的裝置,屬于直流電源(yuan),它的作用有:
(1)啟動(dong)發動(dong)機時(shi),給起動(dong)機提供強大的(de)起動(dong)電流(10A左(zuo)右)。
(2)當(dang)發電(dian)機(ji)過載(zai)時,可以協助發電(dian)機(ji)向用電(dian)設備供電(dian)。
(3)當(dang)發(fa)動機處于(yu)怠速時,向用電設備供電。
(4)蓄電池(chi)還是一個大容量電容器,可以保護汽車的用電器。
(5)當(dang)發電機(ji)端電壓高(gao)于鉛蓄電池的電動勢時,將一(yi)部分電能(neng)轉變為化(hua)學能(neng)儲(chu)存起來,也就是(shi)進行(xing)充電。
汽車(che)發電(dian)(dian)機是汽車(che)的主要(yao)電(dian)(dian)源,其功用是在發動機正(zheng)常運轉時,向所有(you)用電(dian)(dian)設備(起(qi)動機除(chu)外)供(gong)電(dian)(dian),同時向蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)。
汽車保險絲
汽車(che)保(bao)(bao)險絲(si)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險絲(si)的一種,當電(dian)(dian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)險絲(si)額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的2倍(bei)時就(jiu)會在幾(ji)秒內熔斷,起到電(dian)(dian)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的作用。常用于(yu)汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)過(guo)(guo)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),也用于(yu)工業設備的過(guo)(guo)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。
二、汽車啟動系統故障維修
原因
原(yuan)因一:蓄電池供電系(xi)統有問題
如(ru)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量不足、汽小伙伴電(dian)(dian)(dian)源保險或繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)損壞(huai)、起(qi)動機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池接(jie)線(xian)柱松(song)動或是接(jie)線(xian)柱氧化。
原因二(er):起動(dong)繼電器故(gu)障問題
如(ru)起(qi)動繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)電感(gan)線圈短(duan)路、起(qi)動繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)電感(gan)線圈斷路或(huo)搭鐵(tie)、起(qi)動繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)動觸點(dian)或(huo)靜觸點(dian)燒(shao)蝕、起(qi)動繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)鐵(tie)芯與觸點(dian)臂間隙過(guo)大等(deng)。
原因三:起動機(ji)故障問(wen)題
如起(qi)動(dong)機直流電動(dong)機故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)問題、傳動(dong)機構(gou)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)問題、調(diao)節裝置故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)問題等(deng)。
原因四:起(qi)動開關故(gu)障(zhang)問題
汽車起動(dong)擋失靈。
檢測方法
檢測方(fang)法一:檢測蓄電池
當有喇叭不響、儀表燈(deng)暗淡、電(dian)(dian)動車窗升降慢(man)、汽車前大燈(deng)昏暗、防起(qi)動指示燈(deng)閃爍(有些車型)等(deng)狀況時,檢測蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)接(jie)線(xian)柱是(shi)不是(shi)氧化或連接(jie)不良、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)接(jie)地不良、測量起(qi)動機的起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)壓應該是(shi)大于(yu)9.6V。
檢測方(fang)法二:檢測起動機
將起動(dong)(dong)機上接電纜線(xian)的(de)主接線(xian)桿與(yu)起動(dong)(dong)接線(xian)柱(zhu)短接,若起動(dong)(dong)機不(bu)可以(yi)工作,說明起動(dong)(dong)機的(de)電磁開關等有故(gu)障問(wen)題,需拆(chai)下起動(dong)(dong)機進行檢修。
檢測(ce)方法三:檢測(ce)點(dian)火(huo)開關和點(dian)火(huo)開關有關線路。
檢(jian)測(ce)方法(fa)四:檢(jian)測(ce)汽車起動(dong)繼(ji)電器和起動(dong)保險(xian),用這個(ge)判斷故障問(wen)題地方位置。