【電動機】電動機的工作原理 電動機(ji)是(shi)如何工作的

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電(dian)(dian)動機是一(yi)種旋(xuan)轉式機器(qi)，它將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉變為(wei)機械能(neng)，它主要包括一(yi)個用(yong)以(yi)產生(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵繞組或分布的定子繞組和(he)一(yi)個旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)或轉子，其導線中(zhong)有電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過(guo)并受磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的作(zuo)用(yong)而(er)使轉動，這些(xie)機器(qi)中(zhong)有些(xie)類(lei)型可(ke)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)動機用(yong)，也可(ke)作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機用(yong)。

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)把電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能的(de)(de)設備，它是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)通電(dian)線圈在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受力(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)現象制成(cheng)，分布于各個用(yong)(yong)戶處(chu)，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)源不同(tong)分為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)力(li)系統中的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)(shi)同(tong)步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)(shi)異(yi)步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速不保持同(tong)步速）。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)由定子(zi)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)組(zu)成(cheng)。通電(dian)導線在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受力(li)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)跟電(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)和磁(ci)(ci)感線（磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)方向(xiang)）方向(xiang)有關。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)原理是(shi)(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)流(liu)受力(li)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電器(qi)設備等各方面廣(guang)泛應(ying)用。

各種電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應用最廣的(de)是交(jiao)流異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱(cheng)感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用方(fang)便 、運行可靠 、價格(ge)低(di)(di)廉 、結構(gou)(gou)牢固，但功率因(yin)數較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)(jiao)困(kun)難(nan)。大容量(liang)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)動(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但功率因(yin)數高，而(er)且其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)與(yu)(yu)負載大小無關(guan)，只決定于電(dian)網頻(pin)率。工作較(jiao)(jiao)穩(wen)定。在(zai)(zai)要(yao)(yao)求寬(kuan)范圍(wei)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)場(chang)合多用直流電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有換向器，結構(gou)(gou)復(fu)雜，價格(ge)昂貴，維護困(kun)難(nan)，不(bu)適(shi)于惡劣環境。20世紀(ji)70年代以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)力電(dian)子技術的(de)發展，交(jiao)流電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)技術漸趨成熟，設備價格(ge)日益降低(di)(di)，已(yi)開始(shi)得(de)到應用 。電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定工作制(zhi)式(shi)（連續(xu)式(shi)、短時(shi)運行制(zhi)、斷(duan)續(xu)周(zhou)期運行制(zhi)）下(xia)所能(neng)承擔而(er)不(bu)至引起(qi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)最大輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功率稱(cheng)為(wei)它的(de)額定功率，使(shi)用時(shi)需(xu)(xu)注意(yi)銘牌(pai)上的(de)規(gui)定。電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行時(shi)需(xu)(xu)注意(yi)使(shi)其負載的(de)特性與(yu)(yu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)特性相匹配(pei)，避(bi)免出現(xian)飛(fei)車或停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)方(fang)法很多，能(neng)適(shi)應不(bu)同生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)(su)度變(bian)(bian)化的(de)要(yao)(yao)求。一般電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其輸出功率會(hui)隨轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化。從能(neng)量(liang)消耗(hao)的(de)角(jiao)度看，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)大致可分(fen)兩種 ：① 保持輸入(ru)功率不(bu)變(bian)(bian) 。通過改變(bian)(bian)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)能(neng)量(liang)消耗(hao)，調(diao)(diao)節(jie)輸出功率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸入(ru)功率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的工作原(yuan)理如下:當導(dao)體在磁場內切(qie)割磁力線(xian)時，在導(dao)體內產生感應電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，“感應電(dian)(dian)機(ji)”的名稱由此而來。

感應電(dian)(dian)流和磁(ci)場的聯合作(zuo)用向電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)子施加驅動力。 三組(zu)繞組(zu)問(wen)彼此相差120度，每一組(zu)繞組(zu)都由(you)三相交流電(dian)(dian)源中的一相供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。

電動(dong)機使用了電流的磁(ci)效應原理(li)，發明這一原理(li)的的是丹麥物理(li)學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物理學家(jia)亨(heng)(heng)利設計出最初(chu)的電子(zi)式電動(dong)機(ji)。受到亨(heng)(heng)利的啟發，一位(wei)名(ming)叫威廉(lian)·里奇(qi)的人設計并造出了一臺可以轉動(dong)的電動(dong)機(ji)。里奇(qi)的這架電動(dong)機(ji)類似于我們今天在實(shi)驗室里組裝的直流電動(dong)機(ji)模型。

到了19世(shi)紀40年代(dai)，俄國(guo)科學家雅科比(bi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)變(bian)得更為實(shi)用(yong)了。他用(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵替代(dai)永久(jiu)磁(ci)鐵進行工作。這(zhe)種(zhong)新型電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)當時被裝在一(yi)艘游艇上，載著幾名乘客(ke)駛(shi)過了涅瓦河。此事(shi)引起了極大的(de)(de)(de)轟(hong)動(dong)(dong)。此后，出(chu)生于克羅(luo)地亞的(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)人特斯拉于1888年，制造出(chu)了第一(yi)臺感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，他在各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)中，算是被應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)。感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)會將交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)快速輸入一(yi)組(zu)稱為“定子(zi)”的(de)(de)(de)外線(xian)圈，繼(ji)而產(chan)生一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)組(zu)線(xian)圈則稱為“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)”，它(ta)會被定子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，然后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)會因(yin)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變(bian)化(hua)而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵。

美(mei)國物理學(xue)家亨(heng)利(li)于(yu)法拉(la)(la)第(di)同時(shi)作(zuo)出電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應的(de)偉(wei)大發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，1830年(nian)8月，亨(heng)利(li)在實(shi)驗中(zhong)已經(jing)觀察到了(le)(le)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，這比法拉(la)(la)第(di)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)早一(yi)(yi)年(nian)。但是(shi)當時(shi)亨(heng)利(li)正在集中(zhong)精力制(zhi)作(zuo)更(geng)大的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵，沒有及時(shi)發(fa)表這一(yi)(yi)實(shi)驗成果，也(ye)沒有及時(shi)的(de)去申請專利(li)，失去了(le)(le)發(fa)明權。可是(shi)亨(heng)利(li)從不(bu)計較個人名利(li)，他認為知識應該為全世(shi)界人類所共享(xiang)，從未(wei)與法拉(la)(la)第(di)爭過(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)權，仍然專心致志(zhi)地獻身(shen)于(yu)科(ke)學(xue)事業。亨(heng)利(li)的(de)高尚品德受到世(shi)人的(de)稱贊。所以最后，人們還是(shi)將電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)歸于(yu)法拉(la)(la)第(di)。特別值得一(yi)(yi)提(ti)的(de)是(shi)，亨(heng)利(li)實(shi)驗裝置比法拉(la)(la)弟感(gan)應線圈更(geng)接近(jin)于(yu)現(xian)(xian)代通(tong)用的(de)變壓(ya)器。

單(dan)相交(jiao)(jiao)流電動機(ji)的旋轉原(yuan)理(li)單(dan)相交(jiao)(jiao)流電動機(ji)只有一個繞組，轉子(zi)是(shi)鼠籠式(shi)的。

單相(xiang)電(dian)不能產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場.要(yao)使單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)機能自(zi)動(dong)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)起來，我們(men)可在(zai)定子中加上(shang)一個(ge)(ge)起動(dong)繞組(zu)(zu)，起動(dong)繞組(zu)(zu)與主繞組(zu)(zu)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)差90度，起動(dong)繞組(zu)(zu)要(yao)串接一個(ge)(ge)合適的(de)電(dian)容，使得與主繞組(zu)(zu)的(de)電(dian)流在(zai)相(xiang)位上(shang)近似相(xiang)差90度，即所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)分相(xiang)原理(li)。這樣兩個(ge)(ge)在(zai)時(shi)間上(shang)相(xiang)差90度的(de)電(dian)流通入兩個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)差90度的(de)繞組(zu)(zu)，將會(hui)在(zai)空間上(shang)產生（兩相(xiang)）旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場，在(zai)這個(ge)(ge)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場作用下，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子就能自(zi)動(dong)起動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸(xie)前，要用壓(ya)縮空氣吹凈(jing)電機(ji)表(biao)面灰(hui)塵，并(bing)將(jiang)表(biao)面污垢擦拭(shi)干凈(jing)。

（2）選擇電機解體的(de)工作地點(dian)，清理(li)現場環境(jing)。

（3）熟悉電機結構特(te)點和檢修技術要求。

（4）準備好解體所需工(gong)具(ju)（包括專用工(gong)具(ju)）和設備。

（5）為了進一(yi)步了解電機運行中的缺陷，有條件時可(ke)在拆(chai)卸(xie)前做一(yi)次檢查(cha)試(shi)驗。為此，將(jiang)電機帶(dai)上負載(zai)(zai)試(shi)轉(zhuan)，詳細(xi)檢查(cha)電機各部分溫度、聲音(yin)、振動等情(qing)況，并(bing)測(ce)試(shi)電壓、電流(liu)、轉(zhuan)速等，然后(hou)再斷開負載(zai)(zai)，單(dan)獨做一(yi)次空(kong)(kong)載(zai)(zai)檢查(cha)試(shi)驗，測(ce)出空(kong)(kong)載(zai)(zai)電流(liu)和(he)空(kong)(kong)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)，做好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部(bu)接線，做好記錄(lu)。

（7）選用(yong)合適電(dian)壓的兆歐表測(ce)試電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻。為了跟上次檢(jian)修時所測(ce)的絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻值相比較以判斷(duan)電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)變化趨勢和絕緣(yuan)狀態，應將不(bu)同溫度(du)下測(ce)出的絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻值換算(suan)到同一(yi)溫度(du)，一(yi)般換算(suan)至75℃。

（8）測試(shi)吸收比(bi)K。當吸收比(bi)大(da)于(yu)1.33時，表明電機絕緣不曾受(shou)潮(chao)或受(shou)潮(chao)程度不嚴重。為了(le)跟以前數據進行比(bi)較，同樣要將任意溫度下(xia)測得的吸收比(bi)換算到同一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工作電(dian)源(yuan)分類：根據(ju)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)工作電(dian)源(yuan)的不同，可分為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。其(qi)中交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)還分為單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

2.按結構及工作原理(li)分(fen)類：電(dian)(dian)動機按結構及工作原理(li)可分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)動機，異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機和(he)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機。

同步電(dian)動機(ji)還可分(fen)為永磁同步電(dian)動機(ji)、磁阻同步電(dian)動機(ji)和磁滯同步電(dian)動機(ji)。

異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分為感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和交流換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分為三相異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單相異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和罩極異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。交流換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分為單相串勵電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、交直流兩用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和推(tui)斥(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結構及(ji)工作原理(li)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)串勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)復勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)稀土永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵(tie)氧體永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)鋁鎳鈷永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)分類(lei)：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)可分為電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(shi)單相異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)運轉式(shi)單相異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運轉式(shi)單相異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分相式(shi)單相異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按(an)用途(tu)分類：電動(dong)機(ji)按(an)用途(tu)可(ke)分為驅動(dong)用電動(dong)機(ji)和控制用電動(dong)機(ji)。

驅動(dong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)又分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具（包括鉆孔、拋(pao)光(guang)、磨光(guang)、開槽、切割、擴孔等(deng)工具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（包括洗衣機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調器、錄音機(ji)、錄像(xiang)機(ji)、影(ying)碟機(ji)、吸塵器、照相機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃須刀等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)及其它通用(yong)小型機(ji)械設(she)備（包括各(ge)種(zhong)小型機(ji)床、小型機(ji)械、醫療(liao)器械、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)儀(yi)器等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。 控(kong)制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)又分為步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構分(fen)(fen)類(lei)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)籠型(xing)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)（舊標(biao)準(zhun)稱為(wei)鼠籠型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)）和繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)子(zi)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)（舊標(biao)準(zhun)稱為(wei)繞(rao)線型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)）。

6.按運轉速(su)(su)(su)(su)度分類：電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按運轉速(su)(su)(su)(su)度可分為高速(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、低速(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、恒速(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、調速(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)齒輪(lun)減速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)減速(su)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和爪極(ji)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)等。

ｂ.調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)除可分為(wei)(wei)有級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、有級變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)極變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)，還可分為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、直流調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、PWM變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和開關磁阻(zu)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自動控制裝置中執行(xing)元件的(de)微(wei)特電(dian)(dian)機。又(you)稱執行(xing)電(dian)(dian)動機。其功能是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的(de)角位移或角速度。

伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機分(fen)交、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩(liang)類。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機相同。在定(ding)(ding)子上(shang)有(you)兩(liang)個相空間位(wei)移90°電(dian)(dian)角度的(de)勵磁(ci)繞(rao)組Wf和(he)(he)控制繞(rao)組WcoWf接一恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，利用施加到(dao)Wc上(shang)的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓或相位(wei)的(de)變化，達到(dao)控制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機運行(xing)的(de)目的(de)。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機具有(you)運行(xing)穩定(ding)(ding)、可控性好、響應(ying)快速(su)、靈敏度高以及機械特性和(he)(he)調節特性的(de)非線性度指標嚴格（要求分(fen)別(bie)小于(yu)10％～15％和(he)(he)小于(yu)15％～25％）等特點。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)一般直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機相同。

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速n為(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞反電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢；K為(wei)(wei)常數；j為(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流；Ra為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均可控制(zhi)直(zhi)流伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的轉(zhuan)速，但一(yi)般(ban)采用控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)壓的方法(fa)。在永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)式直(zhi)流伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機中，勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)繞組被永久磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵所取代(dai)，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)φ恒定(ding)。

直流伺服電動機具有(you)良好的(de)(de)線性調節特性及快速的(de)(de)時間(jian)響應。

伺服電動(dong)機一般分為直流(liu)伺服和交(jiao)流(liu)伺服，對于直流(liu)伺服馬達優點是：

優點：精確的(de)速度控制(zhi)，轉矩速度特性很硬，原理(li)簡單、使用方便，價格優勢；

缺點(dian)：電刷換向(xiang)，速度限制，附加阻力，產生(sheng)磨(mo)損微粒（對于(yu)無(wu)塵(chen)室(shi)）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優(you)點：良(liang)好的(de)速度控制(zhi)(zhi)特性，在整個(ge)速度區內(nei)可實現平滑控制(zhi)(zhi)，幾乎無振蕩；高效率，90%以上，不發熱；高速控制(zhi)(zhi)；高精確位置控制(zhi)(zhi)（取決于(yu)何種編碼器(qi)）；額定運(yun)行(xing)區域(yu)內(nei)，實現恒力矩；低噪(zao)音；沒有電(dian)刷的(de)磨(mo)損，免維護；不產生磨(mo)損顆粒、沒有火花，適(shi)用于(yu)無塵間、易暴(bao)環境(jing)慣量低；

缺點：控(kong)制較復雜，驅動器(qi)參數需要(yao)現場調整(zheng)(zheng)PID參數整(zheng)(zheng)定，需要(yao)更(geng)多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流(liu)伺服(fu)電機的(de)特性較交(jiao)流(liu)伺服(fu)電機硬。通常應用于功率(lv)稍大的(de)系(xi)統中(zhong)，如隨(sui)動系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)位置(zhi)控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流(liu)伺服電(dian)機的輸(shu)出功率(lv)一般為0.1-100W，電(dian)源頻率(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等多種(zhong)。它的應用很廣泛，如用在各種(zhong)自動控制(zhi)、自動記錄等系統(tong)中(zhong)。