一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始終保持(chi)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)，叫做(zuo)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或(huo)等流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)下(xia)降，為保持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)高(gao)而(er)減(jian)小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程必須逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)始終不(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)，這對于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的自動化程度(du)要求(qiu)較高(gao)，一般簡陋的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是不(bu)(bu)能滿足恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求(qiu)的。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)允許(xu)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以縮(suo)短。若從時間上(shang)考慮，采(cai)用此法(fa)有利的。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)，這時由于大(da)部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣(qi)泡過(guo)多而(er)顯沸騰狀(zhuang)，這不(bu)(bu)僅消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)且容(rong)易使極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)活性物質大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫(wen)升(sheng)過(guo)高(gao)，造成極(ji)板(ban)彎(wan)曲，容(rong)量(liang)迅速下(xia)降而(er)提前報(bao)廢。所(suo)以，這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少(shao)采(cai)用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始終保持不(bu)(bu)變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。由于恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始至(zhi)后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始終保持一(yi)定，所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)正(zheng)常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。但(dan)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行(xing)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)。當蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相等(deng)(deng)時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至(zhi)最小(xiao)甚至(zhi)為零。由此可見，采用恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)優點在(zai)(zai)(zai)于，可以避(bi)免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)而造成極(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性物質(zhi)脫(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)損失。但(dan)其缺點是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活(huo)性物質(zhi)體積變化收縮(suo)太快，影響活(huo)性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)機械強(qiang)度(du)，致使其脫(tuo)落。而在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又過(guo)小(xiao)，使極(ji)板(ban)深(shen)處的(de)(de)活(huo)性物質(zhi)得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，影響蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽命。所以這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)般只適用于無(wu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)較簡陋的(de)(de)特殊場合，如汽(qi)車上蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)小(xiao)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。采用等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)給(gei)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：酸性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右(you)，堿性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補(bu)救恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而采用(yong)的一種方(fang)法。即在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間串(chuan)聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這樣充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以調(diao)整(zheng)。但有時(shi)最大充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)到(dao)限(xian)制，因(yin)此隨充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的進(jin)行(xing)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾(ji)乎成為直線衰(shuai)減。有時(shi)使用(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值，約在2.4V時(shi)，從(cong)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻轉(zhuan)換(huan)到(dao)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，以減少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)和恒(heng)壓充(chong)電法(fa)的(de)特點，蓄電池在充(chong)電初期(qi)用(yong)較大(da)的(de)電流(liu)(liu)，經過一段時間改用(yong)較小(xiao)的(de)電流(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)電后期(qi)改用(yong)更小(xiao)的(de)電流(liu)(liu)，即不同階段內以不同的(de)電流(liu)(liu)進行(xing)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電的(de)方法(fa)，叫做(zuo)階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電法(fa)。階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電法(fa)，一般可(ke)分為兩個階段進行(xing)，也(ye)可(ke)分為多個階段進行(xing)。

階(jie)(jie)(jie)段等流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)也好(hao)。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用(yong)較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣減(jian)(jian)少(shao)了氣泡對極板活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)沖(chong)刷，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)了活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)脫落。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹(che)底，所以是當前(qian)常用(yong)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一(yi)般蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第一(yi)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段以10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段以20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各階(jie)(jie)(jie)段充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)長(chang)短(duan)，各種(zhong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)具體要(yao)求和標準不一(yi)樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理想充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或(huo)僅(jin)在交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才(cai)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式為浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一(yi)些特殊(shu)場(chang)合(he)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一(yi)般均采用(yong)(yong)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)優(you)點(dian)主要(yao)在于能減(jian)少蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)析氣率，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)由(you)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯(lian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)時(shi)輸出大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這有助(zhu)于鎮定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常。浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)缺點(dian)是個別蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)均衡和充(chong)(chong)不(bu)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)需要(yao)進行(xing)定(ding)期的(de)均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)是所(suo)有失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都能(neng)(neng)(neng)進行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復，如出(chu)現了短路(lu)和(he)(he)斷路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板上活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)脫落的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板嚴(yan)重(zhong)損(sun)壞，嚴(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形和(he)(he)嚴(yan)重(zhong)破(po)裂的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)底部出(chu)現大面積漏(lou)液(ye)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進行(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)。所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)重(zhong)而(er)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)極上活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)生嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化而(er)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌落等原因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)上部出(chu)現微弱裂縫而(er)漏(lou)液(ye)造成(cheng)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結構(gou)輕微失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。所(suo)以(yi)鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復可(ke)分(fen)為對電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復和(he)(he)對塑料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)體(ti)結構(gou)件失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池(chi)修(xiu)復(fu)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)化學方法修(xiu)復(fu)和物理方法修(xiu)復(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學方法(fa)對電(dian)性能失效的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池的(de)修復(fu)通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)采用加入(ru)化(hua)學活化(hua)劑方法(fa)，如添加納(na)米(mi)碳溶膠蓄電(dian)池活化(hua)劑，它是(shi)(shi)以納(na)米(mi)石墨為溶質主要成(cheng)份的(de)水(shui)溶液。

A、對失水嚴重的(de)鉛酸蓄電池(chi)在加(jia)入活化(hua)劑前要先加(jia)入濃度為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解液，補加的電解液量(liang)控制在上下(xia)液面線(xian)之(zhi)間偏上線(xian)的位置。

B、按活化劑(ji)的(de)(de)使(shi)用添加量(liang)要(yao)求通過氣塞孔均勻的(de)(de)從四(si)周及中間加入(ru)到每個(ge)單體蓄電池(chi)內部并搖動均勻。納(na)米碳溶膠活化劑(ji)加完后電解液的(de)(de)液面(mian)線(xian)接(jie)近液面(mian)標示線(xian)的(de)(de)上線(xian)。

C、立(li)即(ji)對修復的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，開始活化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流要(yao)大于正常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的50%左右，以便使納米石墨(mo)在電場的(de)作用下盡快的(de)吸(xi)附到電極(ji)里面，大約充(chong)進40%左(zuo)右的電(dian)量(liang)時再(zai)進行(xing)正(zheng)常充電(dian)。首次活化(hua)的充電(dian)量(liang)為理論容量(liang)的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電(dian)池的電(dian)性能(neng)就能(neng)得以恢復，其(qi)放電(dian)容量在額定容量的98%以(yi)上的可(ke)認(ren)為修復完(wan)成(cheng)。電池(chi)活化修復后對電解液(ye)液(ye)面(mian)偏高的要抽出多余的電解液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池(chi)，應(ying)把電解液全部倒出(chu)(chu)（或吸出(chu)(chu)）并用電池(chi)用純(chun)凈水(shui)清洗2次，然(ran)后再加入使用濃(nong)度(du)的硫酸電解(jie)液，再按前述(shu)方法對電池(chi)進行活化(hua)修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的修(xiu)復也有一定(ding)效果(guo)；但對(dui)膠體(ti)電(dian)解質(zhi)電(dian)池的修(xiu)復效果(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用(yong)物理方法(fa)對電(dian)性(xing)能失效的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池修復是用(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設備提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)創新—充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)(de)變化(hua)來(lai)實現的(de)(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)流預(yu)放電(dian)可(ke)以使電(dian)解(jie)液更容易浸潤到電(dian)極內部，使表面已生成(cheng)鈍化(hua)(hua)(hua)層的活性物(wu)質（硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)）在(zai)小電(dian)流放電(dian)時產生比(bi)較疏松的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)分子，這有助于鈍化(hua)(hua)(hua)的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)活化(hua)(hua)(hua)并再度參加電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈(mo)沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單(dan)體電池電壓控制在2.63V~2.70V之間(jian)(jian)。充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)會隨電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓升高(gao)而逐步下降，這可(ke)以避免長時間(jian)(jian)大電(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)造成(cheng)電(dian)極的損壞和失水。一般修復充電(dian)的充電(dian)容量控制在額定容量的120%左右，時(shi)間控制(zhi)在(zai)10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時(shi)，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，若一切正常(chang)可按要求(qiu)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，放至單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到1.75V，放出的容量應不少(shao)于額(e)定容量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容量恢(hui)復到(dao)額定容量80%以上(shang)的(de)(de)電池(chi)進行第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)。第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)充電方法與第(di)一次(ci)相同。一般只是電性能失效的(de)(de)電池(chi)第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)后其電池(chi)容量可以恢(hui)復(fu)到額定容量的(de)(de)98%以(yi)上；這時可認為修(xiu)復(fu)完成，電(dian)池再充電(dian)后就可以(yi)提交使(shi)用。如果(guo)第二次(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)放電(dian)容(rong)量低(di)于額定容(rong)量的85%則認為該(gai)電池徹底失效不可(ke)修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共(gong)振頻率技術(shu)（裝置）對(dui)落后或(huo)電性(xing)能(neng)失(shi)效電池的修(xiu)復(fu)操(cao)作

A、對失(shi)水(shui)嚴重的電池進行補充電解液，方法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振頻率裝置(zhi)連接(jie)到電(dian)池(chi)(chi)（組）的正、負極上，按使(shi)用要求對(dui)落后(hou)或(huo)電(dian)性能失效(xiao)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行修復(fu)。為(wei)防止(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)工作(zuo)狀態對(dui)修復(fu)的干(gan)擾在(zai)線路中應串一個同步(bu)干(gan)擾抑制模(mo)塊。

C、測量被修復電(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內阻(zu)，失(shi)效的或(huo)落后的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和內阻(zu)與其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本(ben)一致時(shi)可以認為修復完成(cheng)。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛星地面站(zhan)等(deng)設施(shi)的(de)電池(chi)機房。該技術(shu)（裝置）的(de)最(zui)大(da)特點是落后或失效(xiao)的(de)電池(chi)可以在(zai)線修(xiu)復，不必把有問題的(de)電池(chi)從供(gong)配(pei)電系統中(zhong)取下，是屬于在(zai)線智能(neng)修(xiu)復，可無(wu)需(xu)人員(yuan)值班(ban)，修(xiu)復激活電池(chi)時也不會給電池(chi)帶來損(sun)壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池在使用過程中有(you)時會出現(xian)碰撞、跌落、摔(shuai)打的(de)現(xian)象，這(zhe)就會造成電(dian)(dian)池的(de)塑料殼(ke)體被損壞(huai)。對于(yu)只有(you)輕(qing)微損壞(huai)（如(ru)外殼(ke)有(you)輕(qing)微縫隙、漏電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液并(bing)不嚴重、內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)極并(bing)未損壞(huai)）的(de)可以進(jin)行(xing)修復(fu)，但修復(fu)后不應影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)池在設(she)備(bei)上的(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料料粒(li)(li)的(de)配比配制膠液，不斷搖(yao)動，使(shi)固體料粒(li)(li)完全溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)并(bing)成均勻(yun)液，待用(yong)（膠液用(yong)后密(mi)封好，可以(yi)長期使(shi)用(yong)）。把(ba)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池外(wai)殼損傷處擦拭潔凈，粘接面上不能有(you)粉塵，粉狀顆粒(li)(li)，油污及電解(jie)(jie)液并(bing)應平整。取潔凈的(de)尺(chi)寸適度的(de)ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料板塊（板塊的尺寸各(ge)方向上要大于裂縫5mm以上，厚度和(he)電池外殼壁相當，待用。取適量(liang)的膠液涂抹于鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池外殼的損傷處(chu)及(ji)周邊(bian)5mm以上的(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶，再把裁剪(jian)好的(de)(de)(de)塑料板塊(kuai)緊(jin)壓在涂好膠的(de)(de)(de)電池外殼損傷(shang)處并平壓緊(jin)，12小時以后待膠液完(wan)全(quan)干涸后檢查不漏，可以認為修復完(wan)成(cheng)，可提交使用。應注意的(de)(de)是粘接面(mian)必需平(ping)整，粘接處必需平(ping)壓緊(jin)。被修復的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)在修復前若(ruo)漏電(dian)解液較多時應補加使用濃度的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸電(dian)解液在充電(dian)活(huo)化后方可提交使用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯(xi)晴、苯乙烯(xi)、丁二烯(xi)共聚物(wu)），改性ABS工程塑料，SAN工程塑(su)料（苯乙(yi)烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等(deng)。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以(yi)(yi)上，損傷(shang)縫(feng)隙粘合膠面(mian)的厚度不小(xiao)于(yu)電池外(wai)殼的壁厚，熱熔膠合面(mian)可以(yi)(yi)適當加壓有(you)利于(yu)粘合牢(lao)固(gu)，自然冷卻12小時后檢(jian)查不漏，可以認為修復完成，可提交使用。

熱(re)熔(rong)膠粘合修復(fu)可以(yi)用(yong)熱(re)熔(rong)膠棒，也可以(yi)用(yong)與電池殼(ke)體(ti)相(xiang)同材料(liao)的(de)棒（板(ban)）材料(liao)，作為熱(re)熔(rong)膠合材料(liao)，后(hou)者效果會更好。對熔(rong)膠粘合修復(fu)前失液過多的(de)電池修復(fu)后(hou)應(ying)補(bu)加使用(yong)濃度的(de)電解液到液面線的(de)中間(jian)部(bu)位(wei)并充(chong)電后(hou)再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙(bing)烯），改(gai)性增強(qiang)PP（滑石(shi)粉強化(hua)的聚丙(bing)烯）等。

對于(yu)極(ji)拄處，或(huo)蓋子上(shang)(shang)出現的(de)輕微(wei)縫隙也可以用(yong)上(shang)(shang)述熱熔粘合(he)方(fang)法進行修復。