一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電容、黃金電容，是指介于傳統電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)充電(dian)電(dian)池之間(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種新型儲能裝置，它既具有電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)快(kuai)速充放電(dian)的(de)(de)特性，同時(shi)又具有電(dian)池的(de)(de)儲能特性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質之間(jian)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)界(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)來存儲(chu)能(neng)量的(de)(de)新型元器(qi)件(jian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)接觸時(shi)，由(you)于庫侖力(li)、分子(zi)間(jian)力(li)及(ji)原子(zi)間(jian)力(li)的(de)(de)作用，使固(gu)液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)出(chu)現穩定和符(fu)號(hao)相反(fan)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，稱其為界(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)。把雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)看成(cheng)(cheng)是懸(xuan)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質中的(de)(de)2個非活性多孔(kong)板，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載到2個板上(shang)。加在正極(ji)板上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質中的(de)(de)負(fu)離子(zi)，負(fu)極(ji)板吸引正離子(zi)，從而在兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)表面(mian)形成(cheng)(cheng)了一個雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料的(de)(de)不同，可以分為碳(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和有機聚合物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳統物理電容器(qi)相(xiang)比，超級(ji)電容器(qi)的特點主要體現在：

1、功率密度高。可達102～104kW/kg，遠高于蓄電池的功率密度水平(ping)。

2、循環壽(shou)命長(chang)。在幾秒鐘的(de)高速深度充放電(dian)循環50萬次(ci)至100萬次(ci)后(hou)，超級電(dian)容(rong)器的(de)特性變化很小，容(rong)量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工(gong)作溫(wen)限寬(kuan)。由于在低溫(wen)狀態下超級電(dian)容器中離子的吸附和脫附速度變(bian)(bian)化(hua)不大，因此其容量變(bian)(bian)化(hua)遠小于蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)。商業化(hua)超級電(dian)容器的工(gong)作溫(wen)度范圍可達(da)-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維(wei)護(hu)。超級電(dian)容(rong)器充(chong)放電(dian)效率高，對過充(chong)電(dian)和過放電(dian)有一定的(de)(de)承受(shou)能力，可穩(wen)定地反復充(chong)放電(dian)，在理(li)論(lun)上是不需要進行(xing)維(wei)護(hu)的(de)(de)。

5、綠色(se)環(huan)保。超級電容器在生產過(guo)程中不(bu)使(shi)用重(zhong)金屬和其他有害的(de)(de)化學物(wu)質，且自(zi)身壽(shou)命較長，因而是一種新(xin)型的(de)(de)綠色(se)環(huan)保電源。

四、超級電容器分類

對(dui)于超級電容(rong)器來(lai)說，依(yi)據不同(tong)的(de)內容(rong)可有不同(tong)的(de)分類方法。

1、根據不同(tong)的儲能(neng)機理，可將超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)分為雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和(he)法拉第準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)兩大類。其中(zhong)，雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)主要是(shi)通過純靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極表(biao)面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)吸附來產生(sheng)(sheng)存儲能(neng)量。法拉第準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)主要是(shi)通過法拉第準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容活性電(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料（如過渡金屬氧化物(wu)和(he)高(gao)分子聚合物(wu)）表(biao)面(mian)及表(biao)面(mian)附近發生(sheng)(sheng)可逆的氧化還原反(fan)應產生(sheng)(sheng)法拉第準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，從(cong)而實現對能(neng)量的存儲與(yu)轉(zhuan)換。

2、根據電解液種類可分為水(shui)系超級(ji)電容(rong)器和有機系超級(ji)電容(rong)器兩(liang)大類。

3、根據(ju)活性材(cai)料(liao)的類(lei)型是否相同，可(ke)分為對稱(cheng)超(chao)級電容器和非對稱(cheng)超(chao)級電容器。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固(gu)體電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)超級電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和(he)液(ye)體電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)超級電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)兩大(da)類(lei)。