濂溪先生
周(zhou)(zhou)敦頤,宋朝(chao)道州營道(現今湖(hu)南(nan)道縣)人,著名哲學(xue)家,謚號(hao)元公(謚號(hao),死后(hou)所給的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)號(hao)),號(hao)“濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)”,世(shi)稱(cheng)“濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)先(xian)生”。理(li)學(xue)派開(kai)山鼻祖。周(zhou)(zhou)敦頤著有《周(zhou)(zhou)子全書》行(xing)世(shi)。周(zhou)(zhou)敦頤曾在蓮花(hua)峰下開(kai)設濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書院,世(shi)稱(cheng)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)先(xian)生,濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書院是(shi)(shi)他(ta)講(jiang)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)壇(tan),他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)說對以(yi)后(hou)理(li)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)發展有很大的(de)(de)(de)影響。周(zhou)(zhou)敦頤是(shi)(shi)把世(shi)界(jie)本源當做哲學(xue)問題進行(xing)系統討論的(de)(de)(de)肇始者。
書院介紹
基本信息
九江濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院,始稱濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang),亦稱濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)祠。宋嘉祐六年(1061年),周(zhou)敦頤“遷國子博士,通(tong)判虔州(今贛州市),道出江州,愛(ai)廬(lu)山(shan)之(zhi)勝(sheng),有(you)卜(bu)居之(zhi)志,因筑(zhu)書(shu)堂(tang)于其麓。堂(tang)前有(you)溪(xi),發源于蓮花峰下,潔(jie)清(qing)紺寒,下合于湓江,先生濯纓而樂之(zhi),遂寓(yu)(yu)名以濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)。”濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)本是(shi)周(zhou)敦頤故里之(zhi)名,周(zhou)敦頤遠(yuan)離故鄉,在外地長期為官(guan),一來因為清(qing)廉而貧(pin)不能返鄉,二來喜愛(ai)廬(lu)山(shan)之(zhi)美,結屋(wu)于此,取名“濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)堂(tang)”,表示僑寓(yu)(yu)此地,鄉關(guan)在目(mu)之(zhi)意。該(gai)書(shu)院歷(li)代屢有(you)興建,數(shu)易其址,稱謂亦有(you)變(bian)更。
汝(ru)城(cheng)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),汝(ru)城(cheng)縣濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)建于(yu)宋(song)寧(ning)宗嘉(jia)定十三年,是(shi)汝(ru)城(cheng)人(ren)民(min)為(wei)(wei)紀念周敦頤而(er)建的(de)(de),距(ju)今已有785年歷(li)史,被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)仿宋(song)建筑,四合院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)磚木回廊結構(gou),建筑面積1618平方米(mi)。自(zi)創辦以來(lai),書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)蔚起(qi),聲名(ming)遠播,濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)遺韻歷(li)久彌光,歷(li)代名(ming)師在此傳道授業,一(yi)大批經天緯地(di)之才脫穎而(er)出。明代兩廣總督(du)、太子太保朱(zhu)英,江西、福建布(bu)政(zheng)使范輅,清代著名(ming)詩人(ren)郭遠,當(dang)代中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民(min)解放軍上將朱(zhu)良才、李濤(tao),原(yuan)中(zhong)國(guo)作家協會黨組副書(shu)記朱(zhu)子奇等均在此求(qiu)學(xue)立志,邁向(xiang)輝煌人(ren)生。汝(ru)城(cheng)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)紀念北宋(song)理(li)學(xue)鼻祖周敦頤而(er)興建的(de)(de)紀念性建筑,是(shi)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)、市級(ji)(ji)愛國(guo)主義(yi)教(jiao)育基地(di),是(shi)傳播宋(song)明理(li)學(xue)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化寶地(di)。
稱謂和校址
據(ju)清(qing)(qing)(qing)同治十(shi)一(yi)年(1873年)《德(de)化縣志·書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)志》記載(zai),九江(jiang)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)有四個稱(cheng)謂、四處(chu)校址:一(yi)曰濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),即早期(qi)的濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)堂,周敦頤逝世后(hou)(hou)(hou)改為(wei)(wei)濂(lian)溪(xi)祠,位于九江(jiang)市治之南十(shi)五里處(chu)蓮花峰下(今廬(lu)山區十(shi)里鄉)。二(er)曰濂(lian)溪(xi)港(gang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),在書(shu)(shu)(shu)堂左大筑學(xue)舍(she)二(er)十(shi)六楹(ying)(一(yi)列房(fang)屋稱(cheng)一(yi)楹(ying)),可見規(gui)模之盛,后(hou)(hou)(hou)毀(hui),明正統(tong)、嘉(jia)(jia)靖(jing)、清(qing)(qing)(qing)康熙、乾隆(long)時(shi)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)重修(xiu)(xiu)。明清(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)期(qi)又在潯(xun)陽城內建(jian)過兩所濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),一(yi)曰豐(feng)儲坊濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),為(wei)(wei)明嘉(jia)(jia)靖(jing)年間兵備道陳洪(hong)蒙建(jian),院(yuan)內有濂(lian)溪(xi)祠、無極(ji)堂、書(shu)(shu)(shu)室五幢、學(xue)舍(she)四幢等建(jian)筑,清(qing)(qing)(qing)末已(yi)廢棄。二(er)曰新濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),在世德(de)坊南,清(qing)(qing)(qing)乾隆(long)五十(shi)年(1785年)知(zhi)府(fu)初之樸建(jian),嘉(jia)(jia)慶、咸豐(feng)、同治間多(duo)次(ci)重修(xiu)(xiu),原是祀濂(lian)溪(xi)先生神位的地(di)方(fang),后(hou)(hou)(hou)來成為(wei)(wei)青年學(xue)子受業習(xi)藝準備參加科舉的場(chang)所。清(qing)(qing)(qing)末,在此(ci)基礎(chu)上興建(jian)九江(jiang)中(zhong)學(xue)堂。
濂溪(xi)書(shu)院綿延八百余(yu)年,造就了一(yi)代又一(yi)代的(de)英才,堪稱九(jiu)江書(shu)院史(shi)奇觀。
著書與弟子
周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)始(shi)筑書(shu)堂(tang),當是(shi)從個人退隱會友讀書(shu)蓍述著(zhu)眼。真(zhen)正成為書(shu)院(yuan),始(shi)于1071—1072年(nian)間(jian),即周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)知南康軍時,尤其是(shi)在隱居(ju)書(shu)堂(tang)講(jiang)學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)后。他(ta)(ta)潛心著(zhu)述,留下了(le)《太(tai)極圖說》、《通書(shu)》—宋代理(li)學(xue)的(de)開山篇,從而(er)(er)成為中(zhong)國(guo)哲學(xue)史(shi)上宋代理(li)學(xue)的(de)鼻祖,即客觀唯心主義的(de)開創者,對中(zhong)國(guo)封建社會晚期產生極大影響(xiang)。不僅如此(ci),他(ta)(ta)還培養了(le)聲名(ming)(ming)煊(xuan)赫的(de)兩名(ming)(ming)弟(di)子:程(cheng)顥、程(cheng)頤(yi)(yi)兩兄弟(di)。他(ta)(ta)們是(shi)早(zao)年(nian)由周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)在南安(今南康縣)因程(cheng)父程(cheng)珦之(zhi)(zhi)托而(er)(er)收(shou)留、受(shou)業于濂溪書(shu)院(yuan)的(de),程(cheng)顥受(shou)周(zhou)(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)影響(xiang)更大些(xie),二程(cheng)后來都(dou)成為宋代著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)理(li)學(xue)家(jia)。宋元之(zhi)(zhi)際學(xue)者吳澄(1249—1333),江西崇仁(ren)人,官至元代翰林學(xue)士,他(ta)(ta)曾在濂溪書(shu)院(yuan)一(yi)(yi)邊休養,一(yi)(yi)邊講(jiang)學(xue),認(ren)真(zhen)閱讀院(yuan)中(zhong)藏(zang)書(shu),研究(jiu)理(li)學(xue),折(zhe)中(zhong)于朱(熹(xi))、陸(九淵(yuan))兩派(pai),知名(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)時。
地位
濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)在(zai)中國(guo)書院(yuan)史(shi)、教育(yu)史(shi)、哲學(xue)史(shi)上,有著不(bu)(bu)容忽視的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)地位(wei),在(zai)理(li)學(xue)發展史(shi)上,更(geng)處于其(qi)他(ta)(ta)書院(yuan)無法比擬(ni)的(de)(de)(de)核心、靈(ling)魂和淵源的(de)(de)(de)顯赫(he)位(wei)置。歷史(shi)上到九江濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)求學(xue)、游學(xue)、拜謁、尋訪者(zhe),可謂連綿(mian)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)。許多(duo)名(ming)人諸(zhu)如黃庭堅、蘇軾、“二程”、朱(zhu)熹(xi)、王守仁(ren)等(deng)等(deng),都曾在(zai)此駐(zhu)有足跡(ji)。南宋(song)淳熙四年(1177年)朱(zhu)熹(xi)撰(zhuan)《濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)祠(ci)(ci)堂記(ji)》、《濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)畫像記(ji)》。兩年后,他(ta)(ta)知南康軍,不(bu)(bu)僅懷著對(dui)先(xian)師敬仰(yang)之情,遍訪元(yuan)公(gong)當年在(zai)南康、廬山、江州的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)跡(ji),修繕先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)舊居,建(jian)“愛(ai)蓮(lian)碑”、題“愛(ai)蓮(lian)匾(bian)”,還親自把白鹿洞書院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)徒帶到山北拜謁濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)祠(ci)(ci)。“我率諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)拜祠(ci)(ci)下(xia),要(yao)令今古(gu)播清芬(fen)”,可見(jian)參拜的(de)(de)(de)情景(jing)與目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。
演變
書(shu)院(yuan)的創辦(ban)之(zhi)初(chu)帶有濃(nong)厚的私人講學交友的痕(hen)跡(ji)。“或吟或冥默,或酒(jiu)或鳴琴(qin)。數(shu)十黃(huang)卷軸(zhou),賢圣談無音”(周敦頤《濂溪港》)記載了濂溪書(shu)院(yuan)初(chu)期狀況。到后來,基本上由(you)官府(fu)辦(ban)學。重建、修復(fu)的資金由(you)府(fu)、縣承擔。即如宋(song)王象之(zhi)《輿地紀勝》云:“(濂溪先(xian)(xian)生)后百余年,象之(zhi)先(xian)(xian)君(jun)子守九江,為(wei)(wei)(wei)建拙(zhuo)堂及愛蓮堂于(yu)祠之(zhi)側。又其后,象之(zhi)季史觀之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)德化宰,新(xin)造祠宇、書(shu)院(yuan)、講堂,為(wei)(wei)(wei)屋(wu)數(shu)十間,仿白鹿洞院(yuan)例(li),招致名(ming)儒以為(wei)(wei)(wei)堂長,諸縣舉秀民以為(wei)(wei)(wei)生員(yuan),仍置田(tian)租以贍之(zhi),至今(jin)不(bu)(bu)廢。”“乾(qian)隆二(er)十一年知(zhi)府(fu)董(dong)榕(rong)復(fu)移建(濂溪書(shu)院(yuan))于(yu)蓮花峰下。后因蓮花峰頭澗水潮濕,風雨飄(piao)搖,肄業學子不(bu)(bu)能安居(ju),屋(wu)遂傾(qing)圮。二(er)十八年,知(zhi)府(fu)溫(wen)保初(chu)對肄業諸生每月于(yu)府(fu)學明倫堂考(kao)課(ke),給以膏火,至今(jin)因焉。”(錄(lu)同治《德化志》)
邵陽濂溪書院
濂溪書院,是邵陽人民為紀念(nian)周敦頤先生開(kai)發邵陽教育事(shi)業(ye)的豐功偉績并繼承(cheng)其事(shi)業(ye)而創(chuang)建的一所半(ban)官半(ban)私性質(zhi)的學(xue)校,是明(ming)、清(qing)間寶慶府轄(xia)區民間最高(gao)學(xue)府。
基本情況
歷(li)史沿革:濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和希濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合(he)并而成(cheng)。明(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)三(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),分(fen)守下(xia)湖南(nan)道參議楊(yang)逢春創建(jian)(jian)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),陳慶(qing)(qing)作(zuo)《東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》云:“嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)歲在壬子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次,邵(shao)陽東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月奉(feng)使(shi)岷藩(fan),道經(jing)邵(shao)陽,兩庠生……來征言(yan)曰:‘敞邑東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)舊(jiu)為(wei)寺,在資(zi)水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong),我藩(fan)參西渠(qu)楊(yang)先(xian)生聽民理戎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暇(xia),進(jin)諸生講學于(yu)茲,喟(kui)然嘆曰:民居環(huan)列若是也,寺可群乎?遂遷(qian)僧眾(zhong)而予之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。于(yu)是革故(gu)建(jian)(jian)新,崇(chong)規學制,更(geng)題其(qi)名為(wei)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)………”(《寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)府(fu)(fu)志·禮書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。明(ming)末,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀(hui)于(yu)戰(zhan)火(huo)(huo)。清順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1658年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)張惟養,邵(shao)陽知(zhi)(zhi)縣濮萬鎰(yi)重(zhong)修(xiu)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),康(kang)熙(xi)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1662年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),邵(shao)陽知(zhi)(zhi)縣顏堯揆等(deng)增建(jian)(jian)門屏、墻垣、房舍等(deng),使(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)略(lve)有成(cheng)規,恢復了明(ming)時舊(jiu)觀(guan)。康(kang)熙(xi)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)李益陽增建(jian)(jian)講堂,至(zhi)此(ci)(ci),“書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規制大(da)備,人咸呼為(wei)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,但(dan)尚未(wei)正(zheng)式(shi)更(geng)名。與此(ci)(ci)同(tong)時,又別建(jian)(jian)希濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上,講堂、后院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)具(ju)備(同(tong)上)。乾隆十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1745年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)王(wang)瑋再次維修(xiu),“恢崇(chong)舍宇,以(yi)樂(le)育人才”。吳嗣富作(zuo)《濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碑記(ji)》,從此(ci)(ci),有關文獻正(zheng)式(shi)稱該(gai)(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)鄭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑籌資(zi)重(zhong)修(xiu),將(jiang)原東(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、希濂(lian)兩書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合(he)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)所,移(yi)祠西向,更(geng)其(qi)門額為(wei)“濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,自此(ci)(ci),該(gai)(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)式(shi)改稱“濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。鄭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑自作(zuo)《新建(jian)(jian)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》以(yi)紀(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。嘉(jia)慶(qing)(qing)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1814年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)柳邁祖重(zhong)修(xiu),自作(zuo)《重(zhong)修(xiu)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》紀(ji)其(qi)事。咸豐九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))太(tai)平天國翼王(wang)石(shi)達(da)開率三(san)十(shi)(shi)萬大(da)軍圍(wei)寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)府(fu)(fu)城,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)毀(hui)于(yu)戰(zhan)火(huo)(huo)。同(tong)治(zhi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1863年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)邵(shao)綬名主持(chi)重(zhong)修(xiu)。民國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,廢除科舉制度,一(yi)(yi)度將(jiang)該(gai)(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)改為(wei)安(an)和鎮中心小(xiao)學及(ji)邵(shao)陽佛教協會駐地,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的歷(li)史至(zhi)此(ci)(ci)終結。
書院規模
濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)前身為(wei)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)和希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。東(dong)(dong)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)校(xiao)門(men)(men)、云(yun)衢、景濂(lian)(lian)堂(tang)(tang)、列(lie)(lie)舍、濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)祠(ci)、會心室(shi)等,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處三(san)(san)正兩橫外(wai)加校(xiao)門(men)(men)、通衢的(de)四合院(yuan)(yuan),清康熙(xi)元(yuan)年(nian)又(you)(you)增建門(men)(men)屏(即(ji)照墻)、墻垣、房(fang)(fang)舍等,其(qi)(qi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)更加擴大(da)了;希(xi)(xi)濂(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)講堂(tang)(tang)、后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)、列(lie)(lie)舍等建筑,系兩正兩橫的(de)四合院(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十四年(nian),知(zhi)府鄭之(zhi)(zhi)僑(qiao)將(jiang)兩所書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)合并,更名(ming)“濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)”,并將(jiang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)校(xiao)舍、祠(ci)宇整舊換(huan)新(xin)(xin)(xin),又(you)(you)新(xin)(xin)(xin)建亭(ting)、臺(tai)(tai)、館、閣(ge)(ge)若(ruo)干,使其(qi)(qi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步擴大(da)。據鄭之(zhi)(zhi)僑(qiao)《新(xin)(xin)(xin)建濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)記》所載(zai),新(xin)(xin)(xin)建之(zhi)(zhi)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),“壘石(shi)為(wei)臺(tai)(tai),崇(chong)九尺,廣(guang)三(san)(san)十五丈,修得(de)廣(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)半”,即(ji)其(qi)(qi)臺(tai)(tai)基高九尺,約3米(mi);通面闊三(san)(san)十五丈,約120米(mi);總(zong)(zong)進(jin)深為(wei)面闊之(zhi)(zhi)半,約60米(mi);總(zong)(zong)占地面積約7200平(ping)方米(mi)。中軸線上之(zhi)(zhi)主體建筑依次為(wei)三(san)(san)希(xi)(xi)堂(tang)(tang)(又(you)(you)稱(cheng)致道堂(tang)(tang))、敦崇(chong)實學室(shi)、藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)樓、觀(guan)瀾閣(ge)(ge);兩側之(zhi)(zhi)廂(xiang)房(fang)(fang)左為(wei)敬德,右曰居業,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)生員修習之(zhi)(zhi)所;其(qi)(qi)兩側又(you)(you)各有(you)廡房(fang)(fang)十余(yu)間,系庖廚、餐飲及(ji)食物儲存之(zhi)(zhi)所;院(yuan)(yuan)前筑門(men)(men)樓,“臺(tai)(tai)高八尺,護以回欄;閣(ge)(ge)高四丈五尺,翼以欄楯,可頫可眺。閣(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)旁危(wei)石(shi)列(lie)(lie)榭,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)朋(peng)來亭(ting)。”大(da)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)“外(wai)有(you)崇(chong)坊,額(e)曰‘賢關’,體閑先圣之(zhi)(zhi)道,亦(yi)示義利分途也(ye)”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)“后(hou)座一(yi)(yi)(yi)筵,祀周子、朱子”,又(you)(you)以張無(wu)垢、陸(lu)子壽(shou)、程頤(yi)、程顥(hao)配之(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)六先生祠(ci)也(ye)。祠(ci)后(hou)“環之(zhi)(zhi)以垣,別存舊祠(ci)三(san)(san)楹,一(yi)(yi)(yi)以主劉(liu)公之(zhi)(zhi)祠(ci),一(yi)(yi)(yi)祀曾、賀、李、何、王五君”,此(ci)即(ji)東(dong)(dong)山(shan)寺之(zhi)(zhi)劉(liu)公祠(ci),五忠祠(ci),與濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)鄰,亦(yi)常(chang)與書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)并稱(cheng)。至(zhi)此(ci),濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)達到鼎盛(sheng)時期,其(qi)(qi)“稱(cheng)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng),亦(yi)幾與四大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)埒”(見(寶(bao)慶府志·禮(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。
田產與經費
濂溪書(shu)(shu)院因系(xi)半官半民(min)性質(zhi)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)校,官方(fang)無(wu)固(gu)定的(de)經費,學(xue)(xue)(xue)校生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)員的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及學(xue)(xue)(xue)習費用,主要靠社會各界捐助的(de)田(tian)(tian)產(chan)來維持(chi)。清(qing)康(kang)熙之(zhi)前,該書(shu)(shu)院(指(zhi)其前身東山書(shu)(shu)院)尚(shang)“無(wu)官師(shi)(shi)董治及置(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)膳(shan)養之(zhi)法,康(kang)熙三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(1693年),邵陽知縣王省置(zhi)(zhi)膳(shan)士田(tian)(tian)二百(bai)(bai)(bai)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)有奇,每歲(sui)(sui)(sui)獲租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)可四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)石,分而為三:一(yi)(yi)(yi)送縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)師(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)送九(jiu)館(guan)之(zhi)師(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)為諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)膏火”。其后,又相繼將(jiang)五(wu)館(guan)、九(jiu)館(guan)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)館(guan)及義學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)田(tian)(tian)產(chan),統(tong)歸(gui)(gui)濂溪書(shu)(shu)院管理(li),“于是(shi),濂溪之(zhi)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)入頗富(fu)矣”。乾隆(long)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年,“知府王瑋檄經歷(li)向雯、邵陽典(dian)史康(kang)裕履畝(mu)(mu)(mu)清(qing)勘計(ji)實”,計(ji)有膳(shan)士田(tian)(tian)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)六(liu)四(si)(si),科(ke)(ke)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石九(jiu)八(ba)(ba);賓興(xing)田(tian)(tian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),科(ke)(ke)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石;李公義學(xue)(xue)(xue)田(tian)(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)一(yi)(yi)(yi),科(ke)(ke)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)石。共計(ji)田(tian)(tian)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二畝(mu)(mu)(mu)二四(si)(si),租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三石九(jiu)八(ba)(ba)。這些田(tian)(tian)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),除給九(jiu)館(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)谷百(bai)(bai)(bai)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石外(wai),歲(sui)(sui)(sui)完正賦八(ba)(ba)兩(liang),扣(kou)除賓興(xing)原(yuan)額十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang),其余(yu)全部(bu)歸(gui)(gui)濂溪書(shu)(shu)院所(suo)有,又將(jiang)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)貧士田(tian)(tian)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石六(liu)八(ba)(ba)三八(ba)(ba)除解學(xue)(xue)(xue)政(zheng)賑貧及布(bu)政(zheng)司完餉的(de)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二兩(liang)六(liu)三(合(he)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)谷約七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石)之(zhi)外(wai),悉歸(gui)(gui)書(shu)(shu)院。這時(shi),濂溪書(shu)(shu)院名(ming)下的(de)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)入總計(ji)達九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)石有余(yu)。乾隆(long)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年,知府鄭(zheng)之(zhi)僑將(jiang)籌(chou)建濂溪書(shu)(shu)院所(suo)節余(yu)的(de)千(qian)兩(liang)白銀存之(zhi)邵陽、武岡二質(zhi)庫(ku),歲(sui)(sui)(sui)收子銀八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang),及以前公存質(zhi)庫(ku)歲(sui)(sui)(sui)收子銀一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)余(yu),全部(bu)作(zuo)為師(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)修脯膏火之(zhi)用,保障了來此學(xue)(xue)(xue)習諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及學(xue)(xue)(xue)習所(suo)需。
書院山長
濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)之(zhi)山長,見(jian)于志(zhi)乘者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)前身東山書院(yuan)首任(ren)山長為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊孟仁,繼之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)楊廷(ting)芳,而(er)其(qi)生(sheng)平行狀皆無(wu)可(ke)考,清乾(qian)隆十(shi)(shi)年在任(ren)的山長為(wei)(wei)(wei)李(li)芳華(hua),生(sheng)平行狀亦無(wu)考。道光年間,寶(bao)(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)名士、古文(wen)獻學(xue)家兼詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)鄧(deng)顯鶴(he)曾任(ren)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)山長。鄧(deng)顯鶴(he),字子立(li),又字湘皋,寶(bao)(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)化(今屬婁底市)人(ren)(ren),嘉慶(qing)(qing)(qing)九年(1804年)舉人(ren)(ren)。博覽群(qun)書,足跡遍天下,凡(fan)海內文(wen)人(ren)(ren),多與之(zhi)交。其(qi)生(sheng)平喜(xi)搜集文(wen)獻掌(zhang)故,嘗(chang)(chang)謂“征文(wen)考獻,當(dang)自其(qi)鄉(xiang)始(shi)”,而(er)“湖南自屈原(yuan)、賈誼(yi)以來(lai),通人(ren)(ren)志(zhi)士,仍世相(xiang)望,而(er)文(wen)字放(fang)佚,湮郁不(bu)宣(xuan)”。因“網羅散失,為(wei)(wei)(wei)《資江耆舊集》六十(shi)(shi)四卷(juan)、《沅湘耆舊集》二(er)百卷(juan)。遍求周圣(sheng)楷《楚寶(bao)(bao)》一(yi)書,匡謬(miu)拾遺,為(wei)(wei)(wei)《楚寶(bao)(bao)增輯考異》四十(shi)(shi)五卷(juan)。又主編《寶(bao)(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)府(fu)志(zhi)》百五十(shi)(shi)七(qi)卷(juan)、《武岡州(zhou)志(zhi)》三十(shi)(shi)四卷(juan)等(deng)鴻(hong)篇巨著(zhu),系(xi)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)山長中成就最著(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe)。晚授寧鄉(xiang)訓導,尋乞(qi)病(bing)歸(gui)。與邵陽魏(wei)源最友(you)善,嘗(chang)(chang)相(xiang)攜(xie)游學(xue)長沙(sha)、京(jing)師等(deng)地,其(qi)終(zhong)生(sheng)鴻(hong)雁傳(chuan)書不(bu)輟(chuo)。魏(wei)源嘗(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄧(deng)顯鶴(he)《南村耦耕圖》記(ji)云:“夫勞人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)竟以知(zhi)(zhi)能(neng),野人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)忘以無(wu)事,獨(du)怪予之(zhi)浮沉于二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)間,而(er)無(wu)一(yi)所自處(chu)也(ye)。……鄧(deng)子歸(gui),其(qi)詢諸仲氏,更有得焉,速以告余,當(dang)荷鍤而(er)相(xiang)從(cong)于寂寞之(zhi)符也(ye)”(李(li)柏(bo)榮(rong)《魏(wei)源師友(you)記(ji)》)。由此(ci)可(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)二(er)人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)契之(zhi)厚矣。此(ci)后任(ren)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan)山長而(er)行跡可(ke)考者(zhe)(zhe)僅二(er)人(ren)(ren),一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊修職,其(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)篤(du)實剛(gang)耿,“課徒嚴且勤,諸生(sheng)翕(xi)然奮興”,逝(shi)后入祀濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書院(yuan);一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)劉榮(rong)干,咸豐(1851~1861年)、同治(1862~1874年)間主講于此(ci)。“諸生(sheng)翕(xi)然附之(zhi)”(見(jian)《邵陽市志(zhi)·教育(yu)志(zhi)》)。
周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先生(sheng)(sheng)是邵陽歷史(shi)上一位極(ji)為(wei)(wei)重要的人(ren)物,清(qing)人(ren)吳(wu)嗣富(fu)《濂(lian)溪書院(yuan)碑記(ji)》云:“嘗考志書所(suo)載(zai),勝跡為(wei)(wei)多(duo),其(qi)間(jian)最著者有二:曰甘棠渡,曰濂(lian)溪祠。上下數千百年,濟斯渡者,如(ru)沐旬(xun)宣;拜斯祠者,如(ru)親光霽。一以(yi)政績傳,一以(yi)道(dao)脈傳也。”前者是紀念西周(zhou)初年召公姬奭巡行(xing)南國,開發(fa)邵陽的歷史(shi)功績;后(hou)者即為(wei)(wei)紀念周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)展邵陽教育事(shi)業的豐(feng)功偉績。近千年以(yi)來,邵陽人(ren)們紀念周(zhou)敦頤(yi)先生(sheng)(sheng)的文物遺跡極(ji)為(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富(fu),因篇幅及(ji)(ji)本(ben)人(ren)見識所(suo)限,遺記(ji)尚多(duo),謬誤之(zhi)處,亦在所(suo)難免。敬請熟悉(xi)邵陽掌故的前輩(bei)與同(tong)仁批(pi)評及(ji)(ji)補證。
贛州濂溪書院
贛州濂溪書院
濂溪書院
創建(jian)(jian)于宋朝嘉祐年間(1056~1063),院(yuan)(yuan)址設(she)在水東(dong)(dong)玉虛觀邊(今水東(dong)(dong)小學內),是周敦頤(字濂溪)任(ren)虔州(zhou)通(tong)判時與程(cheng)(cheng)顥、程(cheng)(cheng)頤等(deng)弟子講學之處(chu)。元朝末年書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)毀(hui)于戰(zhan)爭。明洪武(wu)四年(1371)知(zhi)縣(xian)崔天錫(xi)重建(jian)(jian),弘治十三年(1500)知(zhi)府(fu)何光將書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)改(gai)建(jian)(jian)于郁孤臺(tai)下,崇禎十三年(1640)知(zhi)縣(xian)陳履忠將書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)遷(qian)建(jian)(jian)于光孝寺(si)右邊(今贛(gan)一中內),改(gai)名為廉泉書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。清(qing)順(shun)治十年(1653),巡撫南贛(gan)都御史劉武(wu)元將廉泉書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)復名為濂溪書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),并在大堂(tang)設(she)周濂溪和二程(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)。招(zhao)收府(fu)屬十二縣(xian)生徒肄業其中。其后(hou)多(duo)有擴建(jian)(jian),有東(dong)(dong)西講堂(tang)、濂溪祠、夜話(hua)亭(ting)、齋舍等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑。
乾(qian)隆十(shi)七年(nian)(1752),濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)成為(wei)吉(ji)南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧三(san)(san)府(fu)一州官辦書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),清末為(wei)吉(ji)南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)汀道道立(li)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。光緒二十(shi)四年(nian)(1898),在濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)創(chuang)(chuang)辦致用中(zhong)學(xue)堂(tang),這是贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)創(chuang)(chuang)辦新學(xue)的先(xian)聲(sheng)。光緒二十(shi)八(1902),贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)巡道劉心源(yuan)和地(di)方紳士劉心源(yuan)和地(di)方紳士劉景熙將整個(ge)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)改辦為(wei)虔南(nan)師范(fan)。此(ci)后(hou)(hou),先(xian)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)吉(ji)南(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧師范(fan)學(xue)堂(tang)、贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)寧師范(fan)學(xue)堂(tang)、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)第二師范(fan)學(xue)校、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)贛(gan)(gan)縣(xian)區中(zhong)學(xue)、省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)第三(san)(san)中(zhong)學(xue)。1933年(nian)8月起,復名(ming)省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)贛(gan)(gan)縣(xian)區中(zhong)學(xue),成為(wei)當時贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)最高學(xue)府(fu)。解放后(hou)(hou),改名(ming)為(wei)江西省(sheng)(sheng)立(li)贛(gan)(gan)州中(zhong)學(xue)。1953年(nian),改名(ming)江西省(sheng)(sheng)贛(gan)(gan)州市第一中(zhong)學(xue)至今。濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)自創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)以來,三(san)(san)易其地(di),已有(you)900多年(nian)的歷史(shi),其中(zhong)夜話亭現保(bao)存在贛(gan)(gan)州市第一中(zhong)學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)。故(gu)水東可稱為(wei)贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)教育的發祥地(di)。
我(wo)生近圣人居,教澤如(ru)新,敢(gan)忘魯(lu)壁金絲,尼山木(mu)鐸;
此來繼賢者(zhe)后(hou),風流(liu)未泯,竊愿士崇(chong)禮儀(yi),俗尚(shang)弦歌。
佚名題濂溪書院
夜話亭
夜(ye)(ye)話亭(ting)(ting),位(wei)于江西贛州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城(cheng)區東南(nan),現(xian)厚(hou)德路的贛州(zhou)(zhou)市第一(yi)中學(xue)內。旁有一(yi)泉,相(xiang)傳南(nan)北(bei)朝劉(liu)宋(song)元嘉年(nian)間(424-435年(nian)),一(yi)夕雷震,泉忽涌出,遂以太守廉取名(ming)“廉泉”。宋(song)知軍(jun)越履祥建廉泉亭(ting)(ting)。北(bei)宋(song)紹圣元年(nian)(1094年(nian))蘇軾貶官嶺南(nan),過虔(qian)州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)贛州(zhou)(zhou)),慕名(ming)造訪(fang)當地名(ming)賢陽(yang)孝本,兩人相(xiang)處甚歡(huan),游祥符(fu)宮(gong),觀廉泉并在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)談心至深(shen)夜(ye)(ye)和作詩。因此(ci)(ci)(ci)后(hou)人改廉泉亭(ting)(ting)為(wei)夜(ye)(ye)話亭(ting)(ting)。清康熙六十年(nian)(1721年(nian))撤亭(ting)(ting)建坊(fang),額為(wei)“贛第一(yi)泉”。乾(qian)隆四十三年(nian)(1778年(nian))易(yi)坊(fang)為(wei)亭(ting)(ting)。額為(wei)“光風(feng)霽月”,并仍懸(xuan)“贛第一(yi)泉”匾于此(ci)(ci)(ci)。夜(ye)(ye)話亭(ting)(ting)為(wei)新建,尚(shang)存乾(qian)隆濂溪書院山長吳(wu)湘(xiang)皋刻的《蘇陽(yang)二公夜(ye)(ye)話圖》碑。列為(wei)省級文物保護單位(wei)。
汝城濂溪書院
2001年(nian)以(yi)(yi)來,汝(ru)城縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政(zheng)府按(an)照(zhao)文(wen)(wen)物“修(xiu)舊如(ru)舊”的(de)(de)原則對(dui)濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan)進行了(le)修(xiu)復,完成了(le)廣場建設、前坪鋪設、室(shi)內陳列(lie)以(yi)(yi)及美化(hua)亮(liang)化(hua)工程(cheng),全面提升了(le)書(shu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)品位,受到了(le)上級領導和(he)湖(hu)南省(sheng)周敦頤研(yan)究專(zhuan)家的(de)(de)好(hao)評(ping)。重(zhong)修(xiu)后的(de)(de)濂(lian)溪書(shu)院(yuan)成為了(le)汝(ru)城文(wen)(wen)化(hua)事業發展的(de)(de)亮(liang)點(dian)(dian)和(he)游覽觀光的(de)(de)熱點(dian)(dian),是愛國主義教育和(he)保持共產黨員(yuan)先進性教育基地,黨政(zheng)要員(yuan)、莘(xin)莘(xin)學子、文(wen)(wen)人墨客(ke)拜謁者絡繹不絕。