觸電的傷害分類

1、電擊

電(dian)(dian)流通過人體對內部器官造成(cheng)的綜合性傷(shang)害，稱為電(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)一般是(shi)由于電(dian)(dian)流剌激人體神經(jing)系統而引起(qi)的，開(kai)始是(shi)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)部分的肌肉發(fa)生(sheng)痙孿，如不能立即擺(bai)脫(tuo)電(dian)(dian)源，隨(sui)之便會引起(qi)呼吸(xi)困難，心臟麻(ma)痹，以致死亡。電(dian)(dian)擊(ji)(ji)是(shi)最危險的觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)傷(shang)害，在觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)事故中發(fa)生(sheng)的也最多(duo)。

2、電傷

電(dian)流通過(guo)人體對局(ju)部皮膚造成的傷(shang)害，稱為(wei)電(dian)傷(shang)。電(dian)傷(shang)又可分為(wei)下述三類：

（1）灼傷

是由于(yu)電流(liu)的熱效(xiao)應(ying)而引(yin)起的，如帶負電荷拉(la)開(kai)刀閘，就會發生電弧，燒傷皮膚。

（2）烙印

是由于電流的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學效(xiao)應和(he)(he)機械效(xiao)應而引起的(de)(de)，通常只在(zai)(zai)人體(ti)和(he)(he)帶電體(ti)有良(liang)好接觸的(de)(de)情(qing)況下才會發生。在(zai)(zai)皮膚表面留有圓(yuan)形或橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形的(de)(de)腫塊痕跡，并且硬(ying)化(hua)(hua)。

（3）皮膚金屬化

是在電流的作(zuo)用下，使熔化和蒸發的金屬微粒滲入皮(pi)膚表層而形成(cheng)的。皮(pi)膚的傷害部分形成(cheng)粗糙(cao)的堅硬表面(mian)，日久會逐漸脫(tuo)落。

觸電的類型

1、直接觸電

單(dan)相(xiang)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)在(zai)特殊情況下：在(zai)高(gao)壓不接(jie)地電(dian)網中，電(dian)容C變(bian)大(da)，XC 容抗減小，Z 減小，通過人(ren)(ren)體(ti)的(de)電(dian)容電(dian)流I b變(bian)大(da), 將危及人(ren)(ren)身安全。兩(liang)相(xiang)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)同時觸(chu)(chu)及帶電(dian)設備或(huo)線路中的(de)兩(liang)相(xiang)導體(ti)而發生(sheng)的(de)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)方式，人(ren)(ren)體(ti)電(dian)阻1700歐姆。

2、間接觸電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經接地(di)體或導體落地(di)點(dian)呈半球形(xing)向地(di)中(zhong)流(liu)散。在(zai)距電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)點(dian)越(yue)近(jin)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)位越(yue)高(gao)；在(zai)距電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)點(dian)越(yue)遠的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)位越(yue)低。在(zai)離開(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)點(dian)20m以(yi)外的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)位接近(jin)于(yu)0.8~10m以(yi)內不要進入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)

3、跨(kua)步電壓及跨(kua)步電壓觸(chu)電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路或設備(bei)發生(sheng)接地(di)故障(zhang)時，在接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入地(di)點(dian)周(zhou)圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)位分布區行走的人(ren)，其兩腳處于不同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，兩腳間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差稱為跨(kua)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。人(ren)體距電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)入地(di)點(dian)越(yue)近，承受(shou)的跨(kua)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓越(yue)高。

4、接觸電壓觸電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)由(you)于(yu)絕緣(yuan)損壞或其它原因(yin)造成(cheng)接地(di)故(gu)障時(shi)，如(ru)人體(ti)兩(liang)個(ge)部分（手和腳）同時(shi)接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)設備(bei)外殼和地(di)面時(shi)，人體(ti)兩(liang)部分會處于(yu)不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。由(you)接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)造成(cheng)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)稱為接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、感應電壓觸電

是指當人(ren)觸及(ji)帶有(you)感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)和線(xian)(xian)路(lu)時所造成的(de)(de)觸電(dian)事故。一些(xie)不帶電(dian)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)由(you)于大(da)氣變化（如雷電(dian)活動），會產(chan)生感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)荷，停電(dian)后(hou)一些(xie)可能感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)和線(xian)(xian)路(lu)如果(guo)未及(ji)時接(jie)地，這些(xie)設(she)備(bei)和線(xian)(xian)路(lu)對地均存在感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)壓。

6、剩余電荷觸(chu)電

是(shi)指當人體觸及(ji)帶(dai)有剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)荷的設(she)備時，對(dui)人體放電(dian)(dian)造成的觸電(dian)(dian)事故。帶(dai)有剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)荷的設(she)備通(tong)常含(han)有儲(chu)能元件，如并聯電(dian)(dian)容器、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、電(dian)(dian)力變壓器及(ji)大容量電(dian)(dian)動機等，在退出(chu)運(yun)行(xing)和對(dui)其進行(xing)類似(si)搖表測量等檢修后，會帶(dai)上剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)荷，因此要及(ji)時對(dui)其放電(dian)(dian)。

觸電急救的基本原則和方法

1、迅速脫離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源：這是非常重要(yao)(yao)的工作，長時(shi)(shi)間的觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)之后的急救不(bu)利(li)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關里患(huan)者(zhe)很近，而且很容(rong)易(yi)操作，應該要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)(shi)的拔掉開(kai)關，切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源里的比較遠(yuan)需要(yao)(yao)先把(ba)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人員(yuan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源分離，可(ke)以戴上絕緣手(shou)套或(huo)者(zhe) 用(yong)木棒讓(rang)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人員(yuan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源分離。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)等在觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人員(yuan)身上，一定不(bu)要(yao)(yao)徒(tu)手(shou)去拿，一定要(yao)(yao)用(yong)絕緣的東西(xi)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)拿開(kai)。

2、觸電(dian)(dian)人員(yuan)脫離(li)電(dian)(dian)源后就(jiu)要(yao)開始急救，最好(hao)就(jiu)地(di)搶(qiang)救，如果發現觸電(dian)(dian)的地(di)方(fang)(fang)還(huan)有不安全因(yin)素存(cun)在，可以(yi)把觸電(dian)(dian)人員(yuan)轉(zhuan)移(yi)到(dao)安全的地(di)方(fang)(fang)再做搶(qiang)救，最好(hao)不要(yao)不搶(qiang)救就(jiu)把觸電(dian)(dian)人長途(tu)送到(dao)醫院。

3、急(ji)救可以做人(ren)(ren)工呼(hu)吸(xi)，要(yao)注意正確的(de)進(jin)行人(ren)(ren)工呼(hu)吸(xi)。平時可以多學習(xi)一些急(ji)救知識，如果發現觸電人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)神志清醒，只是(shi)出現心慌等癥狀，需要(yao)讓患者安靜的(de)休息。