一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

該圖片由注冊用戶"秋天的浮萍"提供，版權聲明反饋

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終保持不變(bian)(bian)，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱(cheng)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或(huo)等流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中由于(yu)(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸下(xia)降，為保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不致因蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而(er)(er)減小(xiao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程必(bi)須逐漸升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終不變(bian)(bian)，這對于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)自動化(hua)程度(du)要(yao)求較高，一(yi)般簡陋的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是(shi)不能滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求的(de)(de)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大允許的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情(qing)況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可以縮短。若從時(shi)間上(shang)(shang)考慮，采用此法(fa)有利的(de)(de)。但在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不變(bian)(bian)，這時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)大部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水上(shang)(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出(chu)氣泡過(guo)(guo)多而(er)(er)顯沸騰狀(zhuang)，這不僅(jin)消(xiao)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)(er)且容易使極(ji)板上(shang)(shang)活性物(wu)質大量脫落，溫升過(guo)(guo)高，造成(cheng)極(ji)板彎曲，容量迅(xun)速下(xia)降而(er)(er)提(ti)前報廢(fei)。所(suo)以，這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少采用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持不變，叫做恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由于(yu)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)至(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持一定(ding)，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸(jian)減(jian)小(xiao)。當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相等(deng)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)最小(xiao)甚至(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)零。由此可(ke)見，采(cai)用(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)優點在(zai)(zai)于(yu)，可(ke)以(yi)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)而造成(cheng)極板活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)脫落和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)損失。但其缺點是(shi)，在(zai)(zai)剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)積變化收縮太快，影(ying)響活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)機械強度(du)，致使(shi)其脫落。而在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又(you)過小(xiao)，使(shi)極板深處的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成(cheng)長期(qi)(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影(ying)響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)一般只適用(yong)于(yu)無(wu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較簡(jian)陋的(de)特(te)殊(shu)場合，如汽(qi)車上蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)至(zhi)(zhi)5號(hao)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)小(xiao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采(cai)用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左(zuo)右，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左(zuo)右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的缺點而采用的一(yi)種方(fang)法。即在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間(jian)串聯一(yi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，這樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)以(yi)調整。但有(you)時最(zui)大(da)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)受到限制，因(yin)此隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程的進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上(shang)升，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾(ji)乎成為直(zhi)線衰(shuai)減(jian)。有(you)時使用兩個電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值，約(yue)在(zai)2.4V時，從低電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)轉換到高電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以(yi)減(jian)少出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合(he)恒(heng)流和恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)特點，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期用較(jiao)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，經過(guo)一段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)間改(gai)(gai)用較(jiao)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，至(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)(gai)用更(geng)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，即(ji)不同階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)內以不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進(jin)行恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法，叫(jiao)做階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法。階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法，一般可分為兩(liang)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)進(jin)行，也可分為多(duo)個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)進(jin)行。

階(jie)段(duan)等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所(suo)需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)短，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果也(ye)好。由(you)于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用(yong)較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣減少(shao)了氣(qi)泡對極板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)沖(chong)刷，減少(shao)了活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)脫落(luo)。這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)壽命，并節(jie)省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底(di)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)是當前常用(yong)的(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一般蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第一階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)(yi)20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)長短，各(ge)種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)具體(ti)要求和標準(zhun)不一樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電池理想(xiang)充電法(fa)。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使(shi)用(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)僅在交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使(shi)用(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)。一些特殊場合使(shi)用(yong)的固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)型(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一般均采用(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的優點主要在于能減少蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的析(xi)氣(qi)率，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時由于蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池同直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池瞬時輸出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這有助于鎮定(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的缺點是個(ge)別蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)均衡(heng)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要進行定(ding)(ding)(ding)期的均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并(bing)不是所有失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都能(neng)(neng)進行修(xiu)復(fu)，如出(chu)現了短路和斷(duan)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板上活性物質嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脫落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)損壞，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼體(ti)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變形(xing)和嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑料(liao)殼體(ti)底部(bu)出(chu)現大(da)面積(ji)漏液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是不能(neng)(neng)進行修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)可(ke)修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)水(shui)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上活性物質發生嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化而(er)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)及(ji)因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌落等原(yuan)因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)上部(bu)出(chu)現微(wei)弱(ruo)裂(lie)縫而(er)漏液造成(cheng)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，即結(jie)構(gou)輕微(wei)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)可(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)和對塑料(liao)殼體(ti)結(jie)構(gou)件失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電(dian)性能失效的(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池修復可分為(wei)化學方法修復和物理方法修復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學(xue)方(fang)法對(dui)電性(xing)能失效的(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)修復通常是采用加入化學(xue)活(huo)化劑(ji)方(fang)法，如添加納米碳溶(rong)(rong)膠蓄(xu)電池(chi)活(huo)化劑(ji)，它是以納米石墨為溶(rong)(rong)質主要(yao)成份的(de)水溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)。

A、對失(shi)水嚴重的鉛酸蓄電池在加(jia)入活化劑(ji)前要先(xian)加(jia)入濃度為(wei)5%~10%的稀硫酸電解(jie)液(ye)，補(bu)加(jia)的電解(jie)液(ye)量控制在上下液(ye)面線之(zhi)間偏上線的位置。

B、按活化(hua)劑的使用添(tian)加量要求通(tong)過氣(qi)塞孔(kong)均勻(yun)的從(cong)四周及(ji)中間加入到(dao)每(mei)個單體蓄電(dian)池內部并搖動均勻(yun)。納米碳溶膠活化(hua)劑加完后電(dian)解液的液面線接(jie)近液面標(biao)示(shi)線的上線。

C、立即對修(xiu)復的電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)，開始(shi)活化充(chong)電(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流要大(da)于正常充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的50%左右，以便使納米石(shi)墨(mo)在電場的作用下(xia)盡快的吸附到電極里面，大約充進(jin)40%左(zuo)右的(de)電(dian)量時再進行正常充電(dian)。首次活(huo)化的(de)充電(dian)量為理論(lun)容量的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個(ge)周次后(hou)電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)性能就能得以恢復，其放電(dian)容量在(zai)額定容量的98%以上的可(ke)認為修復完成。電(dian)池活化(hua)修復后對(dui)電(dian)解(jie)液液面偏高的要抽出多余的電(dian)解(jie)液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池(chi)，應(ying)把電解液全部倒(dao)出（或吸出）并用電池(chi)用純凈水(shui)清洗2次，然(ran)后再加入使用濃度的硫酸(suan)電解液，再按(an)前述方法對電池進行活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)的修(xiu)復(fu)也有一(yi)定(ding)效果(guo)；但對膠體電解質電池(chi)的修(xiu)復(fu)效果(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用(yong)物理方法對電(dian)(dian)性能失效的(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池修復是用(yong)充電(dian)(dian)設備提供的(de)充電(dian)(dian)模式創(chuang)新—充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)變化來實現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)流預(yu)放電(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)解液更容(rong)易浸潤到電(dian)極內部，使(shi)表面已生(sheng)(sheng)成鈍化(hua)層的(de)(de)活性物質(zhi)（硫(liu)酸鉛）在小電(dian)流放電(dian)時產生(sheng)(sheng)比較疏(shu)松的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛分子，這有助于鈍化(hua)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛活化(hua)并再度參加電(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電流一(yi)般(ban)≥0.1C，終止時單(dan)體電池(chi)電壓控制在2.63V~2.70V之(zhi)間。充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)會隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)而(er)逐步下(xia)降(jiang)，這可以避(bi)免長時間大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)損壞和(he)失水。一般修(xiu)復充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)控制在額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)120%左右(you)，時間控制在(zai)10h~12h之間(jian)。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小(xiao)時，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，若一(yi)切正常可按(an)要(yao)求的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，放至單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到(dao)1.75V，放(fang)出的(de)容(rong)量應不少于額(e)定容(rong)量的(de)95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對(dui)容量恢復到額定容量80%以上的(de)電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行第二次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)。第二次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)充電(dian)方法與第一次(ci)(ci)相同。一般只(zhi)是電(dian)性能失效的(de)電(dian)池(chi)第二次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復(fu)后其(qi)電(dian)池(chi)容量可(ke)以恢復(fu)到額定容量的(de)98%以(yi)上；這時可(ke)認(ren)為修復(fu)完成，電池(chi)再(zai)充電后就可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)交使用。如(ru)果第二次(ci)修復(fu)放電容量(liang)低于(yu)額定容量(liang)的85%則認為該(gai)電池徹(che)底失效不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共(gong)振頻率技(ji)術（裝(zhuang)置）對落后(hou)或電(dian)性能(neng)失效(xiao)電(dian)池(chi)的修復操作

A、對(dui)失水嚴(yan)重的電(dian)池進行補充電(dian)解液，方(fang)法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描(miao)共振頻率裝置連接到電池(chi)(chi)（組）的(de)正、負極上，按使用(yong)要求對(dui)(dui)落后或電性能失效的(de)電池(chi)(chi)進行修復。為防(fang)止電池(chi)(chi)工(gong)作狀態對(dui)(dui)修復的(de)干擾在線路中應串一(yi)個(ge)同步干擾抑制模塊。

C、測量被(bei)修復(fu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)內阻，失(shi)效(xiao)的或落后(hou)的電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)內阻與其它電(dian)(dian)池基本(ben)一(yi)致(zhi)時可(ke)以認為修復(fu)完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統(tong)、衛星地面站(zhan)等(deng)設施的電池(chi)機房。該技術(shu)（裝置）的最大特(te)點是落后或失效的電池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)在線修復(fu)，不(bu)必(bi)把有問(wen)題的電池(chi)從供配電系統(tong)中取下，是屬于在線智能修復(fu)，可(ke)無需人(ren)員值班，修復(fu)激活電池(chi)時也不(bu)會(hui)給(gei)電池(chi)帶(dai)來損壞(huai)。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)使用過(guo)程中有(you)時會出(chu)現碰撞、跌(die)落、摔打的(de)現象，這就會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)塑料殼(ke)(ke)體被損壞。對于只有(you)輕微(wei)損壞（如外殼(ke)(ke)有(you)輕微(wei)縫(feng)隙、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液并(bing)不嚴(yan)重、內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)極并(bing)未(wei)損壞）的(de)可以進行修(xiu)復，但修(xiu)復后不應(ying)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)設備上的(de)裝(zhuang)配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料(liao)(liao)料(liao)(liao)粒的(de)(de)配比配制膠(jiao)液(ye)，不斷搖動，使固(gu)體料(liao)(liao)粒完全溶解并成均勻液(ye)，待用(yong)(yong)（膠(jiao)液(ye)用(yong)(yong)后密(mi)封(feng)好，可以長期(qi)使用(yong)(yong)）。把鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池外(wai)殼(ke)損傷處擦拭(shi)潔凈，粘接(jie)面上不能有粉(fen)塵(chen)，粉(fen)狀顆粒，油(you)污(wu)及電(dian)解液(ye)并應平(ping)整。取潔凈的(de)(de)尺寸適度的(de)(de)ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)板塊（板塊的尺寸各方向上要大(da)于(yu)裂縫5mm以上，厚度和(he)電池外(wai)殼(ke)壁(bi)相(xiang)當，待用。取適(shi)量的(de)膠液涂抹于(yu)鉛酸蓄電池外(wai)殼(ke)的(de)損傷(shang)處(chu)及周邊(bian)5mm以上的(de)(de)地(di)帶，再把裁剪好的(de)(de)塑料板(ban)塊緊壓(ya)在涂好膠的(de)(de)電池(chi)外殼損傷(shang)處并平壓(ya)緊，12小(xiao)時以(yi)(yi)后(hou)待膠液完全干涸(he)后(hou)檢查不(bu)漏(lou)，可以(yi)(yi)認為修復完成(cheng)，可提交(jiao)使(shi)用。應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)的是粘(zhan)接面必需平整，粘(zhan)接處必需平壓緊。被修復的電池在修復前若(ruo)漏(lou)電解液較多(duo)時應(ying)(ying)補(bu)加使(shi)用濃度(du)的硫酸電解液在充電活化后(hou)方可提交(jiao)使(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴(qing)、苯乙烯、丁(ding)二烯共聚物），改性ABS工程塑料，SAN工程塑料（苯乙烯、丙烯晴(qing)共聚物(wu)）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損(sun)傷縫隙粘合膠面(mian)的(de)(de)厚(hou)度不小于(yu)電池外殼的(de)(de)壁(bi)厚(hou)，熱熔膠合面(mian)可以適當(dang)加壓有利于(yu)粘合牢固，自然(ran)冷(leng)卻12小時后檢(jian)查不漏(lou)，可以認為修(xiu)復完成，可提交使用。

熱(re)熔膠(jiao)粘(zhan)合修復可以用(yong)熱(re)熔膠(jiao)棒(bang)(bang)，也可以用(yong)與(yu)電池(chi)殼體相同材料的棒(bang)(bang)（板）材料，作為熱(re)熔膠(jiao)合材料，后者(zhe)效果會更好。對熔膠(jiao)粘(zhan)合修復前失(shi)液(ye)過多的電池(chi)修復后應補(bu)加(jia)使用(yong)濃度的電解液(ye)到液(ye)面線的中間部位并充(chong)電后再提交(jiao)使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚(ju)丙烯(xi)），改性增強PP（滑石粉強化(hua)的聚丙烯）等。

對于極拄處(chu)，或蓋子上出現的輕(qing)微縫(feng)隙也可以(yi)用上述熱熔粘合方法進行修(xiu)復(fu)。