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龍山文化特征

陽谷景陽崗遺址出土(tu)的(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺物具有(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)地(di)方性。在(zai)(zai)陶(tao)(tao)器中(zhong)，以(yi)(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，黑(hei)陶(tao)(tao)較少，紅(hong)褐陶(tao)(tao)占有(you)一(yi)定比例(li)。紋(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)素面(mian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，有(you)較多的(de)籃紋(wen)、繩紋(wen)、方格(ge)紋(wen)。器類(lei)以(yi)(yi)盆、罐、豆、盒、甕為(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)見，鼎(ding)、鬲較少，以(yi)(yi)罐作為(wei)(wei)(wei)主要炊器之一(yi)，鬲部飾繩紋(wen)，具有(you)許多異于典(dian)型龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)特點。上述特征(zheng)顯(xian)示(shi)這個地(di)區的(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)面(mian)貌即與魯(lu)北地(di)區龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)子崖類(lei)型有(you)一(yi)定差異，更與中(zhong)原龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)不同，但與它們存在(zai)(zai)密切的(de)聯系，似乎(hu)代表(biao)海岱地(di)區龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)一(yi)個地(di)方類(lei)型，也為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)原與海岱文(wen)化(hua)(hua)區的(de)關系研(yan)究提供了新資料。

遺址地點情況

在(zai)遺(yi)址北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)理(li)出(chu)(chu)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)1 個、春(chun)秋(qiu)墓(mu)(mu)1座。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)剖面(mian)(mian)有(you)清(qing)晰(xi)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，堆積厚約(yue)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)耕土(tu)(tu)，呈灰(hui)褐色，陶(tao)片(pian)、獸骨遍布；耕土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢代、商周文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；最(zui)下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)堆積。出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)了(le)大(da)(da)量龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)遺(yi)物，多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生活器皿。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)發現(xian)一(yi)(yi)完(wan)整牛骨架，似為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭品，對古(gu)代家畜飼養的(de)起源、馴用、牲畜祭祀的(de)研究(jiu)具有(you)重要意義。另外(wai)(wai)，還(huan)采集有(you)小(xiao)骨針、蚌刀(dao)、石(shi)刀(dao)、石(shi)斧等。春(chun)秋(qiu)墓(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形土(tu)(tu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)。東(dong)西(xi)長3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，殘(can)深3.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)底(di)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)長方形腰(yao)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，坑(keng)(keng)(keng)內(nei)殉狗一(yi)(yi)只，頭向(xiang)東(dong)。墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)遺(yi)物有(you)陶(tao)、銅、骨器等共1770余件。1994年(nian)，聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物管(guan)理(li)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)組織文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物勘探(tan)(tan)隊在(zai)配合(he)(he)陽(yang)谷(gu)縣景陽(yang)岡公(gong)園開發建(jian)設工程(cheng)中(zhong)又發現(xian)一(yi)(yi)座龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址平(ping)面(mian)(mian)近似橢圓(yuan)形，東(dong)北(bei)——西(xi)南(nan)走向(xiang)，西(xi)端較窄(zhai)，中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)弧形凸出(chu)(chu)，南(nan)北(bei)長約(yue)1150米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，北(bei)端寬(kuan)約(yue)230米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，南(nan)端寬(kuan)約(yue)330米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬(kuan)處約(yue)400米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，總面(mian)(mian)積約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)35萬平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。同(tong)年(nian)底(di)至1996年(nian)冬(dong)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物考古(gu)研究(jiu)所與(yu)聊(liao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物管(guan)理(li)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)又聯合(he)(he)對其(qi)(qi)進(jin)行了(le)鉆探(tan)(tan)、試(shi)掘工作(zuo)，發掘面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1200平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。經挖(wa)掘發現(xian)，地(di)面(mian)(mian)已無城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣遺(yi)跡，地(di)下城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保存(cun)完(wan)好。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址東(dong)北(bei)角現(xian)有(you)南(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)水渠(qu)穿(chuan)過，從水渠(qu)西(xi)壁可見耕土(tu)(tu)下即有(you)岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣殘(can)基(ji)，其(qi)(qi)外(wai)(wai)側(ce)被東(dong)周城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣殘(can)基(ji)打(da)破。岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)殘(can)垣下壓龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣，其(qi)(qi)頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)到水渠(qu)底(di)高1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)余，渠(qu)底(di)見水，無法鉆探(tan)(tan)，估計渠(qu)底(di)以下還(huan)會(hui)有(you)數(shu)類以上的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣。水渠(qu)壁上暴(bao)露(lu)的(de)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣內(nei)側(ce)夯層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)向(xiang)里傾斜，夯層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)較厚，不(bu)規整，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣外(wai)(wai)壁陡直，打(da)破內(nei)側(ce)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣的(de)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，屬于龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址中(zhong)心處并存(cun)大(da)(da)小(xiao)兩(liang)個利用原自(zi)然岡丘經部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)加工而成(cheng)的(de)臺(tai)址。大(da)(da)、小(xiao)臺(tai)址分(fen)上、下兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要用純凈黃褐面(mian)(mian)沙土(tu)(tu)夯筑，上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)花土(tu)(tu)筑成(cheng)。夯具分(fen)圓(yuan)棍夯與(yu)石(shi)器夯，夯窩(wo)明顯，夯面(mian)(mian)清(qing)楚。

現狀

陽(yang)谷(gu)景陽(yang)崗(gang)遺址(zhi)(zhi)是魯西北地(di)區發(fa)現龍山(shan)(shan)文化城址(zhi)(zhi)，其規模大(da)、規格高，在全國亦(yi)屬罕見(jian)。城內大(da)、小臺基布局清楚，又在小臺基上(shang)發(fa)現了(le)祭(ji)祀遺存，這些都(dou)(dou)為研(yan)究龍山(shan)(shan)時(shi)期城市(shi)結構、功能及(ji)社(she)會(hui)形(xing)態提(ti)出了(le)新的課(ke)題和線索。有部分專家認為這里可能是“舜都(dou)(dou)”。龍山(shan)(shan)文化，因(yin)發(fa)現于山(shan)(shan)東章丘龍山(shan)(shan)鎮而得名，距今約(yue)4350-3950年(nian)。龍山(shan)(shan)文化陶器(qi)以灰陶為主，并燒出了(le)薄如蛋殼的黑(hei)陶器(qi)物，表(biao)面光亮如漆，是中國制陶史上(shang)的頂(ding)峰時(shi)期。龍山(shan)(shan)文化遺址(zhi)(zhi)中開(kai)始出現長方(fang)形(xing)土臺式(shi)建筑，而且城址(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)始大(da)量出現，近年(nian)在聊城境內古濟水沿岸先后(hou)發(fa)現了(le)以景陽(yang)崗(gang)、教(jiao)場鋪為核心的八座龍山(shan)(shan)文化城址(zhi)(zhi)，形(xing)成了(le)一個城址(zhi)(zhi)群，這表(biao)明當時(shi)已經開(kai)始跨入文明社(she)會(hui)門檻。

省級重點文物

該城址(zhi)1977年(nian)12月(yue)被山東省(sheng)人民政府列為省(sheng)級重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位，1995年(nian)被評為“中國(guo)十大考古新發(fa)現”提(ti)名獎，2001年(nian)6月(yue)被國(guo)務(wu)院批準為全國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。