一、磁性材料是什么
磁性材料是指能對磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場作(zuo)出某種方式反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)。按照物質(zhi)(zhi)在外磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場中(zhong)表現(xian)出來磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)弱(ruo),可將其(qi)分為抗(kang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)、順(shun)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)、鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)、反(fan)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)和亞鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)。大多數材(cai)料(liao)是抗(kang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)順(shun)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de),它們對外磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場反(fan)應較弱(ruo)。鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)和亞鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)是強(qiang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi),通(tong)常所說的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)即指強(qiang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)。鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)一般是Fe、Co、Ni元素(su)及(ji)其(qi)合(he)金,稀(xi)土元素(su)及(ji)其(qi)合(he)金,以及(ji)一些Mn的(de)(de)(de)化合(he)物。
磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)按照其磁(ci)化的(de)難易(yi)(yi)程度,一般分(fen)為軟(ruan)磁(ci)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)及硬磁(ci)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。磁(ci)化后容易(yi)(yi)去掉(diao)磁(ci)性(xing)的(de)物質叫軟(ruan)磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),不容易(yi)(yi)去磁(ci)的(de)物質叫硬磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。一般來講軟(ruan)磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)剩磁(ci)較小,硬磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)剩磁(ci)較大。
二、磁性材料的用途有哪些
磁(ci)性材料的用途非常廣泛,以下是一(yi)些主要的應用領域:
1、機械領域
磁性材料在(zai)機械方面(mian)的應用包括(kuo)強制引導系統(tong)、制動器、離合(he)器和電磁泵等。
2、電子和通信技術
磁(ci)性材料在電(dian)子和通(tong)信(xin)技術中扮演著(zhu)重要的角(jiao)色(se),如用于制造(zao)電(dian)感(gan)器、變壓器、傳感(gan)器、電(dian)機等(deng)電(dian)子元件,以及硬盤驅(qu)動器、磁(ci)帶等(deng)存儲設備,實(shi)現數據的存儲和讀取。
3、新能源技術
永(yong)磁材(cai)料被廣泛用(yong)于風(feng)力發電(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)動車(che)、飛行(xing)器(qi)等領(ling)域,以(yi)提高能(neng)源利用(yong)率和設備性能(neng)。同時(shi),磁化(hua)的石墨烯材(cai)料也(ye)被用(yong)于制造高效的超級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和電(dian)池。
4、醫療設備
磁(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料(liao)在醫療設備領(ling)域(yu)(yu)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)十分顯著,如核磁(ci)(ci)共振成像(MRI)技術利用(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料(liao)來生(sheng)成和感應磁(ci)(ci)場(chang),從而(er)獲取(qu)人體內部的(de)詳細圖(tu)像。此外,磁(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料(liao)還用(yong)(yong)(yong)于制造醫用(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)鐵、磁(ci)(ci)性粒(li)子等,廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于治療、診斷(duan)等領(ling)域(yu)(yu),如藥物輸(shu)送、基(ji)因治療等。
5、環境保護
磁性吸(xi)附材料廣泛用于(yu)污(wu)(wu)水處理、空氣凈(jing)化、重(zhong)金屬污(wu)(wu)染物的去除(chu)等領域。
6、其他應用
磁致伸縮器利用某些磁性材料在磁(ci)場(chang)作用(yong)下(xia)發生形變的(de)(de)特性(xing),用(yong)于制(zhi)造機器人和微點粉末(mo)制(zhi)造中的(de)(de)器件。此外(wai),磁(ci)性(xing)材料還用(yong)于磁(ci)懸浮列車、磁(ci)過(guo)濾和分選等領域。