一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電(dian)容(rong)(rong)、黃金電(dian)容(rong)(rong)，是指介于(yu)傳統電容器和(he)充(chong)(chong)電電池(chi)之(zhi)間的一種新型儲(chu)能裝置，它既具有電容器快速充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電的特性，同時又具有電池(chi)的儲(chu)能特性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質之間(jian)形成(cheng)(cheng)的界面(mian)(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)層來存儲能(neng)量的新型元器(qi)件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液接觸時，由于庫侖力(li)、分(fen)子間(jian)力(li)及原子間(jian)力(li)的作用，使(shi)固液界面(mian)(mian)(mian)出(chu)現(xian)穩定和符號相反的雙(shuang)(shuang)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱其為(wei)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)層。把雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)看成(cheng)(cheng)是懸在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)的2個非活性多(duo)孔板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載到2個板(ban)上。加在正極(ji)板(ban)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)的負(fu)離子，負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)吸引(yin)正離子，從(cong)而(er)在兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的表面(mian)(mian)(mian)形成(cheng)(cheng)了一個雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料的不同，可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)層超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、金屬(shu)氧(yang)化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)和有機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄(xu)電(dian)池和傳(chuan)統物理(li)電(dian)容器相(xiang)比，超級電(dian)容器的(de)特點主要體現在：

1、功率密度高。可達102～104kW/kg，遠高于蓄電池的功率密度水平(ping)。

2、循(xun)環壽命長。在幾(ji)秒鐘的高速(su)深度充放電循(xun)環50萬(wan)次(ci)至100萬(wan)次(ci)后，超級電容器(qi)的特性變化很(hen)小，容量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)限寬。由于在低(di)溫(wen)狀態(tai)下超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)中離子的吸(xi)附和脫附速度變(bian)化(hua)(hua)不大(da)，因(yin)此其容(rong)(rong)量變(bian)化(hua)(hua)遠小(xiao)于蓄電(dian)池。商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)超級電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)度范圍可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維(wei)護(hu)。超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)容器充(chong)放電(dian)效(xiao)率高，對過充(chong)電(dian)和過放電(dian)有一定的承受能力，可穩(wen)定地(di)反(fan)復(fu)充(chong)放電(dian)，在理論上是(shi)不需(xu)要進行維(wei)護(hu)的。

5、綠色(se)環保。超級電(dian)容器在生產過程中(zhong)不使(shi)用重金屬和(he)其他有(you)害(hai)的化學物質，且自(zi)身(shen)壽命較長，因(yin)而是一種新型的綠色(se)環保電(dian)源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于超級(ji)電(dian)容器來說，依(yi)據不(bu)(bu)同的(de)內容可有不(bu)(bu)同的(de)分類方(fang)法(fa)。

1、根據不同的儲能(neng)機理(li)，可(ke)將超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)分為(wei)雙電(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)法拉第(di)準電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)兩大(da)類。其中，雙電(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)主要是通過純(chun)靜電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)極表(biao)面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)吸附來產生存儲能(neng)量(liang)(liang)。法拉第(di)準電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)主要是通過法拉第(di)準電(dian)(dian)容(rong)活性電(dian)(dian)極材(cai)料（如(ru)過渡金屬氧化物和(he)高分子(zi)聚合物）表(biao)面(mian)及表(biao)面(mian)附近發(fa)生可(ke)逆的氧化還(huan)原(yuan)反應產生法拉第(di)準電(dian)(dian)容(rong)，從(cong)而實(shi)現對能(neng)量(liang)(liang)的存儲與轉(zhuan)換。

2、根據電(dian)(dian)解液種類(lei)可分為(wei)水(shui)系超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和有(you)機(ji)系超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)兩(liang)大類(lei)。

3、根據活性材料的類型(xing)是否相(xiang)同(tong)，可分為對稱超(chao)級(ji)電容器和(he)非對稱超(chao)級(ji)電容器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固(gu)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器和液(ye)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器兩大類。