播(bo)種機的發明----概(gai)況----類型

公元前(qian)1世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)，中國已推廣(guang)使用(yong)(yong)耬(lou)，這是世(shi)界(jie)上最早的(de)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)，今仍在(zai)北方(fang)旱作區應用(yong)(yong)。1636年在(zai)希(xi)臘制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年俄(e)國人在(zai)畜力多鏵犁(li)上制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1860年后，英(ying)美等(deng)(deng)國開(kai)始(shi)大(da)量生產畜力谷(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)后相繼(ji)出現了(le)牽引和(he)懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及(ji)運用(yong)(yong)氣力排種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年代(dai)發展精密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國從20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)50年代(dai)引進了(le)谷(gu)(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。60年代(dai)先(xian)后研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷(gu)(gu)物播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸(xi)式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)，并研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)磨(mo)紋式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年代(dai)，已形成(cheng)(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)中耕通用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)谷(gu)(gu)物聯合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系(xi)列，同時研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)功了(le)精密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是由杰斯洛·圖(tu)爾(er)發明的(de)。

按播種方法，可分為以下(xia)幾(ji)種。

①撒播機。使撒出的種子在(zai)(zai)播種地塊上(shang)(shang)均勻分布的播種機 。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的機型為離心(xin)(xin)式(shi)撒播機 ，附裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)農用(yong)(yong)(yong)運輸車后部。由種子箱(xiang)和撒播輪構成(cheng)。種子由種子箱(xiang)落(luo)到撒播輪上(shang)(shang)，在(zai)(zai)離心(xin)(xin)力作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)沿切線方(fang)向播出，播幅達(da)8 ～12米。也可撒播粉狀或粒狀肥料、石灰及其他物料。撒播裝(zhuang)置(zhi)也可安(an)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)農用(yong)(yong)(yong)飛機上(shang)(shang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

②條(tiao)播機(ji)。主要用(yong)于谷物(wu)、蔬(shu)菜、牧草等小粒種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)播種(zhong)作業。常用(yong)的(de)有(you)谷物(wu)條(tiao)播機(ji)，作業時，由(you)行走(zou)輪帶(dai)動(dong)排種(zhong)輪旋轉，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)按要求由(you)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱排入(ru)(ru)輸(shu)種(zhong)管并經開溝器落入(ru)(ru)溝槽內，然后由(you)覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓(ya)實(shi)。其結(jie)構一(yi)般由(you)機(ji)架、牽引或懸掛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱、排種(zhong)器、傳動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、輸(shu)種(zhong)管、開溝器、劃(hua)行器、行走(zou)輪和覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等組成。單機(ji)播幅為6～7米，播速一(yi)般為10～12千(qian)米／小時。

③穴播(bo)機(ji)(ji)。按一定行(xing)距(ju)和穴距(ju)，將種(zhong)子成(cheng)(cheng)穴播(bo)種(zhong)的種(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械 。每穴可播(bo) 1粒或數(shu)粒種(zhong)子，分(fen)別(bie)稱單粒精播(bo)或多粒穴播(bo)，主要用于(yu)玉米、棉花、甜菜、向日葵(kui)、豆(dou)類等中耕作(zuo)物(wu)，又稱中耕作(zuo)物(wu)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 。每個播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)單體可完成(cheng)(cheng)開溝 、排種(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮壓(ya)等整(zheng)個作(zuo)業過程。

④精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。以(yi)精確的(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、株行距和(he)深度進行作(zuo)(zuo)業的(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。具(ju)有(you)節省(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)、免除出苗(miao)后的(de)(de)(de)間(jian)苗(miao)作(zuo)(zuo)業、苗(miao)距整齊的(de)(de)(de)優(you)點(dian) 。 一(yi)般(ban)在穴播(bo)機各類排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)改(gai)進而成。也有(you)事先將單粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按一(yi)定間(jian)距固定的(de)(de)(de)紙帶(dai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)垂直回轉(zhuan)運(yun)動的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形橡膠或塑料制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)孔排入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝。

⑤聯(lian)合作(zuo)業機(ji)和免(mian)耕(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)。如在(zai)谷物(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)上加設肥料箱、排肥裝置，即可在(zai)播(bo)種(zhong)的同時(shi)施肥。與土壤耕(geng)作(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑 、 除莠劑和鋪塑料薄膜(mo)等項作(zuo) 業組成聯(lian)合作(zuo)業機(ji)，能一(yi)次完(wan)成上述各項作(zuo)業。免(mian)耕(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)是在(zai)前茬作(zuo)物(wu)收(shou)獲后直接開出種(zhong)溝播(bo)種(zhong)，以防止水土流失、節省能源，降低作(zuo)物(wu)成本。