一、磁性材料是什么
磁性材料是指能對磁場作出某種方式反應的材料,具有獨(du)特(te)的磁化特(te)性,在現(xian)代社會中發揮著(zhu)重要的作用(yong)。
二、磁性材料的種類
磁性材料的種類(lei)很多,按照(zhao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)在外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場中表現(xian)出來磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)強(qiang)弱,可(ke)將其分(fen)為(wei)抗(kang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)、順磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)、鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)、反鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)和亞鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。大多數材(cai)料(liao)是(shi)抗(kang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或順磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de),它們對外(wai)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場反應較(jiao)弱。鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)和亞鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)強(qiang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),通(tong)常所(suo)說的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)即指強(qiang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)。鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)一般是(shi)Fe、Co、Ni元(yuan)素(su)及其合金,稀土元(yuan)素(su)及其合金,以及一些Mn的(de)化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。
磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料按照其(qi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)化的(de)(de)難易程度,一(yi)般分為軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)材(cai)料及(ji)硬(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)材(cai)料。磁(ci)(ci)(ci)化后容(rong)(rong)易去(qu)掉磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性的(de)(de)物質叫(jiao)軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料,不容(rong)(rong)易去(qu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)物質叫(jiao)硬(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料。一(yi)般來講軟磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料剩磁(ci)(ci)(ci)較(jiao)小,硬(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料剩磁(ci)(ci)(ci)較(jiao)大。
三、磁性材料的用途
1、機械領域
磁(ci)性(xing)材料在機械(xie)方面的應用包括強制引導系(xi)統、制動(dong)器、離合器和(he)電磁(ci)泵(beng)等。
2、電子和通信技術
磁性材料(liao)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)和(he)通信(xin)技術中扮(ban)演著(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)角色,如用于制造電(dian)(dian)感器、變壓器、傳感器、電(dian)(dian)機等(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件,以及硬(ying)盤驅(qu)動器、磁帶等(deng)(deng)存(cun)(cun)儲設(she)備,實現數據的(de)存(cun)(cun)儲和(he)讀取(qu)。
3、新能源技術
永(yong)磁材(cai)料(liao)(liao)被(bei)廣泛用(yong)于(yu)風力發電機、電動車、飛行器等領域,以提高(gao)能(neng)源利(li)用(yong)率(lv)和設(she)備(bei)性(xing)能(neng)。同(tong)時,磁化的(de)石墨烯材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也(ye)被(bei)用(yong)于(yu)制造(zao)高(gao)效的(de)超級(ji)電容器和電池(chi)。
4、醫療設備
磁性材料在醫療設備領域的應用十分顯著,如核磁共振成像(MRI)技術利用磁性材料來生成和感應磁場,從而獲取人體內部的詳細圖像。此外,品牌磁性材料還(huan)用(yong)于制造(zao)醫用(yong)磁(ci)鐵(tie)、磁(ci)性粒子等(deng)(deng),廣泛應用(yong)于治療、診(zhen)斷等(deng)(deng)領域,如(ru)藥(yao)物輸送、基因治療等(deng)(deng)。
5、環境保護
磁性吸(xi)附材料廣泛用(yong)于(yu)污水處理、空(kong)氣凈化、重金(jin)屬污染(ran)物的(de)去除(chu)等領域。
6、其他應用
磁致(zhi)伸縮器利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)某些磁性材料在磁場作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下發生(sheng)形變的特性,用(yong)(yong)(yong)于制造(zao)機器人和微點粉末制造(zao)中的器件(jian)。此外,磁性材料還用(yong)(yong)(yong)于磁懸浮列車、磁過濾和分選(xuan)等領域。