一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)保(bao)持(chi)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡稱恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)由于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)，為(wei)保(bao)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)致(zhi)因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而(er)減(jian)小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)必須逐漸升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)對于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的自動化(hua)程(cheng)(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)較高，一般簡陋的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求(qiu)的。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)允(yun)許的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情(qing)況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間就可(ke)以縮短。若從時(shi)(shi)間上(shang)考慮，采(cai)用此(ci)法有利的。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)水上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液出(chu)氣泡過多而(er)顯沸騰狀，這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而(er)且(qie)容易使極板(ban)上(shang)活性物質大(da)量脫落(luo)，溫升過高，造成極板(ban)彎曲，容量迅速下(xia)降(jiang)而(er)提前報廢。所以，這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法很(hen)少采(cai)用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始終保持不變(bian)(bian)，叫做(zuo)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由(you)于(yu)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始至后期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始終保持一定，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相(xiang)當(dang)大(da)，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過(guo)正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)(jian)升高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)(jian)減(jian)小。當(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相(xiang)等(deng)(deng)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)至最小甚至為零。由(you)此可見(jian)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)，可以(yi)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)而(er)造成極板(ban)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。但其缺點(dian)是，在(zai)剛(gang)開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)體積變(bian)(bian)化收縮太快，影響活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機械強度，致使其脫(tuo)落。而(er)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又過(guo)小，使極板(ban)深處的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形(xing)成長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。所(suo)以(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)一般(ban)只適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較(jiao)簡陋的(de)(de)(de)特殊場合，如汽車上蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)(hao)至5號(hao)(hao)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左(zuo)右，堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左(zuo)右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點而采用(yong)的(de)一種(zhong)方(fang)法。即在充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)池之間串聯一電(dian)(dian)阻，這樣充電(dian)(dian)初期的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以調整。但有(you)時最大充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)受到限制，因此(ci)隨充電(dian)(dian)過程的(de)進(jin)行，蓄電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上升，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾乎成為直線(xian)衰減。有(you)時使(shi)用(yong)兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)阻值，約在2.4V時，從低電(dian)(dian)阻轉換到高電(dian)(dian)阻，以減少出氣(qi)。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和恒壓充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)特點，蓄電(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)初(chu)期(qi)用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，經過一(yi)段(duan)(duan)時間改(gai)用(yong)較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)電(dian)后期(qi)改(gai)用(yong)更(geng)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，即不同(tong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)內以不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，叫做階(jie)段(duan)(duan)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)。階(jie)段(duan)(duan)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)，一(yi)般(ban)可分為兩個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)，也可分為多(duo)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。

階段等(deng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)法(fa)所需充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間短，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)效果也好。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)后期(qi)改用(yong)(yong)較小電(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，這樣減少(shao)了氣泡(pao)對(dui)極板活性(xing)物質(zhi)的沖刷，減少(shao)了活性(xing)物質(zhi)的脫(tuo)落。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)法(fa)能延長蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)，并節省電(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)又徹底(di)，所以(yi)是(shi)當(dang)前常用(yong)(yong)的一(yi)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法(fa)。一(yi)般蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)第一(yi)階段以(yi)10h率電(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，第二階段以(yi)20h率電(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。各(ge)(ge)階段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間的長短，各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的具體要求和(he)標準不一(yi)樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電池理想(xiang)充電法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇(xie)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式為(wei)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一些特(te)殊場合使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)固定型(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均(jun)(jun)采用(yong)(yong)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)對蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)主(zhu)要在(zai)于能減少蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)析氣率，并可防止過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時由于蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同(tong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)時輸出大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，這有助于鎮(zhen)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)缺點(dian)是個(ge)別蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)(jun)衡和充(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以需(xu)要進(jin)行定期的(de)(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并(bing)不是(shi)所有(you)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，如出現(xian)了短路(lu)和(he)斷路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板上活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、極(ji)板嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)損壞，嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)殼體嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變(bian)形和(he)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)殼體底部(bu)出現(xian)大面積漏(lou)液的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)。所以可(ke)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)因失(shi)水嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)而失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)、電(dian)極(ji)上活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)發生嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸鹽化(hua)而失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及因磕(ke)碰、摔打、跌落(luo)等原因使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)殼體上部(bu)出現(xian)微(wei)弱裂縫而漏(lou)液造成失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結構輕(qing)微(wei)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。所以鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可(ke)分為對(dui)電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)對(dui)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)殼體結構件失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能(neng)失效的鉛酸蓄電池修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可(ke)分(fen)為化學(xue)方法修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)物理方法修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學方法對電性能(neng)失(shi)效的(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的(de)修(xiu)復通常是采用加(jia)(jia)入化學活(huo)化劑(ji)方法，如添加(jia)(jia)納米碳溶膠蓄電池活(huo)化劑(ji)，它(ta)是以(yi)納米石墨為溶質主(zhu)要成份的(de)水溶液(ye)。

A、對失水嚴重的鉛酸蓄電池在加入活化劑前要(yao)先加入濃(nong)度為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解液，補加的電解液量控制在(zai)上下液面線(xian)之間(jian)偏上線(xian)的位置(zhi)。

B、按活(huo)化劑的(de)(de)使用添加(jia)(jia)量要求通過氣塞孔均勻的(de)(de)從四周及中間加(jia)(jia)入到每個單(dan)體蓄電(dian)池內部并搖動均勻。納米碳溶膠活(huo)化劑加(jia)(jia)完后(hou)電(dian)解液的(de)(de)液面線(xian)接近液面標示線(xian)的(de)(de)上線(xian)。

C、立即對修復的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，開(kai)始活化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)要大于正常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)50%左(zuo)右，以便(bian)使(shi)納米石墨在電(dian)場的(de)作用下(xia)盡快的(de)吸附到電(dian)極里面，大約充進40%左右的電(dian)量(liang)時再進行(xing)正常充電(dian)。首次活化(hua)的充電(dian)量(liang)為理(li)論容量(liang)的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)性能就能得以恢復，其放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)在(zai)額定容量(liang)的98%以上的可(ke)認為修復完(wan)成。電(dian)(dian)池活化修復后對電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)液(ye)面偏高(gao)的要抽出多(duo)余(yu)的電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池(chi)，應把電解液全部倒出（或吸(xi)出）并用(yong)電池(chi)用(yong)純凈水清洗2次(ci)，然(ran)后再(zai)加入使(shi)用濃(nong)度的硫酸電(dian)解液，再(zai)按前述(shu)方法對電(dian)池進行活化修(xiu)復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的修(xiu)復也有一定效果；但對(dui)膠體電(dian)解質電(dian)池的修(xiu)復效果不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法對電(dian)性(xing)能失(shi)效的(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)池修(xiu)復是用充(chong)電(dian)設備(bei)提供的(de)充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式創新—充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的(de)變化來實現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流預(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)可以使電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液更容易浸潤到(dao)電(dian)(dian)極內(nei)部，使表面(mian)已(yi)生成(cheng)鈍化(hua)(hua)層的(de)活性物質（硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)）在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)產生比較疏(shu)松(song)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)分子，這(zhe)有(you)助于鈍化(hua)(hua)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)活化(hua)(hua)并再度參加電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負(fu)脈沖(chong)電流(liu)一般(ban)≥0.1C，終止時單體電(dian)池電(dian)壓控(kong)制在(zai)2.63V~2.70V之間(jian)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)而逐步(bu)下(xia)降，這(zhe)可(ke)以避免長時間(jian)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的損壞和(he)失水。一般修(xiu)復充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)控制在額定容量(liang)(liang)的120%左右，時間控制(zhi)在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小(xiao)時(shi)，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)池的開路電(dian)(dian)壓，若一切正常可按要求(qiu)的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，放至單體電(dian)(dian)壓到1.75V，放出的容量(liang)應(ying)不(bu)少于額定容量(liang)的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容(rong)量恢復(fu)到額定容(rong)量80%以上的電池進行第(di)(di)(di)二次修(xiu)復。第(di)(di)(di)二次修(xiu)復的充電方法與(yu)第(di)(di)(di)一次相同。一般只是電性能失效的電池第(di)(di)(di)二次修(xiu)復后其(qi)電池容(rong)量可以恢復到額定容(rong)量的98%以(yi)上；這時可認(ren)為修復完成，電(dian)(dian)池再充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)就可以(yi)提交使用。如果第二次修復放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量低(di)于額定容(rong)量的(de)85%則認為該電池(chi)徹底失效不可(ke)修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描(miao)共振頻(pin)率技(ji)術（裝(zhuang)置）對落(luo)后或電性能失(shi)效電池的修復操作

A、對失水嚴重(zhong)的(de)電池進行補(bu)充(chong)電解液，方法(fa)同(tong)3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃(sao)描共振頻率裝置連接(jie)到電池（組）的(de)正、負極上，按(an)使用要求對落后或電性能失效的(de)電池進行修(xiu)復(fu)。為防止電池工作狀態對修(xiu)復(fu)的(de)干(gan)擾(rao)在線路(lu)中應(ying)串一個同(tong)步干(gan)擾(rao)抑制模塊(kuai)。

C、測量(liang)被修(xiu)復電路(lu)中電池的(de)(de)電壓和(he)內(nei)阻(zu)，失效(xiao)的(de)(de)或落(luo)后的(de)(de)電池電壓和(he)內(nei)阻(zu)與其它(ta)電池基本一(yi)致時可以(yi)認為(wei)修(xiu)復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統(tong)、衛星地(di)面站等設(she)施的(de)電(dian)池機房。該(gai)技術（裝置）的(de)最大特(te)點是落(luo)后或失效的(de)電(dian)池可(ke)以在(zai)(zai)線修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)，不必(bi)把有問題的(de)電(dian)池從供配電(dian)系統(tong)中取下，是屬于在(zai)(zai)線智能修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)，可(ke)無(wu)需人(ren)員值班，修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)激活電(dian)池時也不會給電(dian)池帶來損(sun)壞(huai)。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)使用過程中有時會出現碰撞、跌落、摔打的現象，這就會造成電(dian)池(chi)的塑料殼體被(bei)損(sun)壞(huai)。對于只(zhi)有輕微(wei)(wei)損(sun)壞(huai)（如外(wai)殼有輕微(wei)(wei)縫隙、漏電(dian)解液并不(bu)嚴重、內部電(dian)極并未損(sun)壞(huai)）的可以(yi)進行修(xiu)復，但修(xiu)復后不(bu)應影響電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)設備上的裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料(liao)料(liao)粒的配比配制膠液，不(bu)斷搖動(dong)，使固體料(liao)粒完全溶解(jie)并成(cheng)均(jun)勻液，待用（膠液用后密封好，可(ke)以長期使用）。把鉛酸蓄電(dian)池外殼損傷處擦(ca)拭(shi)潔(jie)凈，粘接(jie)面上不(bu)能(neng)有粉塵，粉狀顆粒，油(you)污(wu)及電(dian)解(jie)液并應平(ping)整。取潔(jie)凈的尺寸適(shi)度的ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料板(ban)塊（板(ban)塊的尺(chi)寸各方向(xiang)上要大于裂縫5mm以上，厚度和電池(chi)外(wai)殼壁相(xiang)當(dang)，待用。取適量的膠液涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池(chi)外(wai)殼的損傷處及周(zhou)邊5mm以上(shang)的地帶(dai)，再把(ba)裁剪好的塑料板塊緊壓在涂好膠的電池外殼損傷處并平(ping)壓緊，12小時(shi)以(yi)后(hou)待膠液完全干(gan)涸后(hou)檢查不漏(lou)，可(ke)以(yi)認為修(xiu)復完成，可(ke)提(ti)交使(shi)用。應(ying)注意的(de)是粘(zhan)接面必(bi)需平整(zheng)，粘(zhan)接處必(bi)需平壓緊(jin)。被修(xiu)復的(de)電(dian)池在修(xiu)復前若漏(lou)電(dian)解液較多時(shi)應(ying)補加使(shi)用濃(nong)度的(de)硫酸電(dian)解液在充電(dian)活化后(hou)方可(ke)提(ti)交使(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙(bing)烯(xi)晴、苯(ben)乙烯(xi)、丁二烯(xi)共聚(ju)物），改(gai)性ABS工程塑料，SAN工(gong)程塑料(liao)（苯乙烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫隙粘合(he)膠面(mian)的厚(hou)度不小于電池外殼(ke)的壁(bi)厚(hou)，熱熔(rong)膠合(he)面(mian)可以適(shi)當加壓有利于粘合(he)牢固，自然冷卻12小(xiao)時后檢查不漏，可以認為(wei)修復完成，可提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘(zhan)合(he)修復(fu)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)棒，也可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)殼體相同(tong)材料(liao)(liao)的棒（板）材料(liao)(liao)，作為熱熔膠(jiao)(jiao)合(he)材料(liao)(liao)，后(hou)者效(xiao)果會更好。對熔膠(jiao)(jiao)粘(zhan)合(he)修復(fu)前(qian)失(shi)液過多的電(dian)池(chi)修復(fu)后(hou)應補(bu)加(jia)使用(yong)(yong)濃(nong)度的電(dian)解液到液面線的中間部位并充電(dian)后(hou)再提交使用(yong)(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯(xi)），改(gai)性(xing)增強PP（滑石粉強化的聚丙烯）等。

對于極(ji)拄(zhu)處，或蓋子上出現的輕微縫隙也可以(yi)用上述熱熔粘合方(fang)法進(jin)行修復。