機械(xie)式精密(mi)播種機

目(mu)前(qian)使用(yong)的玉米精(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)械不(bu)論是機(ji)械式(shi)還是氣力式(shi)，主(zhu)要結構是播(bo)種(zhong)單體，一個播(bo)種(zhong)單體由施肥(fei)開(kai)溝(gou)器、播(bo)種(zhong)開(kai)溝(gou)器、排(pai)種(zhong)器、覆土器、鎮壓輪(lun)及傳動(dong)機(ji)構組成。

常用的覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)器有覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)圓盤(pan)和覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)板兩種(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)單體的工作過(guo)程是播(bo)種(zhong)機前進，施肥(fei)(fei)開溝(gou)器和播(bo)種(zhong)開溝(gou)器開溝(gou)，同時(shi)地輪(lun)轉動，通過(guo)傳動系統帶(dai)動排肥(fei)(fei)器排肥(fei)(fei)、排種(zhong)輪(lun)排種(zhong)，覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)器和鎮壓器隨(sui)即覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)和鎮壓。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵部件，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的核心部件。機(ji)械式(shi)(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)主(zhu)要采用勺輪式(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和窩眼式(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。窩眼式(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)由毛刷清(qing)種(zhong)(zhong)，靠鋼針挑(tiao)落種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。

排種(zhong)器內有4個(ge)(ge)排種(zhong)輪(lun)，中間(jian)兩個(ge)(ge)分(fen)別為播大粒和小(xiao)粒玉(yu)米的，兩邊是(shi)播雙(shuang)行大豆的。不(bu)用(yong)更換(huan)排種(zhong)輪(lun)就可(ke)精量播種(zhong)玉(yu)米和大豆。缺點是(shi)清種(zhong)毛刷容易(yi)磨損(sun)，要經(jing)常更換(huan)。

勺輪(lun)(lun)式(shi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器工作時(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)帶動(dong)勺輪(lun)(lun)和導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，勺輪(lun)(lun)在充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)實現(xian)了充(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，繼(ji)續轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)到清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)，這時(shi)在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)重下自(zi)行(xing)進行(xing)清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，勺內(nei)只剩一粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到隔板的缺口時(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)動(dong)落入(ru)導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)的格內(nei)，進入(ru)護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)。當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)時(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)靠自(zi)重落入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器優點(dian)是播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器內(nei)沒(mei)有容(rong)易磨(mo)損的部(bu)件(jian)，終身不用拆卸。

機(ji)(ji)械式精密播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)有為(wei)(wei)大型拖(tuo)拉機(ji)(ji)配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的6行以(yi)上(shang)的播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，有為(wei)(wei)小型拖(tuo)拉機(ji)(ji)配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的兩行播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，也(ye)有為(wei)(wei)畜力配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的牽引(yin)式單(dan)行播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

1 單體精密播種機結構性能

機(ji)械(xie)式(shi)單體精密播種(zhong)機(ji)是由一個播種(zhong)單體組成，主要由機(ji)架、升起機(ji)構(gou)、可調(diao)整(zheng)深淺的撥草桿、施肥(fei)開溝器(qi)、底肥(fei)箱，口肥(fei)和種(zhong)子箱、排種(zhong)器(qi)、播種(zhong)開溝芯鏵、播種(zhong)深淺調(diao)節機(ji)構(gou)、行走輪、鏈傳動(dong)機(ji)構(gou)、地輪、覆(fu)土圓盤、鎮壓輪等組成。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)采用窩眼毛刷式排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)直接進(jin)入排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、排肥(fei)(fei)(fei)器內。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)可實現分(fen)層施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)，就是可深施(shi)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)，同(tong)時也(ye)可以施(shi)口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使用同(tong)一(yi)開(kai)溝(gou)器，底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子下方5-8cm，由(you)于施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)開(kai)溝(gou)器與播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)溝(gou)器之間有一(yi)定距離，口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)下后有回土，實現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)隔離，保證不燒苗。

這種(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)工作(zuo)時由畜力(li)牽引作(zuo)業(ye)，靠行走輪(lun)帶動鏈輪(lun)驅動排種(zhong)(zhong)、排肥機(ji)構進行工作(zuo)。適(shi)(shi)宜行距(ju)50-70cm，工作(zuo)速度每小(xiao)時5-6km。適(shi)(shi)合壟(long)上播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，也可平播(bo)(bo)作(zuo)業(ye)。一次可完(wan)成(cheng)清(qing)除(chu)雜物，開溝、施肥、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)、覆土五項作(zuo)業(ye)。主(zhu)要適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于北(bei)方壟(long)作(zuo)地區小(xiao)地塊使用(yong)。

2 單體精密播種機使用和調整方法

播種(zhong)機(ji)在使用前要進(jin)行檢查調(diao)(diao)整：要根(gen)據當地農藝要求調(diao)(diao)節施肥開溝深度(du)。

根據施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的要求調整(zheng)底肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)，可(ke)通過改變槽輪長度(du)來實現(xian)排肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的大小，擰動調整(zheng)手柄，順時針轉動，槽輪長度(du)縮短，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)減少，逆時針轉動，槽輪長度(du)增(zeng)長，施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)加。采用同樣(yang)的方法根據要求調整(zheng)口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)的大小。

根(gen)據墑情調整播(bo)種(zhong)深度。搖動(dong)轉輪，轉輪帶動(dong)尺條(tiao)上下(xia)運動(dong)，實現播(bo)種(zhong)深度的調整。播(bo)種(zhong)株距要根(gen)據品種(zhong)要求(qiu)按照播(bo)種(zhong)機的使(shi)用說明書(shu)選擇鏈輪。

精密播種玉(yu)米，對玉(yu)米粒的(de)大小有(you)嚴(yan)格的(de)要求，所以每(mei)次換(huan)種后，要進行調整。窩(wo)眼式排種器上(shang)有(you)兩個玉(yu)米排種輪，可根據玉(yu)米子粒的(de)大小進行選(xuan)擇。

如果你(ni)購買的(de)播種(zhong)機采用的(de)是勺輪(lun)式排種(zhong)器當玉米種(zhong)子粒較大或較小(xiao)時，也(ye)需要調整。

這(zhe)種排種器在出廠時(shi)(shi)是按中等籽(zi)粒(li)安裝的，調整時(shi)(shi)松開(kai)(kai)螺(luo)絲，拆(chai)開(kai)(kai)殼體，串動隔板(ban)，使(shi)隔板(ban)上的小(xiao)缺口重新(xin)對(dui)正定位(wei)螺(luo)釘，順時(shi)(shi)針(zhen)轉動，適合較小(xiao)粒(li)種子，逆(ni)時(shi)(shi)針(zhen)轉動，適合較大粒(li)種子。

調整兩個覆(fu)土圓盤(pan)的寬度(du)，改變覆(fu)土寬度(du)和(he)厚度(du)。一切調整好后即可播種(zhong)作業。

在進行(xing)大面積(ji)播種前，一(yi)定要堅持(chi)試播20m，檢測(ce)確認(ren)符合當地(di)的農藝要求后，再進行(xing)大面積(ji)播種。

作業中要經常檢查(cha)鏈條的(de)張(zhang)緊程度，以(yi)保證播種施肥的(de)精(jing)確性。每作業一(yi)個工(gong)作日要清理排種器，以(yi)免雜物(wu)堵塞，影響播種精(jing)度。

排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)是精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)關鍵部件，工作一(yi)段時間后要檢(jian)查(cha)狀態是否(fou)完好，排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內(nei)的(de)毛刷(shua)(shua)如發現磨損，要立即更換(huan)，否(fou)則會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)質量。方法是卸下鏈(lian)輪(lun)(lun)，卸下左端護鏈(lian)盒、卸下右端蓋，取出清種(zhong)(zhong)毛刷(shua)(shua)輪(lun)(lun)組，更換(huan)毛刷(shua)(shua)，然后再依次裝好。

3 兩行精密播種機的結構與使用

兩(liang)行、六行等多(duo)行播種機主(zhu)要是(shi)為拖拉(la)機配(pei)套的，是(shi)由兩(liang)個或多(duo)個播種單體(ti)組成的。

這種兩行精密播種機是目前我國生產廠家最(zui)多(duo)，農民使用最(zui)廣的一種機型，主要配套動力為小(xiao)四輪(lun)拖拉機。工作速度每小(xiao)時5-6km。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機與(yu)單行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機不同的是(shi)增(zeng)加了液壓(ya)懸(xuan)掛機構(gou)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子通過塑料管(guan)輸送(song)到(dao)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到(dao)后邊為播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)米，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到(dao)前面(mian)為播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大豆雙(shuang)行。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱和(he)肥(fei)(fei)箱為一(yi)體。地輪(lun)傳遞(di)動力帶動施肥(fei)(fei)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機構(gou)。底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)靠(kao)一(yi)個開溝器完成(cheng)，中間有一(yi)定距(ju)離，靠(kao)回(hui)土把底肥(fei)(fei)和(he)口肥(fei)(fei)分成(cheng)上下層。

兩(liang)行以(yi)上的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機要(yao)調(diao)(diao)整行距，松開固定(ding)卡子，根(gen)據當地行距要(yao)求(qiu)左右串(chuan)動播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)單體(ti)。這種(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)淺是依靠上下串(chuan)動開溝器來實現(xian)。兩(liang)行以(yi)上的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機要(yao)調(diao)(diao)整拖(tuo)拉(la)機的(de)(de)懸掛機構，調(diao)(diao)整上拉(la)桿(gan)，可(ke)使(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機保(bao)(bao)持前后(hou)水平，調(diao)(diao)整左右吊桿(gan)可(ke)使(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機保(bao)(bao)持左右水平。調(diao)(diao)整左右拉(la)鏈(lian)，可(ke)使(shi)機組保(bao)(bao)持穩定(ding)，避免左右擺動。施肥深(shen)度、施肥量、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)株距等(deng)要(yao)和單體(ti)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機一樣進(jin)行一一調(diao)(diao)整。一切(qie)調(diao)(diao)整好后(hou)也要(yao)進(jin)行試播(bo)。

兩行以上的播種機(ji)是由拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)懸掛作(zuo)業(ye)，所(suo)以在地頭(tou)轉彎掉頭(tou)時，要先升起機(ji)具再(zai)轉彎，拖(tuo)(tuo)拉機(ji)擺正后，要先倒車，落下(xia)機(ji)具再(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)，避免地頭(tou)漏播。

在路面行走時(shi)，須將播種機提(ti)升到(dao)離(li)地(di)面一定高度，防止工作部(bu)件與地(di)面碰(peng)撞。