繼電器是一種電(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器件。它(ta)(ta)具(ju)有控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)輸入回路(lu))和(he)被控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)輸出(chu)回路(lu))之間的互(hu)動(dong)關系。通常應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于自動(dong)化的控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong),它(ta)(ta)實際上是用(yong)(yong)小電(dian)流(liu)去控(kong)制(zhi)大電(dian)流(liu)運作(zuo)的一種“自動(dong)開關”。故在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)起著自動(dong)調節、安全保護、轉(zhuan)換電(dian)路(lu)等作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
當輸入量(如電壓、電流、溫度等)達到規定值時,繼(ji)電器被所(suo)控(kong)制的輸出電路導通或斷(duan)開(kai)。
輸入量(liang)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)氣量(liang)(如(ru)電(dian)流、電(dian)壓、頻率、功率等)及非電(dian)氣量(liang)(如(ru)溫度、壓力、速(su)度等)兩大類。
繼電(dian)器具(ju)有動作(zuo)快、工(gong)作(zuo)穩定、使用壽(shou)命長、體積小等(deng)優(you)點。廣泛(fan)應用于電(dian)力保護、自(zi)動化、運動、遙(yao)控、測量和通信等(deng)裝置中。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)般由鐵(tie)芯、線(xian)圈(quan)、銜鐵(tie)、觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)簧片(pian)等組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。只要(yao)在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)兩端加(jia)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,線(xian)圈(quan)中就會(hui)流過一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,從而(er)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)效應,銜鐵(tie)就會(hui)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)力(li)(li)吸(xi)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下克服返回(hui)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)拉力(li)(li)吸(xi)向鐵(tie)芯,從而(er)帶動(dong)銜鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)與靜觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(常(chang)(chang)開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian))吸(xi)合(he)。當線(xian)圈(quan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)力(li)(li)也隨之(zhi)消失,銜鐵(tie)就會(hui)在(zai)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)用力(li)(li)返回(hui)原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)位置,使動(dong)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)與原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(常(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian))釋放。這樣吸(xi)合(he)、釋放,從而(er)達到了在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)通、切斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。對于繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)“常(chang)(chang)開(kai)(kai)、常(chang)(chang)閉”觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian),可(ke)以這樣來(lai)區分:繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)未(wei)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時處(chu)于斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian),稱為(wei)“常(chang)(chang)開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)”;處(chu)于接通狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為(wei)“常(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)”。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)般有兩股電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,為(wei)低壓控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和高壓工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。
固態繼電器(qi)是一種(zhong)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)接線端為(wei)輸入端,另兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)接線端為(wei)輸出(chu)端的(de)四端器(qi)件(jian)(jian),中間采用(yong)隔離器(qi)件(jian)(jian)實(shi)現輸入輸出(chu)的(de)電隔離。
固態繼(ji)電器按(an)(an)負載電源類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可分為交流型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)直(zhi)流型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。按(an)(an)開(kai)關型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式可分為常(chang)開(kai)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)常(chang)閉型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。按(an)(an)隔(ge)離(li)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式可分為混(hun)合(he)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、變(bian)壓器隔(ge)離(li)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)光電隔(ge)離(li)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),以光電隔(ge)離(li)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為最多。
熱(re)敏干(gan)簧(huang)繼電器是一種利用(yong)熱(re)敏磁(ci)(ci)性材料(liao)檢測和控制(zhi)溫(wen)(wen)度的新(xin)型熱(re)敏開關。它(ta)由(you)感溫(wen)(wen)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)、恒磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)、干(gan)簧(huang)管、導熱(re)安裝片(pian)、塑料(liao)襯底及其他一些附件(jian)組成。熱(re)敏干(gan)簧(huang)繼電器不用(yong)線圈勵磁(ci)(ci),而由(you)恒磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)產生的磁(ci)(ci)力驅動(dong)開關動(dong)作。恒磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)能否向干(gan)簧(huang)管提(ti)供磁(ci)(ci)力是由(you)感溫(wen)(wen)磁(ci)(ci)環(huan)的溫(wen)(wen)控特性決定的。
磁簧(huang)繼(ji)電器(qi)是以線(xian)圈產(chan)生磁場將磁簧(huang)管作動之繼(ji)電器(qi),為一種線(xian)圈傳(chuan)感裝置。因此磁簧(huang)繼(ji)電器(qi)之特征、小型尺(chi)寸、輕量、反應(ying)速(su)度(du)快、短跳動時(shi)間等(deng)特性。
當整(zheng)塊鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)金(jin)屬(shu)或(huo)者(zhe)其(qi)它導磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)物質與(yu)之靠(kao)近(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo),開(kai)(kai)通或(huo)者(zhe)閉合(he)電路。由(you)永(yong)(yong)(yong)久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)和干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管組成。永(yong)(yong)(yong)久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)、干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管固(gu)定在(zai)一個(ge)不導磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)也不帶有磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支架(jia)上。以永(yong)(yong)(yong)久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南北極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)線為(wei)軸(zhou)線,這個(ge)軸(zhou)線應(ying)該(gai)與(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)線重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)或(huo)者(zhe)基本重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)。由(you)遠及近(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調整(zheng)永(yong)(yong)(yong)久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)與(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離,當干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管剛(gang)好發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(對(dui)于(yu)常(chang)(chang)開(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管,變為(wei)閉合(he);對(dui)于(yu)常(chang)(chang)閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管,變為(wei)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai))時(shi),將磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)固(gu)定下來。這時(shi),當有整(zheng)塊導磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)材料(liao),例如(ru)鐵(tie)(tie)板(ban)同時(shi)靠(kao)近(jin)(jin)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)和干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管時(shi),干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管會再次發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo),恢復到(dao)沒(mei)有磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場作(zuo)(zuo)用時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態;當該(gai)鐵(tie)(tie)板(ban)離開(kai)(kai)時(shi),干(gan)(gan)(gan)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)管即發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)相反方(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)繼電器結構堅(jian)固(gu),觸點為(wei)密封狀態,耐用性高,可(ke)以作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)機械設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)限制開(kai)(kai)關,也可(ke)以用以探測鐵(tie)(tie)制門、窗等是(shi)否(fou)在(zai)指定位置(zhi)。
光(guang)(guang)繼電器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為AC/DC并用的半導體繼電器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),指(zhi)發光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)和受光(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)一體化的器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)。輸(shu)(shu)入側(ce)和輸(shu)(shu)出側(ce)電氣(qi)性絕緣,但信號可以(yi)通過(guo)光(guang)(guang)信號傳輸(shu)(shu)。
其特點為壽命為半永久(jiu)性、微小電流驅動信號、高(gao)阻抗(kang)絕(jue)緣耐壓、超小型、光傳(chuan)輸、無(wu)接點…等。
主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于量測設(she)(she)備、通(tong)信設(she)(she)備、保全設(she)(she)備、醫療設(she)(she)備…等。
時(shi)(shi)間繼電(dian)器是一種利用電(dian)磁(ci)原(yuan)理或機械原(yuan)理實現延(yan)時(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)器。它的種類很(hen)多,有空氣阻(zu)尼(ni)型(xing)、電(dian)動型(xing)和電(dian)子型(xing)等。
在交流電(dian)路(lu)中常采用空(kong)氣阻尼型(xing)時(shi)間繼(ji)電(dian)器,它(ta)(ta)是利用空(kong)氣通過小孔節流的原理來獲得延時(shi)動(dong)作(zuo)的。它(ta)(ta)由電(dian)磁系統(tong)、延時(shi)機構和(he)觸點(dian)三部(bu)分組成。
時(shi)間繼電器可分為通(tong)電延時(shi)型和(he)斷(duan)電延時(shi)型兩種類型。
空氣阻(zu)尼型(xing)時(shi)間繼電(dian)器的延(yan)時(shi)范圍大(有0.4~60s和0.4~180s兩種) ,它結(jie)構簡單,但準確(que)度較低(di)。
當線圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(電(dian)壓(ya)規格有ac380v、ac220v或dc220v、dc24v等)時(shi)(shi)(shi),銜鐵(tie)及托板被鐵(tie)心吸(xi)引而瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)移,使(shi)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)作觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)接通(tong)或斷開。但是活塞(sai)桿和杠(gang)桿不能(neng)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)跟著銜鐵(tie)一起下(xia)落,因為活塞(sai)桿的上端連著氣室(shi)中的橡皮膜(mo)(mo),當活塞(sai)桿在釋放(fang)彈(dan)簧的作用(yong)下(xia)開始向下(xia)運動(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),橡皮膜(mo)(mo)隨(sui)之向下(xia)凹,上面空氣室(shi)的空氣變(bian)得稀薄而使(shi)活塞(sai)桿受到阻尼作用(yong)而緩(huan)慢下(xia)降。經過(guo)(guo)一定時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),活塞(sai)桿下(xia)降到一定位(wei)置,便通(tong)過(guo)(guo)杠(gang)桿推動(dong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)作,使(shi)動(dong)斷觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)斷開,動(dong)合觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)閉合。從線圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)到延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)完成動(dong)作,這段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)就是繼(ji)電(dian)器的延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的長(chang)短可以用(yong)螺釘(ding)調節(jie)空氣室(shi)進氣孔的大(da)小來改變(bian)。
吸引線圈(quan)斷電(dian)后,繼(ji)電(dian)器依靠恢復(fu)彈簧的(de)作用而復(fu)原(yuan)。空氣(qi)經出(chu)氣(qi)孔被迅速排出(chu)。
繼電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)具有隔離功能的自(zi)動(dong)開關元件(jian),廣泛應用(yong)于遙控(kong)、遙測、通訊、自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、機電(dian)一體化及電(dian)力電(dian)子設備中,是(shi)最重要(yao)的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)元件(jian)之一。
繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器一(yi)般都(dou)有(you)能(neng)反映一(yi)定輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)變量(liang)(如電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、功率、阻抗、頻率、溫(wen)度、壓力、速度、光等(deng))的感應機構(gou)(輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)部(bu)分(fen));有(you)能(neng)對被控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路實現“通(tong)”、“斷”控(kong)制的執行機構(gou)(輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)部(bu)分(fen));在(zai)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)部(bu)分(fen)和(he)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)部(bu)分(fen)之間(jian),還有(you)對輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)行耦合隔離(li),功能(neng)處理和(he)對輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)部(bu)分(fen)進(jin)(jin)行驅動(dong)的中間(jian)機構(gou)(驅動(dong)部(bu)分(fen))。
作為控制元件,概括起來,繼電器有如下幾種作用:
1) 擴大控(kong)制范圍:例如,多觸(chu)點(dian)繼電器控(kong)制信(xin)號達到某一定值時,可(ke)以按觸(chu)點(dian)組(zu)的不(bu)同形(xing)式,同時換接、開斷、接通多路電路。
2) 放大(da):例(li)如,靈敏型繼電器(qi)、中(zhong)間(jian)繼電器(qi)等,用一(yi)個很(hen)微小的控制量,可(ke)以控制很(hen)大(da)功率的電路。
3)綜(zong)合信號:例(li)如(ru),當多個控制(zhi)(zhi)信號按(an)規定(ding)的形式輸入多繞(rao)組(zu)繼(ji)電(dian)器時,經過比較綜(zong)合,達到預定(ding)的控制(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)。
4) 自動、遙控(kong)、監測:例如,自動裝(zhuang)置上的繼電器(qi)(qi)與其他電器(qi)(qi)一起,可(ke)以(yi)組成程序控(kong)制線路,從而實(shi)現自動化(hua)運行(xing)。
(1)按繼電器的工作原理或結構特征分類
1.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi):利用輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)鐵(tie)芯(xin)與銜鐵(tie)間產生的吸(xi)力(li)作(zuo)用而工作(zuo)的一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。
2.固體繼(ji)電(dian)器:指(zhi)電(dian)子元(yuan)件履行其功能而(er)無機械(xie)運動構(gou)件的,輸入和輸出隔離的一種繼(ji)電(dian)器。
3.溫(wen)度(du)繼(ji)電器:當外(wai)界溫(wen)度(du)達到給定值時而動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)繼(ji)電器。
4.舌簧繼電(dian)器:利用密封在(zai)管內,具(ju)有(you)觸電(dian)簧片(pian)和銜鐵磁路雙重(zhong)作用的(de)舌簧動(dong)作來開,閉或轉換(huan)線路的(de)繼電(dian)器
5.時間(jian)繼電器:當(dang)加上(shang)或(huo)(huo)除去輸(shu)入信號時,輸(shu)出部(bu)分需(xu)延時或(huo)(huo)限時到規定時間(jian)才閉(bi)合或(huo)(huo)斷(duan)開其被控線路繼電器。
6.高(gao)頻(pin)繼(ji)電器:用于切(qie)換高(gao)頻(pin),射頻(pin)線(xian)路而具有最小損耗(hao)的繼(ji)電器。
7.極化(hua)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi):有極化(hua)磁(ci)場與控(kong)制電(dian)流(liu)通過控(kong)制線圈(quan)所產生的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)場綜合(he)作用而動作的(de)(de)(de)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)動作方(fang)向取決(jue)于控(kong)制線圈(quan)中流(liu)過的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向。
8.其他類型(xing)的繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器:如光(guang)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器,聲繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器,熱繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器,儀(yi)表式繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器,霍爾效應繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器,差動(dong)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電器等。
(2)按繼電器的外形尺寸分類
1.微型繼電器
2.超小型(xing)微型(xing)繼(ji)電(dian)器
3.小型微型繼電(dian)器(qi)
注:對于(yu)密(mi)封或封閉式繼電器,外形尺寸為繼電器本體三個相互垂直方(fang)向的最大尺寸,不包括安裝件(jian),引(yin)出端(duan),壓筋,壓邊,翻邊和密(mi)封焊點的尺寸。
(3)按繼電器的負載分類
1.微功率繼電器
2.弱(ruo)功率繼電(dian)器
3.中功率(lv)繼電器
4.大功率繼電器
(4)按繼電器的防護特征分類
1.密封繼電器
2.封閉式繼電(dian)器
3.敞(chang)開式繼電器
(5)按繼電器按照動作原理可分類
1.電磁型
2.感應型
3.整流型
4.電子型
5.數字型等
(6)按照反應的物理量可分類
1.電流繼電器
2.電壓繼電器
3.功(gong)率方向繼(ji)電器(qi)
4.阻抗繼電器
5.頻率繼電器
6.氣(qi)體(ti)(瓦斯(si))繼電器,
7、按照繼電器在保護回路中所起的作用可分類
1.啟動繼電器
2.量度繼電器
3.時間繼電器
4.中間繼電器
5.信號繼電器
6.出口繼電器