起重機上的電動葫蘆常見故障原因及解決辦法
一、按起動開關后電動葫蘆不工作
主要是因電動葫蘆沒接通額定(ding)工作電壓(ya),而(er)無法工作,一般有3 種(zhong)情(qing)況:
1、不通電。供電(dian)系統是否對電(dian)動葫蘆電(dian)源送電(dian),一般(ban)用(yong)試(shi)電(dian)筆測試(shi),如沒送電(dian),等送電(dian)后(hou)再工作。
2、缺相。葫蘆主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器損壞(huai)、線(xian)路(lu)斷開或接觸不(bu)良,也會使葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)缺(que)相無法(fa)正常工(gong)作,出現這(zhe)種情況(kuang),需檢(jian)(jian)修主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu),檢(jian)(jian)修時,為了防止主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)送給(gei)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)缺(que)相而燒毀(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji),或葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)突然得電(dian)(dian)(dian)運(yun)轉,產生危(wei)害,一定要將葫蘆電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)上斷開,只給(gei)主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian),然后點動(dong)起動(dong)和(he)停止開關,檢(jian)(jian)查分(fen)析控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)器及線(xian)路(lu)的工(gong)作情況(kuang),對有問題(ti)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器或線(xian)路(lu)進(jin)行修復或更換,當(dang)確認主、控(kong)回(hui)路(lu)無故(gu)障,方可重新試車。
3、電壓過低。葫(hu)蘆電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低10%以上,電(dian)(dian)機(ji)起(qi)動(dong)轉矩過小,使(shi)葫(hu)蘆起(qi)吊不(bu)動(dong)貨物,而無法工作,檢(jian)查時,用萬用表或電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表等測量電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸入(ru)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。
二、電動葫蘆運行時出現異常響聲
電動葫(hu)蘆的(de)很多(duo)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang),例如控制電器(qi)、電機或(huo)減速(su)器(qi)等出現的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang),往(wang)往(wang)伴隨(sui)著異(yi)常噪聲,這些噪聲的(de)位置及高低和(he)音別隨(sui)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)原因不同而有區(qu)別,檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi),要多(duo)聽多(duo)看,可以利用或(huo)根據故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)響聲特點,確(que)定發出響聲位置,尋找和(he)檢(jian)修(xiu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。
1、異常(chang)噪(zao)聲發生在控制回路上(shang),發出(chu)“哼”的噪(zao)聲,一般是接觸(chu)(chu)器出(chu)現了故(gu)障(如(ru)交流接觸(chu)(chu)器觸(chu)(chu)頭接觸(chu)(chu)不良、電壓等級不符、磁芯被卡等等),應對故(gu)障接觸(chu)(chu)器進行(xing)檢修(xiu),無法檢修(xiu)時必須更(geng)換,處理(li)后,噪(zao)聲自行(xing)消除。
2、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)異常噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng),應(ying)立即停機(ji),檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是否單相(xiang)運轉,或軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞(huai)、聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心不(bu)正及(ji)“掃膛”等故障,這些都會使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有異常響聲(sheng)(sheng),不(bu)同故障的響聲(sheng)(sheng)位置及(ji)高低(di)和(he)音別(bie)不(bu)同,單相(xiang)運轉時(shi)(shi)(shi),整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)有規律忽強(qiang)忽弱的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng);而軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)損壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)(shi),會在軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)附近(jin),發出(chu)(chu)伴隨著“咯(ge)噔(deng)-咯(ge)噔(deng)”的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng);而聯(lian)軸(zhou)(zhou)器軸(zhou)(zhou)心不(bu)正時(shi)(shi)(shi),或電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輕微掃膛,整個電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)極高的“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”聲(sheng)(sheng),并(bing)不(bu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)伴隨著尖銳刺耳(er)的聲(sheng)(sheng)音。總之,應(ying)根據(ju)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)的不(bu)同,找出(chu)(chu)故障,進行逐項(xiang)檢(jian)修,恢復電(dian)(dian)機(ji)正常性能,當電(dian)(dian)機(ji)故障未處理時(shi)(shi)(shi),禁(jin)止(zhi)使用葫蘆。
3、異常噪聲從減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)發(fa)出(chu),減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)出(chu)現故障(zhang)(如減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)箱或(huo)(huo)軸承缺(que)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)、齒輪磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞、軸承損(sun)(sun)壞等(deng)等(deng)),這時應停機檢查,首先(xian)確(que)定減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)的減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)箱或(huo)(huo)軸承在使(shi)用前是否加了潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you),使(shi)用中是否定期更換(huan)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you),如沒(mei)有按要(yao)求潤(run)(run)滑(hua),減(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)器(qi)不僅會產生(sheng)過高的“嗡嗡”聲,還會過度磨損(sun)(sun)或(huo)(huo)損(sun)(sun)壞齒輪及軸承。
三、制動時停機下滑距離超過規定要求
電動(dong)(dong)葫蘆長期停用(yong)時,有(you)人誤調(diao)整(zheng)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)整(zheng)螺(luo)母,或(huo)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環磨損過大(da),使制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)彈簧(huang)壓(ya)力減小,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力降低,當(dang)停機時,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不可靠,下滑距離超過規(gui)定要求(qiu),這種情況只要按葫蘆說明書要求(qiu),重(zhong)新調(diao)整(zheng)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)母即可。但工作中應注意,起(qi)升重(zhong)物時,禁止調(diao)整(zheng)、檢(jian)查和維修制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器。
有時(shi)(shi)(shi),調整了制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母,停機(ji)下滑(hua)(hua)距離仍超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求,碰(peng)到(dao)此類情況,就要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)其他原因,首先先拆開制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan),檢查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面上(shang)是否粘有油(you)(you)(you)污,如(ru)粘有油(you)(you)(you)污,摩擦系數(shu)降(jiang)低,會使制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)打滑(hua)(hua),下滑(hua)(hua)距離超過(guo)規(gui)定要(yao)求,僅調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)螺母用處不大,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)只(zhi)有徹底清洗制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面(清洗易用輕質(zhi)汽油(you)(you)(you)),恢復制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面摩擦系數(shu);其次,如(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)松(song)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)或損(sun)壞,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)無法保證有效制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),只(zhi)有更換制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)環(huan)。
有時發現(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)未損壞,僅制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)過(guo)少,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力過(guo)小,使(shi)(shi)下滑距離超過(guo)規定要求(qiu)。檢修時,為了增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力,應查找出(chu)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良的(de)位置(zhi),進(jin)行修磨,增大制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時的(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)面(mian),無法(fa)修磨時,需更換配件;葫蘆(lu)電機聯軸器竄動(dong)(dong)不靈(ling)或卡死,停(ting)機后,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)環(huan)與(yu)后端(duan)蓋錐面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不良或無法(fa)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu),使(shi)(shi)葫蘆(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)效果時好時壞,這類情(qing)況,應對(dui)聯軸器進(jin)行檢修或更換。另外(wai),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器壓力彈(dan)簧長期使(shi)(shi)用產(chan)生疲勞,使(shi)(shi)彈(dan)簧力變(bian)小,停(ting)機時,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)不牢固,則(ze)應更換彈(dan)簧,重新調整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力。
四、電動機溫升過高
首先應檢查電動葫蘆是(shi)(shi)(shi)否超(chao)載(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong),超(chao)載(zai)(zai)導致電(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱,長期超(chao)載(zai)(zai)將燒毀電(dian)機(ji)(ji);電(dian)機(ji)(ji)未(wei)超(chao)載(zai)(zai),仍(reng)發(fa)熱,應(ying)(ying)(ying)檢查電(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸承是(shi)(shi)(shi)否損壞;還應(ying)(ying)(ying)檢查電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否按規定工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)引起電(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)熱的原(yuan)因之一,使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)嚴格按電(dian)機(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)轉時(shi),制動器間(jian)隙太小,未(wei)完全(quan)脫開,產生很大摩擦(ca)力,摩擦(ca)發(fa)熱的同時(shi)也相(xiang)當于增(zeng)加了附加載(zai)(zai)荷,使(shi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速降低,電(dian)流變(bian)大而(er)發(fa)熱,此時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)停止(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),重新調整制動間(jian)隙。
五、重物升至半空,停車后不能再起動
首先檢查系統(tong)電壓是(shi)否(fou)過(guo)低或波動是(shi)否(fou)過(guo)大,如是(shi)這種情況,只有等電壓恢(hui)復(fu)正(zheng)常后再起動;另一方面(mian),要注意(yi)三相電機運(yun)轉(zhuan)中缺(que)相,停機后無法(fa)起動,此時需要檢查電源相數。
六、不能停車或到極限位置仍不停車
這類情況(kuang)一(yi)般是(shi)接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)熔焊,當(dang)按下(xia)停(ting)止開關時,接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)的觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)不(bu)能斷(duan)開,電機照常得電運(yun)轉,葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)停(ting)車(che);到(dao)極限位(wei)置如限位(wei)器(qi)失靈(ling),葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)停(ting)車(che)。出現這種情況(kuang),立即切斷(duan)電源,使葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)強行停(ting)車(che)。停(ting)車(che)后(hou),檢修接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)或限位(wei)器(qi),嚴(yan)重損壞無(wu)法修復的,必須更(geng)換,微型(xing)電動葫(hu)蘆(lu)(lu)(lu)也是(shi)一(yi)樣。
七、電路無故障電機不能啟動
冬季施工中,尤(you)其是(shi)雪后,電(dian)路無故障電(dian)機(ji)還是(shi)不(bu)能啟動(dong),其原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)剎車環凍死,若(ruo)此時還強行開(kai)機(ji),就容易燒(shao)毀電(dian)機(ji)。解決的(de)方法就是(shi)打開(kai)電(dian)機(ji)罩,用(yong)撬(qiao)棍(gun)撬(qiao)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji),使其能自由旋轉即可。
八、鋼絲繩只上不下
其原因為行程限位器(qi)(qi)損壞,需更(geng)換行程限位器(qi)(qi),環鏈電動葫蘆(lu)也是(shi)一樣。
九、減速器漏油
減速(su)器漏油原(yuan)因(yin)是:
1、減速器(qi)箱(xiang)體與(yu)箱(xiang)蓋之間,密封圈裝配不良(liang)或失效損(sun)壞,應拆下檢修(xiu)或更(geng)換密封圈;
2、減速器連結(jie)螺(luo)(luo)釘未擰(ning)緊(jin),在停機(ji)后,應(ying)擰(ning)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘。
十、電動機發生掃膛
產(chan)生掃膛的原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是電機軸上支承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)磨損嚴重、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心位(wei)移(yi),或因(yin)(yin)其他(ta)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)使定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心位(wei)移(yi),造(zao)成電機錐形轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)與定(ding)子(zi)(zi)間隙(xi)(xi)太小發生掃膛。電機嚴禁(jin)“掃膛”,當發生掃膛后,應拆下支承(cheng)圈(quan)(quan)進行(xing)更換,調整(zheng)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)錐面之間的間隙(xi)(xi)使之均勻,或送到(dao)維(wei)修(xiu)廠進行(xing)修(xiu)理。
通過對電動葫蘆常見(jian)故障(zhang)及處理的分析,使葫蘆檢(jian)修人員處理故障(zhang)時,知道從何處著手檢(jian)查,提(ti)高了檢(jian)修效率(lv),此外,也為操(cao)作人員提(ti)供了現場處理問題的方法。