起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法
一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作
主要是因電動葫蘆沒接(jie)通額(e)定工作電壓,而無法工作,一(yi)般有3 種情況(kuang):
1、不通電。供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統是否對電(dian)(dian)動(dong)葫蘆電(dian)(dian)源送(song)電(dian)(dian),一般(ban)用試電(dian)(dian)筆測試,如沒送(song)電(dian)(dian),等(deng)送(song)電(dian)(dian)后再工作。
2、缺相。葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)損壞、線(xian)路(lu)(lu)斷(duan)開或(huo)接觸不良,也會使葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機缺相無(wu)法正常工作,出現這種情況,需(xu)檢修主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回路(lu)(lu),檢修時,為了防止(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回路(lu)(lu)送給三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)缺相而燒毀(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機,或(huo)葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機突然得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)運轉,產生危害,一(yi)定要(yao)將葫(hu)(hu)蘆(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)上(shang)斷(duan)開,只給主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回路(lu)(lu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),然后(hou)點動(dong)起動(dong)和(he)停止(zhi)開關(guan),檢查分析(xi)控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及(ji)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工作情況,對有問題(ti)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)或(huo)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)進行修復或(huo)更換,當確認(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、控(kong)(kong)回路(lu)(lu)無(wu)故障,方可重(zhong)新試車。
3、電壓過低。葫(hu)蘆電(dian)機端電(dian)壓比(bi)額定電(dian)壓低10%以上,電(dian)機起(qi)動(dong)轉(zhuan)矩過小,使葫(hu)蘆起(qi)吊不動(dong)貨物,而無法工作,檢查時(shi),用萬(wan)用表或電(dian)壓表等測量電(dian)機輸入端電(dian)壓。
二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲
電動葫蘆的很多故(gu)障(zhang),例如(ru)控制電器(qi)、電機或減速器(qi)等出現的故(gu)障(zhang),往往伴(ban)隨著(zhu)異常噪聲(sheng),這些噪聲(sheng)的位(wei)置(zhi)及高低和音別(bie)隨故(gu)障(zhang)原因(yin)不同(tong)而(er)有區別(bie),檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)時,要多聽多看,可(ke)以利用或根據故(gu)障(zhang)響聲(sheng)特(te)點,確定發出響聲(sheng)位(wei)置(zhi),尋找和檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)故(gu)障(zhang)。
1、異(yi)常噪聲(sheng)發(fa)生(sheng)在控(kong)制回路上(shang),發(fa)出“哼(heng)”的噪聲(sheng),一般是接觸(chu)(chu)器出現(xian)了故障(如交流接觸(chu)(chu)器觸(chu)(chu)頭接觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)良、電壓(ya)等級不(bu)符、磁芯被(bei)卡等等),應對故障接觸(chu)(chu)器進行檢修,無法檢修時必(bi)須更換,處理后(hou),噪聲(sheng)自行消除。
2、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)異常(chang)噪聲(sheng)(sheng),應立(li)即停(ting)機(ji)(ji),檢(jian)(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是否單相運(yun)轉,或軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞、聯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)心不正及“掃(sao)膛”等故(gu)(gu)障(zhang),這些都會使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有異常(chang)響聲(sheng)(sheng),不同(tong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)響聲(sheng)(sheng)位置及高低和(he)音別不同(tong),單相運(yun)轉時(shi)(shi),整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)有規律忽(hu)強忽(hu)弱的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng);而軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞時(shi)(shi),會在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)附近,發(fa)出(chu)(chu)伴隨著“咯噔(deng)-咯噔(deng)”的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng);而聯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)器(qi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)心不正時(shi)(shi),或電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輕微掃(sao)膛,整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)極高的(de)(de)“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng),并不時(shi)(shi)伴隨著尖(jian)銳刺耳(er)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)音。總之(zhi),應根據噪聲(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)不同(tong),找出(chu)(chu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang),進行(xing)逐項(xiang)檢(jian)(jian)修,恢(hui)復電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)正常(chang)性能,當電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)未處理時(shi)(shi),禁止使用葫蘆。
3、異常(chang)噪(zao)聲(sheng)從減(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)發(fa)出,減(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)出現故(gu)障(zhang)(如減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)或(huo)軸承(cheng)(cheng)缺潤滑(hua)油、齒輪磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)、軸承(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)等等),這(zhe)時應(ying)停機檢查(cha),首先確定(ding)減(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)的減(jian)速(su)(su)箱(xiang)或(huo)軸承(cheng)(cheng)在使用(yong)前是(shi)(shi)否加了潤滑(hua)油,使用(yong)中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)否定(ding)期(qi)更換潤滑(hua)油,如沒有(you)按要求潤滑(hua),減(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)不僅會產(chan)生(sheng)過(guo)高的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng),還會過(guo)度磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)齒輪及(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng)。
三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求
電(dian)動(dong)(dong)葫(hu)蘆長(chang)期停用時,有人誤(wu)調整(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)調整(zheng)螺(luo)母,或制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環磨損(sun)過(guo)大(da),使(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)彈簧壓力減小,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力降低,當停機(ji)時,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不可靠,下滑距離超過(guo)規定要(yao)求(qiu),這種(zhong)情況只要(yao)按(an)葫(hu)蘆說(shuo)明書要(yao)求(qiu),重新調整(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母即可。但(dan)工作中應注意(yi),起升重物(wu)時,禁(jin)止調整(zheng)、檢(jian)查(cha)和維修制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器。
有(you)時,調整(zheng)了(le)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu),停機(ji)下滑(hua)(hua)距離(li)(li)仍超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求,碰到(dao)此類情況,就要(yao)考慮其他(ta)原因,首先(xian)先(xian)拆開制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan),檢查制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)上是否粘(zhan)有(you)油(you)污,如粘(zhan)有(you)油(you)污,摩擦(ca)系(xi)數降低(di),會使制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時打滑(hua)(hua),下滑(hua)(hua)距離(li)(li)超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求,僅調整(zheng)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母(mu)用(yong)處(chu)不(bu)大,這(zhe)時只有(you)徹底清洗制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(清洗易用(yong)輕質汽油(you)),恢復制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)摩擦(ca)系(xi)數;其次,如制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)松動(dong)(dong)或(huo)損壞,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)無法保證有(you)效制(zhi)動(dong)(dong),只有(you)更換(huan)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)。
有時(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)現制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)未損壞(huai),僅制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端蓋錐(zhui)面(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)過少,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)過小,使(shi)下滑距(ju)離超(chao)過規定要求(qiu)。檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)了增大(da)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li),應(ying)查(cha)找出接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良的位置,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)磨(mo),增大(da)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)面(mian),無法(fa)修(xiu)(xiu)磨(mo)時(shi)(shi)(shi),需更(geng)換配件(jian);葫蘆電機聯軸器竄動(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)靈或(huo)(huo)卡死,停(ting)(ting)機后,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端蓋錐(zhui)面(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良或(huo)(huo)無法(fa)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu),使(shi)葫蘆制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)效果時(shi)(shi)(shi)好時(shi)(shi)(shi)壞(huai),這類(lei)情(qing)況,應(ying)對(dui)聯軸器進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)或(huo)(huo)更(geng)換。另外,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器壓(ya)力(li)彈簧長期使(shi)用(yong)產生疲(pi)勞,使(shi)彈簧力(li)變小,停(ting)(ting)機時(shi)(shi)(shi),制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)(bu)牢固,則應(ying)更(geng)換彈簧,重新調整制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。
四、電動機溫升過高
首先應檢查電動葫蘆是否(fou)超載(zai)使用(yong),超載(zai)導致電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)熱,長(chang)期超載(zai)將燒毀電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji);電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)未超載(zai),仍發(fa)(fa)熱,應(ying)檢查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸承是否(fou)損壞;還應(ying)檢查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是否(fou)按(an)規定工作(zuo)(zuo)制工作(zuo)(zuo),這也是引起電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)熱的原因之一,使用(yong)時應(ying)嚴格按(an)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)制工作(zuo)(zuo)。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)轉(zhuan)時,制動器間隙太小,未完全脫開,產生(sheng)很(hen)大摩擦力,摩擦發(fa)(fa)熱的同時也相當于增加了附加載(zai)荷,使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速降低,電(dian)(dian)流變大而(er)發(fa)(fa)熱,此時應(ying)停止工作(zuo)(zuo),重新調(diao)整制動間隙。
五、重物升至半空,停車后不能再起動
首先檢查系統電(dian)壓是否(fou)過低或波動是否(fou)過大,如(ru)是這種情況,只有等(deng)電(dian)壓恢(hui)復正(zheng)常后再(zai)起動;另一方面(mian),要注意三相(xiang)電(dian)機運轉中缺相(xiang),停(ting)機后無法起動,此時需要檢查電(dian)源相(xiang)數(shu)。
六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車
這類情(qing)況一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)頭熔焊(han),當按下停(ting)(ting)止(zhi)開關時,接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)頭不(bu)能(neng)斷開,電機照(zhao)常(chang)得(de)電運轉,葫蘆不(bu)停(ting)(ting)車(che);到(dao)極限(xian)位置如限(xian)位器(qi)失靈(ling),葫蘆不(bu)停(ting)(ting)車(che)。出(chu)現這種情(qing)況,立即(ji)切斷電源,使葫蘆強行停(ting)(ting)車(che)。停(ting)(ting)車(che)后,檢修(xiu)接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)或限(xian)位器(qi),嚴(yan)重損壞無(wu)法修(xiu)復的,必須更換,微型電動葫蘆也是(shi)一(yi)樣。
七、電路無故障電機不能啟動
冬季施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong),尤其是(shi)雪(xue)后(hou),電(dian)路無故障電(dian)機(ji)還是(shi)不(bu)能啟動,其原因是(shi)剎車環凍(dong)死,若此時(shi)還強行開機(ji),就容(rong)易燒毀(hui)電(dian)機(ji)。解決(jue)的方法就是(shi)打(da)開電(dian)機(ji)罩(zhao),用撬(qiao)棍撬(qiao)動電(dian)機(ji),使其能自由旋轉即可。
八、鋼絲繩只上不下
其原因為行(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)限位器損壞,需更換(huan)行(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)限位器,環鏈電(dian)動葫蘆也是一(yi)樣。
九、減速器漏油
減速器漏油原因是(shi):
1、減速器箱體與箱蓋之間,密封圈裝配(pei)不良(liang)或失效損(sun)壞,應拆(chai)下檢(jian)修或更換密封圈;
2、減(jian)速器連(lian)結螺釘未(wei)擰緊,在停機后,應(ying)擰緊螺釘。
十、電動機發生掃膛
產生掃(sao)膛的(de)原因(yin)是電機軸上支(zhi)承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)磨損嚴(yan)重、轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心位(wei)移,或(huo)因(yin)其他原因(yin)使定子鐵(tie)心位(wei)移,造(zao)成電機錐(zhui)形(xing)轉(zhuan)子與定子間(jian)(jian)隙太小(xiao)發生掃(sao)膛。電機嚴(yan)禁“掃(sao)膛”,當發生掃(sao)膛后,應拆下支(zhi)承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)進行更(geng)換,調整定子轉(zhuan)子錐(zhui)面之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)隙使之(zhi)均勻,或(huo)送到維修廠進行修理。
通過對電動葫蘆常見故障及處理(li)(li)的分析,使葫蘆檢(jian)修人(ren)員處理(li)(li)故障時,知道從(cong)何處著(zhu)手檢(jian)查,提(ti)(ti)高了檢(jian)修效率,此外,也為操作(zuo)人(ren)員提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了現場(chang)處理(li)(li)問題的方法。