策(ce)勒縣位于(yu)(yu)和田(tian)(tian)市與(yu)于(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)縣之(zhi)(zhi)間,與(yu)和田(tian)(tian)、于(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)一樣,都在古絲綢之(zhi)(zhi)路南線上。在策(ce)勒縣,我們(men)(men)游覽(lan)(lan)了(le)達瑪溝(gou)佛教文化遺(yi)址(zhi)。當時(shi)雖然(ran)看(kan)到(dao)了(le)一些出(chu)土文物,但并沒有感覺到(dao)有多么重要(yao)。而且游覽(lan)(lan)時(shi)間安(an)排得很短,匆忙(mang)之(zhi)(zhi)中,照片也拍的很少。回來后查找有關資料(liao)才發現,達瑪溝(gou)佛教遺(yi)址(zhi)遠非我們(men)(men)看(kan)到(dao)的那么簡單,以(yi)至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)我們(men)(men)對和田(tian)(tian)都要(yao)刮(gua)目(mu)相看(kan)。
達(da)瑪溝(gou)佛(fo)教文(wen)化遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)策勒縣以東(dong)30公里處(chu),距離315國(guo)道4公里。遺(yi)址(zhi)區所(suo)在地——達(da)瑪溝(gou),在兩漢時期是西(xi)域綠(lv)洲(zhou)小國(guo)“媲(pi)摩”所(suo)在地。后來(lai)被(bei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)國(guo)吞并,變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)于(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)東(dong)邊(bian)的重(zhong)(zhong)鎮,它是于(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)國(guo)東(dong)邊(bian)較大的綠(lv)洲(zhou)、較重(zhong)(zhong)要的交通樞紐和軍事重(zhong)(zhong)鎮。星河(he)斗轉,歲月滄桑(sang),昔日(ri)的繁盛早已湮(yin)沒在歷(li)史的長河(he)中(zhong),了(le)無痕(hen)跡(ji)。一次(ci)(ci)偶然的事件使這一歷(li)史遺(yi)跡(ji)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)呈(cheng)現在世人面(mian)前,專家們在經(jing)歷(li)了(le)多年的探尋與研究之后,認(ren)為達(da)瑪溝(gou)區域是佛(fo)國(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)的政治經(jing)濟文(wen)化中(zhong)心,因此,消失(shi)了(le)千年的于(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)文(wen)明再(zai)次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)為舉世矚目(mu)的焦點。2013年5月3日(ri)國(guo)務院把新疆(jiang)達(da)瑪溝(gou)佛(fo)寺遺(yi)址(zhi)列(lie)為第(di)七(qi)批全國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社科院新(xin)疆考古(gu)(gu)大隊巫(wu)新(xin)華(hua)(hua)博士(shi)在其“佛(fo)(fo)國(guo)(guo)勝跡——達瑪(ma)溝(gou)”一(yi)(yi)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說:和(he)(he)田古(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)于闐(tian)(tian)(tian),不僅(jin)是(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域絲(si)路(lu)重鎮、玉(yu)石之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)源(yuan)頭,而且是(shi)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)代文(wen)明淵源(yuan)極深的(de)(de)(de)故土。昆(kun)侖山(shan)是(shi)座(zuo)神(shen)話之(zhi)(zhi)山(shan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)上古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)大多數神(shen)仙都來自(zi)這(zhe)里。而和(he)(he)田正(zheng)好位于昆(kun)侖山(shan)主脈中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)段,這(zhe)里既出產和(he)(he)田玉(yu),又是(shi)神(shen)話中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)黃帝、昊帝、伏羲、后羿、嫘(lei)祖(zu)、女媧和(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)王母等華(hua)(hua)夏赫赫先(xian)祖(zu)傳(chuan)說的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)住仙境。與(yu)此同時,古(gu)(gu)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人還始終堅(jian)信不疑(yi)地(di)(di)認為(wei):華(hua)(hua)夏一(yi)(yi)脈的(de)(de)(de)母親河——黃河的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)也(ye)在昆(kun)侖山(shan)和(he)(he)田山(shan)麓。如此一(yi)(yi)來,華(hua)(hua)夏先(xian)祖(zu)圣(sheng)人,以及古(gu)(gu)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)神(shen)圣(sheng)、美好的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物都與(yu)和(he)(he)田有著千絲(si)萬(wan)縷(lv)的(de)(de)(de)關系。于闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(和(he)(he)田)自(zi)古(gu)(gu)便(bian)(bian)被稱(cheng)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域佛(fo)(fo)國(guo)(guo)。也(ye)是(shi)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)傳(chuan)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)、東亞(ya)等地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)站。其佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)文(wen)化不僅(jin)深遠(yuan)地(di)(di)影(ying)響到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藏佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)以及東亞(ya)各(ge)地(di)(di)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao),同時也(ye)深受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)各(ge)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。漢語(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)“佛(fo)(fo)”字便(bian)(bian)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)古(gu)(gu)代于闐(tian)(tian)(tian)語(yu)(yu)(yu),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)地(di)(di)較早的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)經《四十(shi)二章經》也(ye)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)古(gu)(gu)代于闐(tian)(tian)(tian)語(yu)(yu)(yu)。甚至中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)早期(qi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)天取經,也(ye)只是(shi)到于闐(tian)(tian)(tian)——古(gu)(gu)代和(he)(he)田——這(zhe)個西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)天而已。古(gu)(gu)代和(he)(he)田作為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),其對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)乃至整個東亞(ya)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響一(yi)(yi)直延續(xu)至今。巫(wu)新(xin)華(hua)(hua)認為(wei),“達瑪(ma)溝(gou)(Damago)”應是(shi)于闐(tian)(tian)(tian)古(gu)(gu)語(yu)(yu)(yu)借(jie)用梵文(wen)“Dharma(意譯(yi)(yi)(yi):佛(fo)(fo)法,音譯(yi)(yi)(yi)即達摩(mo))”加詞(ci)綴GO而成,意思為(wei)佛(fo)(fo)法匯聚之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di),漢語(yu)(yu)(yu)音譯(yi)(yi)(yi)正(zheng)確名(ming)稱(cheng)應該是(shi)“達摩(mo)溝(gou)”。
達(da)瑪溝佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文化遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)說明中說到:于闐(和田)是佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)傳入中原(yuan)(yuan)、乃(nai)至東亞(ya)其他地(di)(di)(di)(di)區較(jiao)早的(de)(de)策源地(di)(di)(di)(di);還是古代西(xi)域(yu)大乘(cheng)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中心,也是中原(yuan)(yuan)大乘(cheng)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)策源地(di)(di)(di)(di);于闐佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文化深遠地(di)(di)(di)(di)影響到中原(yuan)(yuan)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、西(xi)藏佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),以(yi)及東亞(ya)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。達(da)瑪溝是古代和田佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)香火較(jiao)盛的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)之一(yi),廣泛分(fen)布著許(xu)多(duo)重(zhong)(zhong)要佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。從北到南有(you)托(tuo)普(pu)魯克墩、哈德里克、克科(ke)吉格代、巴勒(le)瓦斯提、老(lao)達(da)瑪溝、烏尊塔提、喀拉沁、丹丹烏里克等(deng)著名佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)托(tuo)普(pu)魯克墩佛(fo)(fo)(fo)寺遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)群為(wei)代表的(de)(de)達(da)瑪溝南部佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)是未曾遭受20世(shi)紀外國探(tan)險隊劫掠,而(er)完整保存下來(lai)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi),這里不(bu)斷增多(duo)的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)寺遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發現(xian)及大量考古資料(liao)的(de)(de)出現(xian),可以(yi)說是21世(shi)紀學(xue)術界(jie)、佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)的(de)(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)大事件。