一、基站天線是什么
基站天線是將線上(shang)傳(chuan)播的(de)導行波和空間(jian)輻(fu)射電(dian)磁波相互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化器,是充當發(fa)射信號(hao)或接收信號(hao)的(de)中間(jian)組件。
在移(yi)動通(tong)信信息量成(cheng)倍(bei)增長的(de)(de)(de)環境下,基(ji)站天(tian)線的(de)(de)(de)發展可加速海量信息的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)能力。通(tong)信網(wang)絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)升級對基(ji)站天(tian)線提出了更高要(yao)求(qiu),5G傳輸(shu)速率是4G的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)倍(bei),傳統天(tian)線難以(yi)滿足5G的(de)(de)(de)信息傳輸(shu)需(xu)求(qiu),高端、高科技的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)站天(tian)線需(xu)求(qiu)增長。隨(sui)著5G商用時代的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始,將有更多新(xin)興(xing)技術運用到基(ji)站天(tian)線中。
二、基站天線類型有哪些
基站天(tian)線的種類(lei)眾多(duo),按(an)照不同(tong)分(fen)類(lei)標準可分(fen)為不同(tong)類(lei)型:
1、按照指向分
(1)全向天線
在(zai)水(shui)平(ping)方向圖上表現(xian)為(wei)360°都均勻輻射(she),也就是(shi)平(ping)常(chang)所說的無方向性,在(zai)垂(chui)直方向圖上表現(xian)為(wei)有一定寬度的波束,一般情況下波瓣(ban)寬度越小,增益越大(da)。全向天線在(zai)移動通(tong)信(xin)系統中(zhong)一般應用與(yu)郊(jiao)縣大(da)區制(zhi)的站型,覆蓋范圍(wei)大(da)。
(2)定向天線
在(zai)(zai)水平方向(xiang)圖(tu)上表現(xian)為一(yi)(yi)定角度范(fan)圍(wei)輻射,也就是平常(chang)所說的有方向(xiang)性,在(zai)(zai)垂直方向(xiang)圖(tu)上表現(xian)為有一(yi)(yi)定寬(kuan)度的波束,同全向(xiang)天線一(yi)(yi)樣,波瓣寬(kuan)度越小,增益越大。定向(xiang)天線在(zai)(zai)移(yi)動通信(xin)系(xi)統(tong)中一(yi)(yi)般應用(yong)(yong)于城(cheng)區小區制的站(zhan)型(xing),覆蓋(gai)范(fan)圍(wei)小,用(yong)(yong)戶密度大,頻率利用(yong)(yong)率高(gao)。
2、按照調整下傾角度的方式分
(1)機械天線
指使(shi)用機械調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)下(xia)傾角度的(de)(de)(de)移動天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)。機械天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)與地面垂直安裝好以后,如果因(yin)網(wang)絡優化的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,需要(yao)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)背面支架的(de)(de)(de)位置改變(bian)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)傾角來實現。在調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)過程(cheng)中(zhong),雖然天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)主瓣方向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)覆蓋(gai)距離明顯變(bian)化,但天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)垂直分量(liang)和水(shui)平分量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)幅值不變(bian),所以天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)方向(xiang)圖容(rong)易變(bian)形。
(2)電調天線
指使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)子調整(zheng)下(xia)(xia)傾(qing)角度(du)(du)的(de)(de)移動(dong)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)。電(dian)子下(xia)(xia)傾(qing)的(de)(de)原理是通(tong)過改(gai)(gai)變(bian)共線(xian)(xian)陣(zhen)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)振子的(de)(de)相位,改(gai)(gai)變(bian)垂直分量(liang)和(he)水平分量(liang)的(de)(de)幅值大(da)小,改(gai)(gai)變(bian)合成分量(liang)場強強度(du)(du),從而使(shi)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)垂直方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)圖下(xia)(xia)傾(qing)。由于天(tian)線(xian)(xian)各方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)場強強度(du)(du)同時增(zeng)大(da)和(he)減小,保證在(zai)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)傾(qing)角后(hou)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)圖變(bian)化不大(da),使(shi)主(zhu)瓣方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)覆(fu)蓋距(ju)離縮(suo)短,同時又使(shi)整(zheng)個方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)圖在(zai)服(fu)務小區(qu)扇區(qu)內(nei)減小覆(fu)蓋面(mian)積(ji)但又不產生干擾。
3、按極化特性分
(1)單極化天線
單極化(hua)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)使用3根(gen)(gen)或2根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作為一個(ge)射(she)頻(pin)組。3根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時,兩根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)負責接收,一個(ge)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作為發射(she);2根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時,一根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作為純接收天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),一根(gen)(gen)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)結合發射(she)和接收功能。
(2)雙極化天線
雙(shuang)極(ji)(ji)化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是一(yi)種(zhong)新型(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)技術,組合了(le)+45°和-45°兩副極(ji)(ji)化方向相互正(zheng)交的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)并同(tong)時工作在收發(fa)雙(shuang)工模式下(xia),因此(ci)(ci)其最突出的(de)優點是節(jie)省單個(ge)(ge)定向基站的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)量;一(yi)般(ban)LTE數(shu)字移動通(tong)信網(wang)的(de)定向基站(三扇區)要使(shi)用(yong)9根天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),每個(ge)(ge)扇形使(shi)用(yong)3根天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(空(kong)間(jian)分(fen)集(ji),一(yi)發(fa)兩收),如果使(shi)用(yong)雙(shuang)極(ji)(ji)化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),每個(ge)(ge)扇形只需要1根天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian);同(tong)時由于在雙(shuang)極(ji)(ji)化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)中,±45°的(de)極(ji)(ji)化正(zheng)交性可(ke)以保證(zheng)+45°和-45°兩副天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)隔離度(du)滿足互調(diao)對天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)間(jian)隔離度(du)的(de)要求(≥30dB),因此(ci)(ci)雙(shuang)極(ji)(ji)化天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)空(kong)間(jian)間(jian)隔僅需20-30cm。
三、基站天線選哪種類型的合適
基站天線的種類眾多,選擇時應根據網絡的覆蓋,業務量,干擾和網絡服務質量等實際情況,選擇適合本地區移動網絡需要的基站天線:
1、一(yi)般在市區選擇(ze)水(shui)平波(bo)束(shu)寬(kuan)度為(wei)65°的天(tian)線(xian),在郊(jiao)區可選擇(ze)水(shui)平波(bo)束(shu)寬(kuan)度為(wei)65°、90°或120°的天(tian)線(xian)(按照站型配置和當地地理環(huan)境而定),而在鄉村選擇(ze)能夠實(shi)現大范圍覆蓋(gai)的全向天(tian)線(xian)則是(shi)最為(wei)經濟(ji)的。
2、在基(ji)站密集(ji)的高話務地(di)區,應該(gai)盡量(liang)采用雙極化(hua)天(tian)線和電調天(tian)線。
3、在邊、郊等業務量不高,基站不密集地(di)(di)區(qu)和只要求覆蓋的地(di)(di)區(qu),可以使用傳統的單(dan)極化(hua)天(tian)線(xian)和機械(xie)天(tian)線(xian)。