電動汽車電池壽命一般是多久

目前用在汽車上的動力電池，大致分為鉛酸蓄電池、鋰電池、鎳氫電池。其中鎳氫電池僅豐田的非插電混動車中使用，不適合作為單獨的動力源。鉛酸電池主要運用在低速電動車，也就是俗話說的“老頭樂”；鋰電池是使用最為廣泛的電動汽車電池。鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)根(gen)據(ju)材料的(de)不同，又分為許(xu)多種，目(mu)前應用成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)主要為三(san)元鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，市面上(shang)采用鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)車型(xing)基本都是這兩種電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

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鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)池其實(shi)就是一般(ban)汽(qi)車上的電(dian)(dian)池，多塊(kuai)串/并聯以后直接作為動力源了(le)。放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流較，車型(xing)都跑不快，最快速度大概(gai)在60公(gong)里左(zuo)右(you)，壽命也比較短，3年左(zuo)右(you)的周期就必須更換了(le)。

三元鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)特點是能量(liang)(liang)密度高，同樣體(ti)積(ji)重量(liang)(liang)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)大。理論上(shang)(shang)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)壽命在1500次(ci)左右，實(shi)際(ji)使用(yong)上(shang)(shang)，完(wan)(wan)全充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)在800次(ci)以上(shang)(shang)，而控制電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)在25%-75%的狀態(tai)下(xia)，實(shi)際(ji)使用(yong)可(ke)以達到1200次(ci)以上(shang)(shang)。完(wan)(wan)全循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)的概念指的是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，然(ran)后(hou)放(fang)完(wan)(wan)，算一個循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)。如(ru)果每天從100%用(yong)到75%，然(ran)后(hou)充(chong)滿，那(nei)么4天才算一個完(wan)(wan)整循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)，壽命可(ke)以達到10年(nian)。以一般(ban)三元鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動車續航200公里算，1次(ci)完(wan)(wan)整循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)實(shi)際(ji)可(ke)以行(xing)駛也在180公里，800次(ci)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)可(ke)以走14萬4千(qian)公里，算上(shang)(shang)正(zheng)常的衰減，12萬公里也是沒什(shen)么壓(ya)力的。

磷酸鐵(tie)鋰電(dian)(dian)池特點是循(xun)環壽命長，可以(yi)達到2000次(ci)循(xun)環以(yi)上。充放電(dian)(dian)倍率高，也就(jiu)是可以(yi)有更(geng)大的(de)(de)充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。安全性好(hao)，彎(wan)曲穿刺高溫(wen)都(dou)沒問(wen)題。缺點是能量(liang)密度低一(yi)(yi)些，同樣的(de)(de)續(xu)航需(xu)要使用更(geng)多的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池，相應增加了(le)車(che)重(zhong)和(he)成本；一(yi)(yi)致性差(cha)一(yi)(yi)些，需(xu)要更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池管理(li)系統；低溫(wen)衰減比較明(ming)顯，0℃時(shi)容(rong)量(liang)會降(jiang)低10%左右(you)(you)，而-20度時(shi)容(rong)量(liang)會降(jiang)低30%左右(you)(you)。

電動汽車電池如何維護呢

1、儲存

蓄電池在存放時嚴禁處于虧電狀態。虧電壯態是指電池使用后沒有及時充電。在虧電狀態存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，堵塞了電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越嚴重。因此電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電動汽車電池保養健康狀態。

2、定期檢驗

在使(shi)用過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)果電動車的續行里程(cheng)(cheng)在短時間內(nei)突(tu)然(ran)下(xia)降(jiang)很(hen)厲(li)害，則很(hen)有可能是電池(chi)組中(zhong)(zhong)最少(shao)有一塊電池(chi)出(chu)現斷格(ge)、極(ji)板軟化、極(ji)板活性(xing)物質(zhi)脫(tuo)落(luo)等短路現象(xiang)。因此，應及(ji)時到專業電池(chi)修(xiu)(xiu)復機構(gou)進(jin)行檢查、修(xiu)(xiu)復或(huo)配組。這樣能相(xiang)對延長電池(chi)組的壽命(ming)，最大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)度地節省開支(zhi)。

3、避免大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車在使用過程中(zhong)，盡(jin)量避免瞬(shun)間大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)容易導(dao)致產生硫酸鉛結晶(jing)，從而損(sun)害電(dian)(dian)池極板的物理性(xing)能。

4、掌握充電時間

在(zai)(zai)使用過程(cheng)中(zhong)，應根(gen)據實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況準確把(ba)握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，參(can)考(kao)平時(shi)使用頻率及行(xing)駛里(li)程(cheng)情(qing)況，也要注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池廠家提供(gong)的容量大(da)小說(shuo)明，以及配套充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的性(xing)能、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大(da)小等參(can)數把(ba)握充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻次(ci)。一般(ban)情(qing)況蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池都在(zai)(zai)夜間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平均充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)在(zai)(zai)8小時(shi)左右。若(ruo)是淺放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池很(hen)快就(jiu)會充(chong)(chong)滿(man)，繼(ji)續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)會出(chu)現過充(chong)(chong)現象，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水、發熱，降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命。所以，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度為60%～70%時(shi)充(chong)(chong)一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳，實(shi)(shi)際(ji)使用時(shi)可(ke)折算成騎(qi)行(xing)里(li)程(cheng)，根(gen)據實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing)必(bi)要充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免傷害性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

5、防止曝曬

電動汽車嚴禁在陽光下曝曬。溫度過高的環境會使蓄電池內部壓力增加而使電(dian)池限壓閥被迫自動(dong)開啟，直接后果就是增加電(dian)池的(de)失水量，而電(dian)池過度失水必然引發(fa)電(dian)池活性下降，加速極板軟化，充電(dian)時殼體發(fa)熱，殼體起鼓、變形等致命損(sun)傷(shang)。