起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法

一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作

主要是因電動葫蘆沒接通額定(ding)工作電壓(ya)，而(er)無法工作，一般有3 種(zhong)情(qing)況：

1、不通電。供電(dian)系統是否對電(dian)動葫蘆電(dian)源送電(dian)，一般(ban)用(yong)試(shi)電(dian)筆測試(shi)，如沒送電(dian)，等送電(dian)后(hou)再工作。

2、缺相。葫蘆主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器損壞(huai)、線(xian)路(lu)斷開或接觸不(bu)良，也會使葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)缺(que)相無法(fa)正常工(gong)作，出現這(zhe)種情況(kuang)，需檢(jian)(jian)修主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)，檢(jian)(jian)修時，為了防止主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)送給(gei)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)缺(que)相而燒毀(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，或葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)突然得電(dian)(dian)(dian)運(yun)轉，產生危(wei)害，一定要將葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)上斷開，只給(gei)主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)，然后點動(dong)起動(dong)和(he)停止開關，檢(jian)(jian)查分(fen)析控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)器及線(xian)路(lu)的工(gong)作情況(kuang)，對有問題(ti)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器或線(xian)路(lu)進(jin)行修復或更換，當(dang)確認主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)無故(gu)障，方可重新試車。

3、電壓過低。葫(hu)蘆電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低10%以上，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)起(qi)動(dong)轉矩過小，使(shi)葫(hu)蘆起(qi)吊不(bu)動(dong)貨物，而無法工作，檢(jian)查時，用萬用表或電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表等測量電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸入(ru)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲

電動葫(hu)蘆的(de)很多(duo)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，例如控制電器(qi)、電機或(huo)減速(su)器(qi)等出現的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，往(wang)往(wang)伴隨(sui)著異(yi)常噪聲，這些噪聲的(de)位置及高低和(he)音別隨(sui)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)原因不同而有區(qu)別，檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)，要多(duo)聽多(duo)看，可以利用或(huo)根據故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)響聲特點，確(que)定發出響聲位置，尋找和(he)檢(jian)修(xiu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。

1、異常(chang)噪(zao)聲發生在控制回路上(shang)，發出(chu)“哼”的噪(zao)聲，一般是接觸(chu)(chu)器出(chu)現了故(gu)障（如(ru)交流接觸(chu)(chu)器觸(chu)(chu)頭接觸(chu)(chu)不良、電壓等級不符、磁芯被卡等等），應對故(gu)障接觸(chu)(chu)器進行(xing)檢修(xiu)，無法檢修(xiu)時必須更(geng)換，處理(li)后，噪(zao)聲自行(xing)消除。

2、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)異常噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)，應(ying)立即停機(ji)，檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是否單相(xiang)運轉，或軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞(huai)、聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心不(bu)正及(ji)“掃膛”等故障，這些都會使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有異常響聲(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)同故障的響聲(sheng)(sheng)位置及(ji)高低(di)和(he)音別(bie)不(bu)同，單相(xiang)運轉時(shi)(shi)(shi)，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)有規律忽強(qiang)忽弱的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng)；而軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，會在軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)附近(jin)，發出(chu)(chu)伴隨著“咯(ge)噔(deng)-咯(ge)噔(deng)”的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng)；而聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心不(bu)正時(shi)(shi)(shi)，或電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輕微掃膛，整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)極高的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng)，并(bing)不(bu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)伴隨著尖銳刺耳(er)的聲(sheng)(sheng)音。總之，應(ying)根據(ju)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)的不(bu)同，找出(chu)(chu)故障，進行逐項(xiang)檢(jian)修，恢復電(dian)(dian)機(ji)正常性能，當電(dian)(dian)機(ji)故障未處理時(shi)(shi)(shi)，禁(jin)止(zhi)使用葫蘆。

3、異常噪聲從減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)發(fa)出(chu)，減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)出(chu)現故障(zhang)（如減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)箱或(huo)(huo)軸承缺(que)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)、齒輪磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞、軸承損(sun)(sun)壞等(deng)等(deng)），這時應停機檢查，首先(xian)確(que)定減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)的減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)箱或(huo)(huo)軸承在使(shi)用前是否加了潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)，使(shi)用中是否定期更換(huan)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)，如沒(mei)有按要(yao)求潤(run)(run)滑(hua)，減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)不僅會產生(sheng)過高的“嗡嗡”聲，還會過度磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞齒輪及軸承。

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三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求

電動(dong)(dong)葫蘆長期停用(yong)時，有(you)人誤調(diao)整(zheng)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)整(zheng)螺(luo)母，或(huo)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環磨損過大(da)，使制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)彈簧(huang)壓(ya)力減小，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力降低，當(dang)停機時，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不可靠，下滑距離超過規(gui)定要求(qiu)，這種情況只要按葫蘆說明書要求(qiu)，重(zhong)新調(diao)整(zheng)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母即可。但工作中應注意，起(qi)升重(zhong)物時，禁止調(diao)整(zheng)、檢(jian)查和維修制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器。

有時(shi)(shi)(shi)，調整了制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母，停機(ji)下滑(hua)(hua)距離仍超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求，碰(peng)到(dao)此類情況，就要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)其他原因，首先先拆開制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)，檢查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面上(shang)是否粘有油(you)(you)(you)污，如(ru)粘有油(you)(you)(you)污，摩擦系數(shu)降(jiang)低，會使制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)打滑(hua)(hua)，下滑(hua)(hua)距離超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求，僅調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母用處不大，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)只(zhi)有徹底清洗制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面（清洗易用輕質(zhi)汽油(you)(you)(you)），恢復制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面摩擦系數(shu)；其次，如(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)松(song)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)或損(sun)壞，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)無法保證有效制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，只(zhi)有更換制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)。

有時發現(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)未損壞，僅制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)過(guo)少，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力過(guo)小，使(shi)(shi)下滑距離超過(guo)規定要求(qiu)。檢修時，為了增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力，應查找出(chu)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良的(de)位置(zhi)，進(jin)行修磨，增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時的(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)面(mian)，無法(fa)修磨時，需更換配件；葫蘆(lu)電機聯軸器竄動(dong)(dong)不靈(ling)或卡死，停(ting)機后，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良或無法(fa)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)，使(shi)(shi)葫蘆(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)效果時好時壞，這類情(qing)況，應對(dui)聯軸器進(jin)行檢修或更換。另外(wai)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器壓力彈(dan)簧長期使(shi)(shi)用產(chan)生疲勞，使(shi)(shi)彈(dan)簧力變(bian)小，停(ting)機時，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不牢固，則(ze)應更換彈(dan)簧，重新調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力。

四、電動機溫升過高

首先應檢查電動葫蘆是(shi)(shi)(shi)否超(chao)載(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)，超(chao)載(zai)(zai)導致電(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱，長期超(chao)載(zai)(zai)將燒毀電(dian)機(ji)(ji)；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)未(wei)超(chao)載(zai)(zai)，仍(reng)發(fa)熱，應(ying)(ying)(ying)檢查電(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸承是(shi)(shi)(shi)否損壞；還應(ying)(ying)(ying)檢查電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否按規定工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)引起電(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱的原(yuan)因之一，使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)嚴格按電(dian)機(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)轉時(shi)，制動器間(jian)隙太小，未(wei)完全(quan)脫開，產生很大摩擦(ca)力，摩擦(ca)發(fa)熱的同時(shi)也相(xiang)當于增(zeng)加了附加載(zai)(zai)荷，使(shi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速降低，電(dian)流變(bian)大而(er)發(fa)熱，此時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)停止(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，重新調整制動間(jian)隙。

五、重物升至半空，停車后不能再起動

首先檢查系統(tong)電壓是(shi)否(fou)過(guo)低或波動是(shi)否(fou)過(guo)大，如是(shi)這種情況，只有等電壓恢(hui)復(fu)正(zheng)常后再起動；另一方面(mian)，要注意(yi)三相電機運(yun)轉(zhuan)中缺(que)相，停機后無法(fa)起動，此時需要檢查電源相數。

六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車

這類情況(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)熔焊，當(dang)按下(xia)停(ting)止開關時，接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)不(bu)能斷(duan)開，電機照常得電運(yun)轉，葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)停(ting)車(che)；到(dao)極限位(wei)置如限位(wei)器(qi)失靈(ling)，葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)停(ting)車(che)。出現這種情況(kuang)，立即切斷(duan)電源，使葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)強行停(ting)車(che)。停(ting)車(che)后(hou)，檢修接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)或限位(wei)器(qi)，嚴(yan)重損壞無(wu)法修復的，必須更(geng)換，微型(xing)電動葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)也是(shi)一(yi)樣。

七、電路無故障電機不能啟動

冬季施工中，尤(you)其是(shi)雪后，電(dian)路無故障電(dian)機(ji)還是(shi)不(bu)能啟動(dong)，其原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)剎車環凍死，若(ruo)此時還強行開(kai)機(ji)，就容易燒(shao)毀電(dian)機(ji)。解決的(de)方法就是(shi)打開(kai)電(dian)機(ji)罩，用(yong)撬(qiao)棍(gun)撬(qiao)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，使其能自由旋轉即可。

八、鋼絲繩只上不下

其原因為行程限位器(qi)(qi)損壞，需更(geng)換行程限位器(qi)(qi)，環鏈電動葫蘆(lu)也是(shi)一樣。

九、減速器漏油

減速(su)器漏油原(yuan)因(yin)是：

1、減速器(qi)箱(xiang)體與(yu)箱(xiang)蓋之間，密封圈裝配不良(liang)或失效損(sun)壞，應拆下檢修(xiu)或更(geng)換密封圈；

2、減速器連結(jie)螺(luo)(luo)釘未擰(ning)緊(jin)，在停機(ji)后，應(ying)擰(ning)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘。

十、電動機發生掃膛

產(chan)生掃膛的原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是電機軸上支承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)磨損嚴重、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心位(wei)移(yi)，或因(yin)(yin)其他(ta)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)使定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心位(wei)移(yi)，造(zao)成電機錐形轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)與定(ding)子(zi)(zi)間隙(xi)(xi)太小發生掃膛。電機嚴禁(jin)“掃膛”，當發生掃膛后，應拆下支承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)進行(xing)更換，調整(zheng)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)錐面之間的間隙(xi)(xi)使之均勻，或送到(dao)維(wei)修(xiu)廠進行(xing)修(xiu)理。

通過對電動葫蘆常見(jian)故障(zhang)及處理的分析，使葫蘆檢(jian)修人員處理故障(zhang)時，知道從何處著手檢(jian)查，提(ti)高了檢(jian)修效率(lv)，此外，也為操(cao)作人員提(ti)供了現場處理問題的方法。