提高氣吸(xi)式播種機排種精確性的(de)措施

氣吸(xi)(xi)式精(jing)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)播種(zhong)(zhong)機是一種(zhong)(zhong)高效節(jie)能(neng)的(de)多(duo)用途(tu)精(jing)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)播種(zhong)(zhong)機，與目前使用的(de)條播機相比一般節(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)50%。氣吸(xi)(xi)式精(jing)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)播種(zhong)(zhong)機主要由(you)機架(jia)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、地(di)輪總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、四桿(gan)機構、排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、排(pai)肥器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)開溝器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、化肥開溝器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、覆土(tu)器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、鎮壓輪總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)、中間傳動器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)及風(feng)機總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)和風(feng)機傳動器(qi)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)等(deng)部件組成(cheng)，能(neng)一次完成(cheng)開溝、施肥、播種(zhong)(zhong)、覆土(tu)、鎮壓等(deng)多(duo)道工序，其行距、株距、播深、排(pai)肥量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、覆土(tu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、鎮壓力等(deng)可(ke)在較大(da)范圍內調整，而且(qie)具有較大(da)的(de)適應性，在氣吸(xi)(xi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)上更換(huan)不同排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)盤，可(ke)精(jing)播玉米、甜菜、蓖麻、黃豆(dou)、高梁等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)農作物。氣吸(xi)(xi)播種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)關(guan)鍵技術就是能(neng)夠將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)可(ke)靠地(di)單粒分離并準確地(di)投(tou)種(zhong)(zhong)，現以垂(chui)直圓盤氣吸(xi)(xi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)為例，探討提高排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)確性的(de)方法。

1．垂直圓盤氣吸排種器的工作原理

垂(chui)直(zhi)圓(yuan)盤(pan)氣吸(xi)式(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣吸(xi)室(shi)與(yu)風機(ji)進風口相連，排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側為氣吸(xi)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)道，另一(yi)側為充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區。當高(gao)速旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風機(ji)產(chan)生負壓(ya)時，地輪帶動(dong)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)。當排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孔轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)室(shi)充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)室(shi)與(yu)大氣相通，此時種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)被吸(xi)附在(zai)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孔上。當排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區時，負壓(ya)消失，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在(zai)重力作用下落入(ru)開溝器(qi)開好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝內(nei)。排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)上設有鋸齒(chi)式(shi)刮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)，可(ke)以刮去(qu)多(duo)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，滿(man)足(zu)精量播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。

2．排種量不穩定的影響因素

造成(cheng)排種(zhong)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩定的原(yuan)因(yin)主要有(you)以下(xia)幾(ji)點(dian)：一是(shi)(shi)吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)路出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題。吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)路有(you)漏氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的地(di)方，如漏洞(dong)、接(jie)頭松動(dong)、裂紋等(deng)，導(dao)致(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)下(xia)降，吸(xi)力(li)(li)減小，一部分(fen)或(huo)全部漏播(bo)(bo)，主要表現(xian)為個(ge)別壟行播(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)減少或(huo)漏播(bo)(bo)。二是(shi)(shi)膠管(guan)質量(liang)(liang)出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題。吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)膠管(guan)質量(liang)(liang)差、老化、破(po)損(sun)、漏洞(dong)或(huo)產生脫(tuo)離層而(er)(er)使(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)阻力(li)(li)加(jia)大，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)降低(di)(di)，難以吸(xi)附(fu)種(zhong)子(zi)，出(chu)現(xian)排種(zhong)量(liang)(liang)減少或(huo)漏播(bo)(bo)現(xian)象。三是(shi)(shi)風(feng)機兩側軸承出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題。磨損(sun)嚴(yan)重、年久失修或(huo)長(chang)期缺油，導(dao)致(zhi)阻力(li)(li)增大、轉(zhuan)速(su)下(xia)降、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)足，表現(xian)為整機播(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)足或(huo)完全漏播(bo)(bo)。四是(shi)(shi)風(feng)機轉(zhuan)速(su)出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題。風(feng)機轉(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)(bu)足，吸(xi)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)夠。主機轉(zhuan)速(su)降低(di)(di)、動(dong)力(li)(li)輸出(chu)軸出(chu)現(xian)故障或(huo)三角(jiao)傳動(dong)帶陳舊、磨損(sun)嚴(yan)重、拉長(chang)、松弦(xian)等(deng)，都(dou)會導(dao)致(zhi)風(feng)機轉(zhuan)速(su)下(xia)降。五是(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題。排種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)因(yin)保(bao)管(guan)、安裝不(bu)(bu)當(dang)而(er)(er)產生變形、銹蝕或(huo)種(zhong)室變形等(deng)使(shi)排種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)與種(zhong)室密封不(bu)(bu)好，產生漏氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，導(dao)致(zhi)種(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)足；種(zhong)子(zi)里混有(you)雜物，將排種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)孔眼(yan)堵(du)死，造成(cheng)漏播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)；排種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)型號不(bu)(bu)當(dang)，孔眼(yan)過(guo)小，吸(xi)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)足，導(dao)致(zhi)無法吸(xi)附(fu)種(zhong)子(zi)或(huo)吸(xi)量(liang)(liang)少，進而(er)(er)產生漏播(bo)(bo)或(huo)播(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)足現(xian)象。

3．提高排種器精確性的措施

發現(xian)漏播現(xian)象，應立即停車熄火，將(jiang)播種機(ji)落地檢查原(yuan)因。若接(jie)頭連接(jie)不牢，可(ke)重(zhong)新(xin)接(jie)牢；有較小孔眼或(huo)(huo)裂紋的可(ke)用膠帶貼補，孔眼過(guo)大或(huo)(huo)裂紋過(guo)長應更(geng)換(huan)新(xin)管；輸氣管內壁脫(tuo)層阻力大應更(geng)換(huan)新(xin)管。排(pai)種盤或(huo)(huo)排(pai)種室變形可(ke)試校，校平后仍然漏氣應更(geng)換(huan)新(xin)品(pin)；發動機(ji)轉速正常而風機(ji)風量不足，要檢查風機(ji)軸(zhou)承，如有曠動、異聲等應更(geng)換(huan)軸(zhou)承。

如果播種(zhong)機完(wan)全(quan)不(bu)(bu)播種(zhong)，主要(yao)是磨(mo)損嚴(yan)重(zhong)或運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)、保管不(bu)(bu)當造(zao)成(cheng)傳動件變形，如方(fang)軸(zhou)、軸(zhou)套(tao)、傘(san)齒輪、排種(zhong)器等嚴(yan)重(zhong)磨(mo)損、變形，導(dao)致風速和(he)風量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足而完(wan)全(quan)不(bu)(bu)播種(zhong)。此時，要(yao)全(quan)面檢修播種(zhong)機，如方(fang)軸(zhou)要(yao)校直，配合松(song)曠的(de)可加墊(dian)片(pian)消(xiao)除間隙，磨(mo)損嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)要(yao)焊補(bu)后磨(mo)平。傘(san)齒輪磨(mo)損過大的(de)要(yao)成(cheng)對(dui)更(geng)換(huan)，磨(mo)損不(bu)(bu)太嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)可在(zai)內(nei)孔加墊(dian)片(pian)消(xiao)除間隙。方(fang)向節可用推焊法填(tian)補(bu)磨(mo)痕，然后車平表面。裝(zhuang)復后應轉動靈活。排種(zhong)器要(yao)更(geng)換(huan)。維護時要(yao)注意(yi)方(fang)軸(zhou)套(tao)和(he)軸(zhou)、傘(san)齒輪的(de)潤滑(hua)，以減緩磨(mo)損。運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)中要(yao)防止碰撞(zhuang)。

為了提(ti)高排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)精(jing)確(que)(que)性，還需(xu)要做(zuo)到以下幾(ji)點：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)選擇適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)。排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)能否(fou)準確(que)(que)而(er)穩定(ding)(ding)地被吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)表面。試驗證明，較(jiao)佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)直徑為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)0.5～0.7倍(bei)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)選擇適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)速(su)度(du)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)速(su)度(du)可改(gai)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線速(su)度(du)，增大(da)(da)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慣(guan)性，從而(er)對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)力(li)(li)產生影響。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)速(su)度(du)越(yue)大(da)(da)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)力(li)(li)越(yue)大(da)(da)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)和排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)構成(cheng)，真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)直接關(guan)系到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)能否(fou)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)表面，它與重力(li)(li)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慣(guan)性力(li)(li)、摩擦力(li)(li)、離心力(li)(li)共同構成(cheng)一(yi)個動態(tai)平衡，確(que)(que)保氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。為了保持(chi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)有穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)，排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)周邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泄漏(lou)面積和排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)面積總(zong)和與氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流管路截(jie)面之間(jian)有一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例關(guan)系，當(dang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)面積總(zong)和超過一(yi)定(ding)(ding)數(shu)值時，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)將不能形成(cheng)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)，導(dao)致機(ji)具(ju)無(wu)法(fa)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。當(dang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)后真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)會上升，而(er)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)上沒有吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)滿種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，會使(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)度(du)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)下降，使(shi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)困難。通(tong)過密封氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)管接頭、精(jing)密加工排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)室(shi)(shi)結合(he)面、選擇適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)孔(kong)(kong)等(deng)措施(shi)，可以大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能力(li)(li)。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)刮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置。刮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)上來的(de)(de)(de)(de)多余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)碰撞掉，從而(er)使(shi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加穩定(ding)(ding)，進而(er)提(ti)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單粒分離率。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)設(she)計要合(he)理(li)。當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)于(yu)松散的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦力(li)(li)會減(jian)少，架(jia)空(kong)(kong)現(xian)象很(hen)少發(fa)生，有利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。為了使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)于(yu)松散狀態(tai)并能夠不斷補(bu)充(chong)，排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計很(hen)重要。首先，將吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)儲存腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)分離，在吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)設(she)計隔(ge)板，使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)能順利補(bu)充(chong)但(dan)不會影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)效果。其次，在吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中設(she)計攪拌機(ji)構，盡量減(jian)少因(yin)架(jia)空(kong)(kong)而(er)無(wu)法(fa)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。