邊牛(niu)山城(cheng)址,位(wei)于遼寧省本溪市溪湖區歪頭山鎮(zhen)邊牛(niu)村漢-唐(tang)時代(dai)的邊牛(niu)山城(cheng)。當地人稱(cheng)“高麗城(cheng)”,在2013年(nian)被獲批為全國文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
“邊(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)”原(yuan)名“邊(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)堡”。關(guan)于此(ci)“牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)”,學(xue)界(jie)一(yi)般認為(wei)當(dang)指滿(man)(man)清(qing)基層軍(jun)政(zheng)組織之牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)。努(nu)爾哈赤創立八旗制度,規定每(mei)300人設一(yi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),長官為(wei)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)額(e)真(zhen)(zhen),五(wu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)甲(jia)喇(la),長官為(wei)甲(jia)喇(la)額(e)真(zhen)(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯“參領”),五(wu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)甲(jia)喇(la)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)固(gu)山(shan)(shan)(漢(han)(han)譯“旗”),長官為(wei)固(gu)山(shan)(shan)額(e)真(zhen)(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯“都統(tong)”),每(mei)個(ge)(ge)(ge)固(gu)山(shan)(shan)設左、右兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)梅勒額(e)真(zhen)(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯“副都統(tong)”)。關(guan)于“邊(bian)(bian)”,則眾說(shuo)紛(fen)紜。民國(guo)時有(you)史料認為(wei)該地有(you)“邊(bian)(bian)”,即城墻,但根據考古(gu)表明,此(ci)處并無“邊(bian)(bian)”。又(you)有(you)傳說(shuo),“邊(bian)(bian)”本(ben)為(wei)“鞭”,鞭打之意,傳說(shuo)曾有(you)后(hou)(hou)金將(jiang)領在此(ci)處鞭打手下(xia)一(yi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)額(e)真(zhen)(zhen),亦(yi)不(bu)可信。我們認為(wei),此(ci)“邊(bian)(bian)”當(dang)為(wei)姓氏(shi),滿(man)(man)族(zu)有(you)邊(bian)(bian)佳氏(shi),為(wei)滿(man)(man)族(zu)老姓之一(yi),后(hou)(hou)漢(han)(han)化為(wei)邊(bian)(bian)、卞等姓,邊(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)可能(neng)是(shi)滿(man)(man)清(qing)某(mou)位邊(bian)(bian)佳氏(shi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)額(e)真(zhen)(zhen)的駐防(fang)地或(huo)封(feng)地。
邊牛山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的歷史則要(yao)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)悠久。該(gai)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所在的山(shan)(shan)呈(cheng)(cheng)回抱之勢(shi)(shi),東(dong)、南(nan)、北(bei)三(san)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)脊隆起,西(xi)(xi)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)溝口。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)就(jiu)勢(shi)(shi),筑(zhu)(zhu)于山(shan)(shan)脊之上。山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)簸箕形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)土(tu)筑(zhu)(zhu),夯(hang)層堅實(shi),全長(chang)(chang)2000多米(mi)(mi)(mi),山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)角和(he)東(dong)北(bei)角為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)制(zhi)高(gao)點,各設一個角臺,臺基平面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)方(fang)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)10米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬約(yue)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設四門(men)(men)(men)(men),其中西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)設三(san)門(men)(men)(men)(men),東(dong)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)設一門(men)(men)(men)(men),西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)三(san)門(men)(men)(men)(men)由北(bei)向南(nan)依次為(wei)(wei)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)、水門(men)(men)(men)(men)、便門(men)(men)(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外另筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)兩道(dao)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),分別與山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)延(yan)伸部分相連,形(xing)成兩道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外防(fang)線(xian)(xian),外線(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)175米(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)線(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)510米(mi)(mi)(mi),并開有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)一處(chu)。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)地勢(shi)(shi)低洼(wa),常年(nian)積水,應為(wei)(wei)蓄水池。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)地勢(shi)(shi)較為(wei)(wei)平整,東(dong)南(nan)部地表上發現有(you)(you)10余(yu)處(chu)凹坑(keng),采集(ji)遺物(wu)有(you)(you)泥質(zhi)灰陶(tao)片,石臼等。根據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)式方(fang)法(fa)以及采集(ji)的遺物(wu)推斷,該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應修筑(zhu)(zhu)、使用于高(gao)句麗(li)中晚期。
學界推斷,邊牛山城就是(shi)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)磨(mo)米城,唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗(zong)李世民率軍親征(zheng)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)時,曾(ceng)經到過這里。《資(zi)治通鑒》載:貞(zhen)觀十九年,太(tai)宗(zong)李世民親自率軍東討(tao),“凡征(zheng)高麗(li)(li),拔玄菟、橫(heng)山、蓋牟、磨(mo)米、遼(liao)東、白巖、卑沙、麥谷、銀山、后黃(huang)十城。”《舊唐(tang)(tang)書》、《冊府(fu)元龜》載:唐(tang)(tang)高宗(zong)總章(zhang)元年(668)九月,大(da)將李勣率軍滅(mie)高句(ju)麗(li)(li),隨后在高句(ju)麗(li)(li)舊地上(shang)分設(she)九個都(dou)督府(fu)、四(si)十二個州(zhou)、一(yi)百個縣,又置(zhi)安東都(dou)護府(fu)來統一(yi)管理(li),大(da)名鼎鼎的薛仁(ren)貴將軍則為(wei)一(yi)任安東都(dou)護。擢(zhuo)用高句(ju)麗(li)(li)“酋渠有功者(zhe)授都(dou)督、刺史及縣令(ling)”,與唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝派來的官(guan)員共同管理(li)百姓(xing)民務。磨(mo)米城歸(gui)唐(tang)(tang)之后,唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝將其改(gai)設(she)磨(mo)米州(zhou),是(shi)安東都(dou)護府(fu)所屬的高句(ju)麗(li)(li)州(zhou)之一(yi),州(zhou)長官(guan)為(wei)刺史。
一(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)(wei),玄菟(tu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)今沈陽上柏官屯古城(cheng)(cheng),蓋(gai)牟(mou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)今撫順(shun)勞動公園古城(cheng)(cheng),遼(liao)東、白巖二城(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于今遼(liao)陽,沙(sha)卑(bei)(bei)(或作卑(bei)(bei)沙(sha))為(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)今大連東大黑山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng),橫山(shan)(shan)即(ji)本(ben)溪(xi)平(ping)頂山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)。清(qing)人楊(yang)同(tong)桂《盛京疆域考(kao)》云:“磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)州,當(dang)在奉(feng)天(tian)府境。《通(tong)鑒》:貞觀十九年,伐高麗(li)(li),凡拔玄菟(tu)、橫山(shan)(shan)、蓋(gai)牟(mou)、磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、遼(liao)東、白巖、沙(sha)卑(bei)(bei)、麥谷(gu)、銀山(shan)(shan)、后黃十城(cheng)(cheng)……磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)州,與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼(liao)東相提(ti)并數,當(dang)亦去蓋(gai)牟(mou)不遠(yuan)。”意為(wei)(wei)(wei)磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)州(原磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng))與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼(liao)東等城(cheng)(cheng)應相距不遠(yuan),即(ji)當(dang)在今遼(liao)陽、撫順(shun)左近。根據唐(tang)軍征高句麗(li)(li)路線及地理(li)位(wei)置關系推斷,符合此(ci)條件的(de)高句麗(li)(li)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)有平(ping)頂山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)和邊牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng),平(ping)頂山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)既為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng),那么,磨米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)邊牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)。
宋代江少(shao)虞撰《事(shi)(shi)實(shi)類苑(yuan)》曾記載(zai)一(yi)(yi)件“古銅(tong)魚符”,與(yu)磨(mo)米州(zhou)相關:有人在(zai)壽光(guang)縣(今山東(dong)省(sheng)壽光(guang)市)的稻(dao)田中(zhong),拾(shi)到“古銅(tong)魚左符”,紅銅(tong)材質,長二寸許。符背刻(ke)魚,頭尾鱗鰭(qi)一(yi)(yi)應(ying)俱全(quan)。符面刻(ke)“同”字,當是(shi)與(yu)另一(yi)(yi)半魚符“合信”之用(yong)。重要(yao)的是(shi),符上刻(ke)有主(zhu)人官職、名諱:“左云麾將(jiang)軍、行磨(mo)米州(zhou)刺史、持節磨(mo)米州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍事(shi)(shi)高從政(zheng)”。高從政(zheng)可(ke)能(neng)就是(shi)高句麗降附唐王朝(chao)的磨(mo)米州(zhou)“酋渠”或其后人。只是(shi)這(zhe)件東(dong)北地(di)(di)區的軍事(shi)(shi)和行政(zheng)印信、唐代地(di)(di)方大員的隨身物品,何以在(zai)宋代時(shi)的山東(dong)地(di)(di)界出現,實(shi)在(zai)費人思(si)量(liang)。
與磨(mo)米(mi)州相關的(de)(de)歷史(shi)人物還(huan)有唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)(gao)級(ji)將領(ling)高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)、高(gao)(gao)慈父子(zi)。二人本是(shi)高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)降(jiang)將,其(qi)先祖追隨朱蒙王(wang)建立高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)政權,世代為(wei)(wei)本國高(gao)(gao)官(guan)貴族。唐(tang)(tang)總(zong)章元年(668),高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)率(lv)族人歸(gui)順大唐(tang)(tang),并(bing)接受(shou)唐(tang)(tang)官(guan)職(zhi),從此為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝東征(zheng)西(xi)討,屢立功勛。唐(tang)(tang)萬歲通天元年(696)五月,營州城附近的(de)(de)契(qi)丹(dan)首(shou)領(ling)李盡(jin)忠、孫萬榮等殺死當(dang)地(di)官(guan)員,舉(ju)兵反叛,攻(gong)陷營州,隨后縱兵抄掠(lve),歷時一(yi)年余,史(shi)稱“營州之(zhi)亂”。高(gao)(gao)氏父子(zi)受(shou)命征(zheng)討,前期取(qu)得重(zhong)大戰果(guo),但在磨(mo)米(mi)州“城孤地(di)絕,兵盡(jin)矢窮”的(de)(de)情況下,被(bei)契(qi)丹(dan)叛軍(jun)擊敗(bai)。高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)父子(zi)“為(wei)(wei)虜所執(zhi),詞色懔然,不屈兇(xiong)威,遂(sui)被(bei)屠害”。為(wei)(wei)表彰高(gao)(gao)氏父子(zi),唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝追贈官(guan)職(zhi),以慰亡魂,并(bing)“特(te)令編(bian)入史(shi)冊”。
金代,邊牛(niu)山(shan)城仍有(you)人居住(zhu)。山(shan)城內(nei)出(chu)土的(de)金代法器、地表遺留的(de)大量瓦片(pian)以及其他建(jian)筑構件,都可有(you)力(li)地證明該(gai)山(shan)城在金代被沿用(yong),且在山(shan)城內(nei)還應建(jian)有(you)1座密(mi)宗佛寺。出(chu)土的(de)法器為銅(tong)(tong)鈸共計9件,銅(tong)(tong)鎏(liu)金法鈴1件,筆(bi)者(zhe)曾考證其紋(wen)飾(shi)、銘文,認為該(gai)處所行乃是密(mi)宗胎藏界(jie)法,且僧侶亦眾,如此(ci)方能完成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)鎏(liu)金法鈴、大小(xiao)諸多銅(tong)(tong)鈸的(de)法器應用(yong)。同時,銅(tong)(tong)鈸上的(de)銘文,體(ti)現出(chu)金代嚴厲的(de)銅(tong)(tong)禁政(zheng)策,政(zheng)府設立佛教管理機構如“僧司(si)”等(deng),對本地區佛教事務實施(shi)管理。
明代,在邊牛山(shan)(shan)城所在山(shan)(shan)的(de)西角筑有(you)一座(zuo)烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai),至(zhi)今仍(reng)存(cun),土筑,外觀呈圓臺(tai)(tai)狀,臺(tai)(tai)頂徑(jing)長(chang)5米(mi)(mi),臺(tai)(tai)底徑(jing)長(chang)20米(mi)(mi),高8米(mi)(mi)。臺(tai)(tai)頂中心處有(you)一圓坑,徑(jing)長(chang)2米(mi)(mi),深0.7米(mi)(mi)。站在烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai)上(shang),向西瞭望,視野開闊,監控沙(sha)河古(gu)道為(wei)適宜(yi)。明成化年(nian)始直至(zhi)萬歷年(nian)間,為(wei)了防御(yu)建州女(nv)真人,明廷在遼陽以東接(jie)近(jin)建州女(nv)真的(de)地區(qu),筑立(li)了大量的(de)城堡、驛(yi)道、墩臺(tai)(tai),“烽(feng)(feng)堠(hou)相望,遠近(jin)應(ying)接(jie)”。邊牛烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai)應(ying)是威寧營城下屬的(de)墩臺(tai)(tai)之一。
考古專家梁志(zhi)龍先生曾(ceng)登(deng)臨邊(bian)牛山城,回首千載,感(gan)慨系之,遂賦(fu)詩以志(zhi),現(xian)敬引如下,為本文作(zuo)結——
“隧(sui)洞驅車(che)過,迎山見土城。
墻高旋崗遠,水漲(zhang)入池橫。
墾(ken)畝拾陶片,耕田獲法鈴。
初居驍將勇,后世隱(yin)高僧(seng)。”