工程簡介
喀什塔(ta)什庫爾干(gan)(gan)縣興建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)下坂地水(shui)利樞紐(niu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是2001年(nian)國務(wu)院批準的(de)(de)《塔(ta)里木(mu)河流域近期(qi)綜合治理規劃(hua)》中(zhong)確定的(de)(de)唯(wei)一(yi)山區水(shui)利樞紐(niu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),屬(shu)國家、新疆維吾爾自治區重(zhong)點(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設項目,位于塔(ta)里木(mu)河水(shui)系(xi)葉爾羌河支(zhi)流塔(ta)什庫爾干(gan)(gan)河的(de)(de)中(zhong)下游(you)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壩(ba)址距塔(ta)什庫爾干(gan)(gan)縣城45公里、距烏魯(lu)木(mu)齊1815公里。下坂地水(shui)利樞紐(niu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)為55個月。其中(zhong):施工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備期(qi)18個月,主體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)24.5個月(2007年(nian)9月大壩(ba)實(shi)現截流,2009年(nian)10月第一(yi)臺機組發(fa)電),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完建(jian)(jian)期(qi)限(xian)12.5個月。
基礎設施
下坂地水(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)程位(wei)于新疆塔(ta)(ta)里木河(he)源流(liu)葉爾(er)羌(qiang)河(he)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)支流(liu)之一的(de)塔(ta)(ta)什(shen)(shen)(shen)庫(ku)(ku)爾(er)干(gan)河(he)中下游(you)。樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)程地處喀什(shen)(shen)(shen)地區塔(ta)(ta)什(shen)(shen)(shen)庫(ku)(ku)爾(er)干(gan)塔(ta)(ta)吉克(ke)(ke)自治(zhi)縣班迪爾(er)鄉境內(nei),距塔(ta)(ta)什(shen)(shen)(shen)庫(ku)(ku)爾(er)干(gan)塔(ta)(ta)吉克(ke)(ke)自治(zhi)縣45km,距喀什(shen)(shen)(shen)市(shi)315km。從(cong)(cong)喀什(shen)(shen)(shen)市(shi)到塔(ta)(ta)什(shen)(shen)(shen)庫(ku)(ku)爾(er)干(gan)縣有314國道(dao)(dao)通過,為樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)程主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)外交(jiao)通道(dao)(dao)路,從(cong)(cong)工(gong)(gong)程壩址至314國道(dao)(dao)。該工(gong)(gong)程主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)任務是以(yi)生態補水(shui)及春旱(han)供水(shui)為主(zhu),結合發電的(de)綜合性(xing)Ⅱ等(deng)大型工(gong)(gong)程。水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)正(zheng)常擋水(shui)位(wei)2960m,總(zong)庫(ku)(ku)容8.67億m3,電站總(zong)裝機(ji)150MW。樞(shu)紐建筑物(wu)由攔河(he)壩、導流(liu)泄(xie)洪洞(dong)、引水(shui)發電洞(dong)和電站廠(chang)房(fang)四部(bu)分組成(cheng)。
新疆下(xia)坂(ban)地(di)(di)水(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)平(ping)(ping)均海拔(ba)高度(du)3050米(mi)(mi),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程總庫(ku)容(rong)8.67億立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),電站(zhan)裝機(3×50MW)150Mw,平(ping)(ping)均發電量4.644億Kw.h;該工(gong)(gong)(gong)程可防御洪水(shui)標準為100年一遇(yu),大(da)壩(ba)地(di)(di)震設(she)防標準為8.5度(du)。下(xia)坂(ban)地(di)(di)水(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)興建(jian),可替代塔(ta)河下(xia)游16座平(ping)(ping)原水(shui)庫(ku)蓄水(shui),并能滿足葉河向(xiang)塔(ta)河多年輸水(shui)并使(shi)農田灌(guan)區提高,緩解喀什、克(ke)州的(de)(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)缺電問題(ti),對(dui)促進(jin)(jin)地(di)(di)區經濟和社會(hui)發展,穩(wen)固(gu)邊疆政(zheng)治和社會(hui)穩(wen)定方(fang)(fang)面都具有(you)十分重(zhong)要和深(shen)遠的(de)(de)(de)意義。下(xia)坂(ban)地(di)(di)水(shui)利(li)樞(shu)紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)程自2005年開始建(jian)設(she)以(yi)來,擔任施工(gong)(gong)(gong)任務的(de)(de)(de)葛洲壩(ba)集團(tuan)、新工(gong)(gong)(gong)集團(tuan)等10多家單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員克(ke)服高寒缺氧和風沙(sha)肆虐等困難(nan),先后突破地(di)(di)質(zhi)結構復雜、高邊坡(po)、深(shen)度(du)覆蓋層(ceng)等技術難(nan)題(ti),使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程得以(yi)順利(li)進(jin)(jin)行。一期(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程難(nan)度(du)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)高7米(mi)(mi)、寬8.5米(mi)(mi)、全長1425.85米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)導流泄洪洞已竣工(gong)(gong)(gong);豎(shu)井正(zheng)在進(jin)(jin)行最后的(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)張封頂;在406米(mi)(mi)長的(de)(de)(de)大(da)壩(ba)壩(ba)基上,葛洲壩(ba)集團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)45臺深(shen)度(du)鉆機正(zheng)在向(xiang)地(di)(di)下(xia)150米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)基巖層(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行帷(wei)幕(mu)灌(guan)漿;全長35公(gong)里的(de)(de)(de)左岸對(dui)外交通道路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程已進(jin)(jin)入(ru)到最后瀝青處理階段,計劃(hua)10月底完工(gong)(gong)(gong)。
防洪設施
大(da)(da)(da)壩基礎(chu)防滲(shen)(shen)采(cai)用(yong)“覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)層(ceng)上(shang)墻(qiang)下幕和基巖帷幕灌(guan)漿”綜合(he)處理方(fang)案,合(he)同和以(yi)往的項目比較有以(yi)下特點:①施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案特殊:由(you)(you)于冰磧(qi)砂(sha)礫(li)石覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)厚達150m,所以(yi)在覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)層(ceng)中采(cai)用(yong)了上(shang)部(bu)深85m,厚1m的混凝土(tu)防滲(shen)(shen)墻(qiang)下接4排(pai)灌(guan)漿帷幕來全部(bu)截斷覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)層(ceng)滲(shen)(shen)流防滲(shen)(shen)方(fang)案;由(you)(you)于基巖強風(feng)化(hua)帶(dai)厚,節理裂(lie)隙(xi)發(fa)育,左(zuo)岸防滲(shen)(shen)帷幕采(cai)用(yong)3排(pai)灌(guan)漿孔(kong),右(you)岸帷幕為單排(pai)孔(kong)。②地(di)(di)質條(tiao)件(jian)復雜:冰磧(qi)砂(sha)礫(li)石覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)層(ceng)中含(han)山體崩(beng)落(luo)體,河流沖(chong)積物交錯沉積,大(da)(da)(da)小不一,最大(da)(da)(da)的達到10m以(yi)上(shang);兩(liang)岸山體風(feng)化(hua)帶(dai)厚,風(feng)化(hua)裂(lie)隙(xi)嚴(yan)重;地(di)(di)層(ceng)的滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)系數大(da)(da)(da),平均滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)系數在10-1~10-2。③施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件(jian)惡(e)劣:由(you)(you)于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)區(qu)海拔高程2900,兩(liang)岸山體常年(nian)積雪(xue),且(qie)無植被,十分缺氧;夏季泥石流時(shi)有發(fa)生(sheng);整(zheng)夜(ye)風(feng)沙不停;施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)區(qu)夏天只有半天的日曬時(shi)間;每年(nian)10月底就進入寒冷的冬季。④施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源調集困難(nan):由(you)(you)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)處偏遠地(di)(di)區(qu),周邊城鎮幾乎無任何資(zi)(zi)源可(ke)調,350km以(yi)外的喀什資(zi)(zi)源也極為有限。⑤施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地(di)(di)狹窄,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)干擾(rao)大(da)(da)(da):整(zheng)個河谷(gu)軸線長370m,左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)岸有高邊坡開(kai)挖、導流洞和引(yin)水(shui)隧洞開(kai)挖,河床(chuang)防滲(shen)(shen)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)又分為左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)個標段(duan),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)干擾(rao)大(da)(da)(da)。
經濟效益
下(xia)坂(ban)地水利樞紐(niu)工程是塔(ta)里木河(he)流域(yu)綜(zong)合治理(li)項(xiang)目(mu)之(zhi)一,工程以春(chun)季早(zao)供水、生態補(bu)水、發(fa)電等(deng)(deng)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)目(mu)標。工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)成后(hou),總庫容量可(ke)達8.67億立(li)方米,將(jiang)在很大程度上改(gai)變葉爾羌河(he)流域(yu)“春(chun)旱、夏洪、秋(qiu)缺、冬(dong)枯”的(de)(de)狀況(kuang)。這工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)施工區域(yu)海拔高(gao),高(gao)地震烈度、高(gao)邊坡處理(li)、深覆蓋(gai)層等(deng)(deng)復雜的(de)(de)地質地貌結構中國(guo)罕見,施工條件艱苦,技術要求高(gao)。工程匯集了來自全國(guo)各地的(de)(de)優秀(xiu)水利施工隊伍。自工程開工建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)以來,建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)者們發(fa)揚“艱苦不怕苦、缺氧(yang)不缺志(zhi)氣”的(de)(de)精(jing)神,保(bao)證了各項(xiang)工程的(de)(de)按時完工。
工程總量
下坂地(di)水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)是(shi)國務院批復的(de)(de)《塔里木河(he)流(liu)(liu)域近期綜(zong)合(he)(he)治理規劃(hua)報告》中確定的(de)(de)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)座大型山區水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)。它(ta)位(wei)于新疆喀(ka)什地(di)區葉爾(er)羌河(he)主(zhu)要支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)之一(yi)的(de)(de)塔什庫爾(er)干河(he)中游(you),是(shi)以生態補水(shui)(shui)、春旱供水(shui)(shui)為(wei)主(zhu),結合(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)電的(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)(he)性水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)程(cheng),是(shi)造(zao)福喀(ka)、克兩(liang)地(di)州400萬(wan)各族人民(min)的(de)(de)富民(min)工(gong)程(cheng)。項目(mu)經(jing)過(guo)喀(ka)什地(di)委、行(xing)署五屆領(ling)導班子、兩(liang)代水(shui)(shui)利(li)人,二十多年的(de)(de)不懈努力,于2005年12月(yue)經(jing)國家批準立(li)項建設。工(gong)程(cheng)總投資18.06 億元,總庫容(rong) 8.67 億立(li)方米,電機(ji)裝(zhuang)機(ji)15 萬(wan)千瓦。工(gong)程(cheng)主(zhu)要建筑物(wu)有攔河(he)閘(zha)、導流(liu)(liu)泄(xie)洪(hong)洞(dong)、引水(shui)(shui)發(fa)(fa)電洞(dong)、電站廠房組(zu)成。
下設分站
辛(xin)迪(di)中(zhong)(zhong)心站址位于下(xia)坂地(di)管理站二級臺地(di),出露地(di)層均為(wei)第四(si)系(xi)沖洪積(ji)物,上部巖性為(wei)砂(sha)壤土層,灰黃色(se),較疏松,含植物根系(xi),具(ju)水(shui)平層理,厚度1.5~2.5M;下(xia)部巖性為(wei)卵石(shi)層,中(zhong)(zhong)密,次(ci)圓~渾圓狀,粒徑一般5~12CM,礫石(shi)、砂(sha)土充填,土含量相對較高(gao),成(cheng)份由角(jiao)閃片麻巖及角(jiao)閃斜長片巖組成(cheng),厚度大于15M。地(di)下(xia)水(shui)位埋(mai)深不詳。
布達爾(er)水文(wen)站址(zhi)位于(yu)塔什(shen)庫爾(er)干(gan)河右岸河漫灘,出(chu)露(lu)地(di)層均為第(di)四系統(tong)沖洪積物,上部巖性為砂(sha)壤土(tu)層,灰黃色,疏松,含植物根系,厚度0.3~0.5M;下部巖性為卵石層,灰白色,中密,渾圓(yuan)狀,分選性較(jiao)好,粒徑一般6~10CM,最(zui)大(da)(da)15~20CM,含量(liang)約(yue)占65%,礫石、砂(sha)土(tu)充填,成份(fen)以砂(sha)巖、大(da)(da)理巖、灰巖為主,厚度大(da)(da)于(yu)10M。地(di)下水位埋深5~6M。
伊爾(er)列(lie)黑(hei)水文(wen)站位于塔什庫(ku)爾(er)干河(he)左岸河(he)漫(man)灘(tan),出(chu)露地(di)層(ceng)均為第四系沖洪積物,巖(yan)性:上部(bu)(bu)為卵石層(ceng),灰白(bai)色,中(zhong)密(mi),次圓(yuan)~渾(hun)(hun)圓(yuan)狀,粒(li)(li)(li)徑(jing)一般6~15CM,含(han)量約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)58%,含(han)漂石,最大(da)粒(li)(li)(li)徑(jing)20~40CM,角礫(li)、砂(sha)土(tu)充(chong)填,成(cheng)份以角閃(shan)片(pian)(pian)(pian)麻(ma)巖(yan)、片(pian)(pian)(pian)巖(yan)為主(zhu),厚4~5M;中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)為角礫(li)層(ceng),灰白(bai)色,中(zhong)密(mi),棱角狀、片(pian)(pian)(pian)狀,粒(li)(li)(li)徑(jing)一般1~2CM,含(han)量約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)70%,局部(bu)(bu)含(han)碎石,砂(sha)土(tu)充(chong)填,成(cheng)份以片(pian)(pian)(pian)巖(yan)為主(zhu),厚度0.3~0.8M;下部(bu)(bu)為卵石層(ceng),灰白(bai)色,中(zhong)密(mi),次渾(hun)(hun)圓(yuan)狀,粒(li)(li)(li)徑(jing)一般6~10CM,含(han)量約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)73%,含(han)漂石,最大(da)粒(li)(li)(li)徑(jing)20~40CM,成(cheng)份以角閃(shan)片(pian)(pian)(pian)麻(ma)巖(yan)、片(pian)(pian)(pian)巖(yan)為主(zhu),厚度大(da)于10M。地(di)下水位埋深4.5~5M。
投入運營
新疆下(xia)班(ban)地(di)水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)(niu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)是塔里(li)木河流(liu)域近期綜合治理(li)項目中唯一(yi)的(de)山區水(shui)庫(ku)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),也是自治區重點水(shui)利(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),下(xia)坂地(di)水(shui)利(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)2005年12月(yue)(yue)獲國家批準建(jian)設,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)概算總投資(zi)18.06億(yi)(yi)元,總庫(ku)容(rong)量8.67億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米(mi),電站裝機容(rong)量15萬千瓦時,2005年5月(yue)(yue)完(wan)(wan)成四通一(yi)平(ping)工(gong)作,2005年7月(yue)(yue)16日(ri)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)奠(dian)基,2007年9月(yue)(yue)26日(ri)完(wan)(wan)成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)截流(liu)。新疆下(xia)班(ban)地(di)水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)(niu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)2500多(duo)名建(jian)設者(zhe),克服海拔高,缺氧,地(di)質條件復雜(za)的(de)不利(li)因素和諸多(duo)困難,晝夜施工(gong),確(que)保了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)如(ru)期推進。截止(zhi)目前,完(wan)(wan)成了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投資(zi)資(zi)金16.33億(yi)(yi)元,完(wan)(wan)成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設任務(wu)的(de)90%。
新疆下坂(ban)地水利(li)樞紐(niu)工(gong)(gong)程建管(guan)局副局長說(shuo):我們(men)這(zhe)(zhe)個地方(fang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難,因為它是高(gao)原(yuan)地區(qu),所以這(zhe)(zhe)個地方(fang)缺氧,第二個,我們(men)這(zhe)(zhe)個地方(fang)具(ju)有三(san)(san)高(gao)一深的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),三(san)(san)高(gao)主要是高(gao)海拔、高(gao)邊(bian)(bian)坡、高(gao)地震裂(lie)度(du),一深是我們(men)大(da)壩這(zhe)(zhe)一塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)覆蓋層深度(du)150米,處理(li)起來(lai)(lai)也非常(chang)(chang)(chang)困難,在(zai)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)上(shang)講,高(gao)邊(bian)(bian)坡處理(li)起來(lai)(lai)也非常(chang)(chang)(chang)困難,再加(jia)上(shang)工(gong)(gong)期非常(chang)(chang)(chang)緊張,有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)期比(bi)較短,高(gao)原(yuan)地區(qu)嘛(ma),所以大(da)家在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個過程中,加(jia)班(ban)加(jia)點(dian),在(zai)廣大(da)建設者們(men)付(fu)出(chu)了(le)非常(chang)(chang)(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)努力(li),也付(fu)出(chu)了(le)非常(chang)(chang)(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱辛,這(zhe)(zhe)個終于(yu)迎(ying)來(lai)(lai)了(le)咱們(men)首臺(tai)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發電。
下班地水(shui)利樞(shu)紐工程首臺(tai)機組的發(fa)電運營,對塔(ta)什庫(ku)爾干縣(xian)經濟社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)也將起到積極的促進(jin)作(zuo)用(yong)。
塔什(shen)庫(ku)爾干塔吉克(ke)自治(zhi)縣(xian)縣(xian)委(wei)書記臧愛(ai)武同期(qi)聲:下班(ban)地(di)水利樞紐工(gong)程,首(shou)臺機(ji)組(zu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)將會緩(huan)解(jie)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)工(gong)業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)緊張的(de)問題,等今年110變電(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)建設(she)開工(gong)到明(ming)年年初(chu)建成,將從根本上解(jie)決我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)縣(xian)工(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力不足的(de)問題,將為塔什(shen)庫(ku)爾干縣(xian)實(shi)現跨越式(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和長治(zhi)久安奠定(ding)一定(ding)得(de)基礎。