北宋太平(ping)興國八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(983年(nian)(nian))奉敕改寺名(ming)為(wei)大(da)云禪院(yuan)。現存山(shan)門,天王殿(dian),后殿(dian)及(ji)兩廡,均(jun)是清代(dai)(dai)建筑。大(da)鋪作,飛(fei)檐起翹,九(jiu)脊頂滿覆琉璃(li),巍峨壯麗。殿(dian)內(nei)保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)壁(bi)畫21平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),東壁(bi)繪(hui)維(wei)摩變相佛(fo)教故事(shi),紫(zi)殿(dian)紅樓,流云環繞(rao),富有(you)傳(chuan)奇色彩。八(ba)個(ge)伎樂人,或伴(ban)奏管弦,或舒腰(yao)起舞(wu),表現出神姿仙態。扇面墻正面繪(hui)觀音,勢至二菩(pu)薩。飛(fei)天乘云遨游(you)長空,姿態飄逸。拱眼(yan)壁(bi)和(he)闌額上保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)彩畫11平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。殿(dian)內(nei)保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)石雕香爐,大(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)前有(you)北宋乾(qian)德四年(nian)(nian)(963年(nian)(nian)),北宋咸平(ping)二年(nian)(nian)(994年(nian)(nian))石經幢以及(ji)石雕羅漢一尊。寺內(nei)歷代(dai)(dai)碑刻甚多。
七(qi)寶塔(ta)在大云寺(si)前(qian)(qian)。周顯德元年(公元954年)建。通體(ti)用堅硬青石雕造(zao)。原為(wei)七(qi)層(ceng),現存(cun)五層(ceng),高6米(mi)。下(xia)三層(ceng)平面(mian)八角形(xing)。第(di)(di)一層(ceng)雕寶裝蓮花,獅(shi)子(zi),麒麟,飛(fei)馬等(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)層(ceng)雕伎樂人,體(ti)態(tai)輕盈,舞姿優美(mei),伴奏者栩栩如生。第(di)(di)三層(ceng)轉角處(chu)雕絞龍柱(zhu),回旋盤繞(rao)。塔(ta)檐下(xia)飛(fei)鳳,飛(fei)仙共命鳥等(deng)(deng)變化多姿。檐下(xia)周匝(za)(za)垂帳(zhang),面(mian)券(quan)門(men)上雙(shuang)龍戲珠,門(men)側侍立(li)二(er)(er)天王。后(hou)面(mian)比丘(qiu)半掩(yan)門(men)。兩次間(jian)二(er)(er)力士分立(li)左右。第(di)(di)四層(ceng)周匝(za)(za)垂帳(zhang),前(qian)(qian)后(hou)有(you)假(jia)板門(men)。第(di)(di)五層(ceng)上覆大圓蓋寶珠頂。此塔(ta)設計(ji)精(jing)巧,雕造(zao)頗佳,獨(du)具匠心(xin)。
五(wu)(wu)代十國(guo)(guo)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史上的一個(ge)特殊(shu)時期,盡管五(wu)(wu)十年的短(duan)暫(zan)歷史在戰火(huo)兵燹中(zhong)(zhong)煙消云(yun)散,但山西(xi)仍(reng)然保存下來了三座這(zhe)一時期的木(mu)構建(jian)筑。平(ping)順(shun)縣(xian)的龍(long)門寺、大云(yun)院和平(ping)遙縣(xian)的鎮(zhen)國(guo)(guo)寺。她們在戰火(huo)硝煙、風雨飄搖中(zhong)(zhong)堅持到了今天,成(cheng)為山西(xi)這(zhe)座“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)地上文物博物館”中(zhong)(zhong)彌足(zu)珍(zhen)貴的藏品。
“實會村(cun),三(san)里(li)長,一(yi)里(li)一(yi)個觀(guan)音(yin)堂,七(qi)(qi)十(shi)二個連環洞,九龍戲珠大(da)云院(yuan)。”這是(shi)在平順縣實會村(cun)的老百(bai)姓(xing)中口耳相傳的一(yi)句話。如今,三(san)座觀(guan)音(yin)堂已隨歲月流逝,蕩然無存。這七(qi)(qi)十(shi)二個連環洞,相傳是(shi)三(san)國(guo)時馬超避(bi)兵的地(di)方,其遺(yi)跡仍依稀可辯。
最后提到(dao)的(de)大(da)云院,就是山西保存下來的(de)三座五代(dai)木構建(jian)筑中的(de)一個。
古人建造(zao)寺(si)廟,往往選在深山(shan)幽谷之(zhi)中,大(da)云(yun)(yun)院(yuan)也是如(ru)此。從(cong)高處(chu)俯瞰,龍耳山(shan)的(de)九(jiu)條支(zhi)脈好象(xiang)九(jiu)條巨(ju)龍從(cong)三(san)面環(huan)抱而(er)來,形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個半封閉的(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)環(huan),圓(yuan)(yuan)環(huan)的(de)正中有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座小山(shan)丘仿佛一(yi)(yi)(yi)顆碩(shuo)大(da)的(de)寶(bao)珠,大(da)云(yun)(yun)院(yuan)就座落在這(zhe)(zhe)顆“寶(bao)珠”下,因而(er)古代的(de)文人墨客把這(zhe)(zhe)里美(mei)稱為“九(jiu)龍戲珠大(da)云(yun)(yun)院(yuan)”。其實,這(zhe)(zhe)里更象(xiang)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個安逸的(de)搖籃,大(da)云(yun)(yun)院(yuan)則象(xiang)嬰兒般(ban)的(de)鼾睡了足(zu)足(zu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千年。
大(da)(da)云(yun)院(yuan)(yuan)始建于五代時(shi)期(qi),輝煌的(de)(de)時(shi)候這里曾有僧(seng)舍殿(dian)宇一百多間,明代時(shi)寺院(yuan)(yuan)遭受了山洪的(de)(de)侵襲,除主殿(dian)大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)之外的(de)(de)其(qi)他建筑全都(dou)未能幸免。歷經(jing)千年,大(da)(da)云(yun)院(yuan)(yuan)幾度興衰,惟(wei)獨大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)古貌仍舊,原構(gou)依(yi)然,彰顯出蒼勁宏偉(wei)的(de)(de)雄姿。
與離她不遠的(de)(de)另(ling)一座(zuo)五代(dai)(dai)木構(gou)建筑(zhu)(zhu)龍門(men)寺(si)西配殿相比(bi),大云院大佛(fo)殿少了幾分滄桑,多了些(xie)許雄壯;沒有(you)了龍門(men)寺(si)的(de)(de)荒涼(liang)和衰敗,愈發顯(xian)得老當(dang)益壯。仔(zi)細端詳,倒和同屬(shu)五代(dai)(dai)時期木構(gou)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)平(ping)遙(yao)鎮國寺(si)萬佛(fo)殿有(you)幾分相似(si),面(mian)(mian)寬(kuan)與進深同樣(yang)均為(wei)三(san)間,平(ping)面(mian)(mian)同樣(yang)近似(si)正方形,同樣(yang)為(wei)等級(ji)較高的(de)(de)單(dan)檐九脊歇山頂式建筑(zhu)(zhu),同樣(yang)顯(xian)現出(chu)唐代(dai)(dai)木構(gou)建筑(zhu)(zhu)大氣簡約的(de)(de)遺風。
本(ben)名彌(mi)陀殿,五(wu)代(dai)后晉(jin)天福五(wu)年(940)建。面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)進深各(ge)三(san)間(jian)(jian),單(dan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)歇山頂通面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)11.8米(mi)(mi),明次間(jian)(jian)略同;總進深10.1米(mi)(mi),山面(mian)(mian)次間(jian)(jian)約(yue)合(he)當(dang)心間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)半;平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)接近方形(xing)。殿前(qian)無(wu)月(yue)臺,前(qian)后檐(yan)(yan)(yan)當(dang)心間(jian)(jian)辟門,前(qian)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)次間(jian)(jian)安直欞(ling)窗(chuang)。檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)側角生起顯著。柱(zhu)(zhu)頭上(shang)(shang)于欄額之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)加施(shi)普(pu)柏枋(fang)一材,此(ci)為(wei)采用普(pu)柏枋(fang)部件(jian)(jian)之(zhi)始。柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)斗(dou)雙抄五(wu)鋪作,耍(shua)頭為(wei)短促的(de)(de)下昂形(xing)。殿內(nei)(nei)后槽當(dang)心間(jian)(jian)用金柱(zhu)(zhu)兩根,金柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)不施(shi)普(pu)柏枋(fang),仍沿襲(xi)著唐制。梁(liang)(liang)架(jia)為(wei)“六(liu)架(jia)椽屋,四椽對(dui)乳用三(san)柱(zhu)(zhu)”,上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)駝峰(feng)、托腳承平(ping)(ping)梁(liang)(liang),平(ping)(ping)梁(liang)(liang)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)駝峰(feng)、侏儒柱(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)(da)叉手、捧節(jie)令以(yi)(yi)承負脊。駝峰(feng)較(jiao)小,侏儒柱(zhu)(zhu)甚細,是(shi)此(ci)二構件(jian)(jian)初產(chan)生階段的(de)(de)雛(chu)形(xing)。因無(wu)前(qian)槽金柱(zhu)(zhu),縱斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)前(qian)后槽結構不一致。梁(liang)(liang)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)駝峰(feng)尺寸、形(xing)制各(ge)異(yi),多達8種。殿頂明清(qing)補(bu)葺過,已(yi)非原貌,但少(shao)量瓦件(jian)(jian)可看(kan)出非宋元以(yi)(yi)后之(zhi)物。殿內(nei)(nei)斗(dou)、枋(fang)、替木等構件(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)還保存有(you)(you)一部分五(wu)代(dai)彩繪,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古建筑中(zhong)(zhong)稀有(you)(you)之(zhi)例。殿內(nei)(nei)東(dong)壁和(he)(he)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)墻上(shang)(shang)保存五(wu)代(dai)壁畫(hua)22平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。東(dong)壁畫(hua)題“維摩(mo)變相(xiang)”,8個伎樂天一邊奏樂一邊起舞,表現(xian)出超人的(de)(de)神態仙姿(zi)(zi)。扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)墻正面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)部畫(hua)飛天,兩側是(shi)觀世音和(he)(he)大(da)(da)勢至二菩薩,乃彌(mi)陀佛脅(xie)侍(shi)。后面(mian)(mian)畫(hua)“西(xi)方凈土變”,云氣繚繞,菩薩、天王、侍(shi)從等參插其中(zhong)(zhong),上(shang)(shang)部天宮(gong)樓閣懸空。各(ge)像面(mian)(mian)相(xiang)圓(yuan)潤,肌肉豐(feng)盈,樂舞伎廣袖長裙(qun),姿(zi)(zi)態柔(rou)麗俊(jun)美,唐代(dai)畫(hua)風(feng)猶存,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)現(xian)存寺觀中(zhong)(zhong)惟一的(de)(de)五(wu)代(dai)壁畫(hua)遺(yi)作。
兩(liang)層,平面(mian)八角形(xing),高6米,青石雕(diao)(diao)造。基座兩(liang)級皆束腰須彌(mi)式,雕(diao)(diao)仰覆蓮瓣、獅(shi)子、麒麟、力士、門等(deng),第二層門內還雕(diao)(diao)有樂伎和舞伎。塔(ta)身雕(diao)(diao)有間柱,正(zheng)面(mian)雕(diao)(diao)板(ban)門,門兩(liang)側置二天(tian)王像,背面(mian)雕(diao)(diao)比丘半掩門。塔(ta)檐下(xia)雕(diao)(diao)飛天(tian)。2層塔(ta)身雕(diao)(diao)假(jia)板(ban)門、門簪、帷幔等(deng)。再(zai)上置仰蓮、矮柱、寶珠(zhu)等(deng)制成塔(ta)剎,都(dou)是五(wu)代(dai)原作(zuo)。該塔(ta)造形(xing)俊秀,刻(ke)工精細,因(yin)地形(xing)變(bian)遷大(da)半埋入積土之中(zhong),經清(qing)理(li)保存完好。
龍(long)(long)耳(er)(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)的(de)(de)那(nei)座大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan),至今仍較好地保存(cun)下(xia)來。沿著村東北婉延(yan)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)路走二、三(san)里,峰巒起伏的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)耳(er)(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)就(jiu)會奔(ben)湊到(dao)游人眼前(qian)(qian)。令人稱奇叫絕的(de)(de)是龍(long)(long)耳(er)(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)九條(tiao)支(zhi)脈極象(xiang)九條(tiao)巨(ju)龍(long)(long)從三(san)面(mian)盤屈環抱而來,形(xing)成一(yi)個近(jin)乎封閉(bi)的(de)(de)圓圈。圓圈的(de)(de)正中(zhong)有一(yi)座巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘象(xiang)一(yi)顆碩大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)寶珠(zhu)。大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)座落在(zai)這個“寶珠(zhu)”山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)。古(gu)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)人墨(mo)客把這形(xing)勝美稱為“九龍(long)(long)戲珠(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)”。 大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)始建(jian)于五(wu)代(dai)(dai)晉天(tian)福(fu)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元938年(nian)(nian)(nian)),初名(ming)“仙巖寺(si)”。天(tian)福(fu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿。后周顯德元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元954年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)寺(si)外七寶塔。塔造形(xing)精巧(qiao),雕刻細膩,獨(du)具匠心。至北宋建(jian)隆元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元960年(nian)(nian)(nian)),已有殿堂100余間(jian)(jian)。北宋太(tai)平興(xing)國(guo)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元983年(nian)(nian)(nian))奉皇帝命令改(gai)寺(si)名(ming)為“大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)”。大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)現(xian)(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)構造大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿,單檐9脊l0獸歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂,滿覆琉璃圓柱方(fang)額,斗拱五(wu)鋪作(zuo),飛檐起翹,面(mian)闊(kuo)3間(jian)(jian),進深6椽,投影平面(mian)近(jin)方(fang)形(xing),屋(wu)坡平緩。大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)是中(zhong)國(guo)規(gui)存(cun)的(de)(de)九座五(wu)代(dai)(dai)木結構建(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)一(yi)。大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿內的(de)(de)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)壁(bi)(bi)畫,更是中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)壁(bi)(bi)畫中(zhong)的(de)(de)稀世佳作(zuo)。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian),被國(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)公布為國(guo)家(jia)重點保護文(wen)(wen)物(wu)。大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿內現(xian)(xian)存(cun)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)壁(bi)(bi)畫2l平方(fang)米,可辨認(ren)處,東山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)壁(bi)(bi)繪有“維(wei)摩(mo)(mo)經變”。經摩(mo)(mo)諾托病在(zai)家(jia),釋迦牟(mou)尼派文(wen)(wen)殊(shu)前(qian)(qian)去探(tan)望,病床上維(wei)摩(mo)(mo)詰身著淡黃色病衣(yi),側身半臥十錦帳(zhang)之(zhi)中(zhong),身體(ti)前(qian)(qian)傾,神態莊嚴(yan)激昂(ang),正在(zai)向文(wen)(wen)殊(shu)訴(su)說自己的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)乘主(zhu)張。前(qian)(qian)來探(tan)視的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)殊(shu),和維(wei)摩(mo)(mo)話側身相對坐十病榻之(zhi)下(xia),滿臉虜誠,洗耳(er)(er)恭聽,若有所(suo)思(si)。畫面(mian)背景全以人物(wu)襯托。舍利佛(fo)、香積(ji)菩(pu)薩、天(tian)王(wang)、羅漢等多人,體(ti)態豐韻,表(biao)情各異,均以前(qian)(qian)方(fang)十畫面(mian)人物(wu)為核心,遙(yao)相呼應,渾然一(yi)體(ti)。畫面(mian)上方(fang)飛天(tian)回翔(xiang),紫霧(wu)繚(liao)繞,天(tian)女散花,呼之(zhi)欲出。
正(zheng)門扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)上(shang)左測繪有(you)觀世(shi)音,右側是(shi)(shi)大(da)勢至。二菩薩坦(tan)胸露腹,面(mian)(mian)相(xiang)凝重,雍容典稚。扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)背(bei)畫(hua)“西(xi)(xi)方(fang)凈土變”。畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)方(fang)眾菩薩和仆從(cong)分(fen)賓主(zhu)(zhu)談(tan)話其間(jian),主(zhu)(zhu)尊(zun)仆殷一(yi)派升(sheng)平景象。畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)下方(fang)是(shi)(shi)8個邊(bian)歌(ge)邊(bian)舞邊(bian)奏樂(le)的(de)(de)(de)樂(le)伎,吹笛拍鈸,廣袖長(chang)裙,圍成(cheng)環(huan)(huan)狀,翩(pian)翩(pian)起舞,神姿仙態,楚楚動人,拱眼(yan)壁(bi)和闌(lan)額(e)上(shang)保存五代彩塑11米,色彩莊重,古(gu)樸(pu)典雅。人云(yun)(yun)(yun)院五代壁(bi)畫(hua),上(shang)承(cheng)晚唐風(feng)格(ge),無(wu)論(lun)男女皆以豐腴富態為(wei)美(mei),心胸坦(tan)蕩(dang),氣宇軒昂。大(da)云(yun)(yun)(yun)院南面(mian)(mian)數(shu)十米高的(de)(de)(de)山崗上(shang),有(you)一(yi)座青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)(diao)道的(de)(de)(de)浮(fu)圖(tu)七(qi)寶塔。這是(shi)(shi)五代時(shi)遺物(wu)。原來是(shi)(shi)七(qi)級,現行(xing)五級。塔基是(shi)(shi)八(ba)方(fang)形,覆盆(pen)式(shi)蓮花池瓣底(di)座,第(di)(di)—層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)束(shu)腰(yao)上(shang)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)造(zao)飛馬、獅子、麒麟、熊(xiong)黑等(deng)吉(ji)祥動物(wu),活靈活現。第(di)(di)二層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)束(shu)腰(yao)上(shang)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)合(he)幾個伎養樂(le)人翩(pian)翩(pian)起舞。第(di)(di)三(san)層(ceng)正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)有(you)門,門頂(ding)雙龍(long)戲珠(zhu),維(wei)(wei)妙維(wei)(wei)肖;門西(xi)(xi)側侍立二天(tian)王,神情(qing)莊重嚴肅;周(zhou)圍轉角,龍(long)蛇盤(pan)旋,使人驚嘆古(gu)人筆(bi)走龍(long)蛇的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術功力。第(di)(di)四層(ceng)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)帳幕低垂,前后都有(you)假板門,第(di)(di)五層(ceng)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)云(yun)(yun)(yun)紋大(da)圓(yuan)蓋寶珠(zhu)嵌(qian)頂(ding)。整(zheng)座塔體造(zao)型(xing)優(you)美(mei),腿刻精(jing)細,是(shi)(shi)不可多得(de)的(de)(de)(de)石刻藝(yi)術杰作(zuo)。在大(da)云(yun)(yun)(yun)院南面(mian)(mian)100米處的(de)(de)(de)土崖上(shang)有(you)72個連環(huan)(huan)洞(dong),相(xiang)傳那就是(shi)(shi)三(san)國(guo)馬超(chao)避兵的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)。另外在大(da)云(yun)(yun)(yun)院四周(zhou)還可看到大(da)天(tian)橋、唐朝(chao)貞觀年間(jian)國(guo)公馬三(san)保墓(mu)地(di)等(deng)許多古(gu)跡名勝(sheng)。它們和人云(yun)(yun)(yun)院相(xiang)映成(cheng)趣,形成(cheng)了一(yi)組美(mei)麗的(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)景觀。
山(shan)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在幾千年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)進(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),由(you)于人(ren)為和自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,造成一定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)這就(jiu)(jiu)必然要維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位包括建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋頂(ding)、室內梁架、門窗、臺基、斗拱等(deng)。從歷代(dai)維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻記載和古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)勘(kan)察情況看,歷史上維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位,大多集中(zhong)(zhong)在屋頂(ding)和梁架部(bu)分。一座建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物中(zhong)(zhong)往往存(cun)在著多個朝(chao)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)件,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)越(yue)早(zao),更換的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)件就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)多,給建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)定(ding)性帶來了(le)困難。因此,古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)梁架的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現存(cun)年(nian)代(dai),也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)成了(le)對整個建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)行斷代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要依據(ju)。大云(yun)院大佛殿雖經過后(hou)代(dai)匠人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)整,但梁架結構(gou)(gou)卻完整保持了(le)五(wu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風貌,是一座不折不扣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)代(dai)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。
大(da)(da)殿出檐深遠,正面看如兩翼(yi)齊伸,給人以(yi)雄壯穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺。殿體主要靠八根立(li)柱(zhu)支(zhi)撐,墻壁并不支(zhi)撐殿頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量,只(zhi)起遮蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),具(ju)有中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)“墻倒屋(wu)不塌”的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明特(te)色。除了(le)(le)梁架,大(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)殿里的(de)(de)(de)(de)許多構(gou)(gou)(gou)件更(geng)是(shi)顯現(xian)(xian)著五(wu)代(dai)(dai)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明符(fu)號。大(da)(da)云(yun)院大(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)殿創建(jian)(jian)于五(wu)代(dai)(dai)后晉天福三年(公(gong)元(yuan)938年),在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)它新增加了(le)(le)一個構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,就是(shi)普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)這個構(gou)(gou)(gou)件。這是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)存(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)。普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)和闌額是(shi)架在(zai)(zai)柱(zhu)頭(tou)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)這兩個構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,在(zai)(zai)太原天龍山北(bei)齊石窟(ku)中(zhong),就出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)闌額,但還(huan)沒有使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)。陜(shan)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)玄奘塔(ta)首次出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)仿木(mu)(mu)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,但在(zai)(zai)山西現(xian)(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾座唐代(dai)(dai)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)還(huan)沒有普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong),只(zhi)安置闌額。同為五(wu)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎮國(guo)(guo)寺(si)萬佛(fo)(fo)殿也(ye)沒有使(shi)(shi)用(yong),直到遼代(dai)(dai)這種構(gou)(gou)(gou)件才得到了(le)(le)推廣和普(pu)及(ji)。因而,大(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)殿的(de)(de)(de)(de)這道普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang),也(ye)就成了(le)(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)(pai)枋(fang)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)。
古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)梁架上的(de)(de)(de)這個兼具承重(zhong)和(he)裝飾雙重(zhong)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)構件(jian)叫駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰,使用(yong)駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰早的(de)(de)(de)實例出(chu)現在(zai)另一(yi)座五代木(mu)構建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)龍門寺(si)西配殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但規(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)和(he)形(xing)狀比(bi)較單一(yi)。比(bi)西配殿(dian)(dian)晚十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)同樣也使用(yong)了(le)(le)這一(yi)構件(jian),但大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)內駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)和(he)形(xing)狀多達八(ba)種,這在(zai)其他木(mu)構古建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)罕見的(de)(de)(de)。這充分說(shuo)明,早在(zai)五代,駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)就(jiu)已(yi)經(jing)得到了(le)(le)普及。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人的(de)(de)(de)祖先很會擺(bai)弄這些原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)頭(tou),勾心斗(dou)角,相互疊(die)壓,經(jing)過幾千年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)特有的(de)(de)(de)組合形(xing)式(shi)------斗(dou)拱。斗(dou)拱不僅僅起支撐屋檐的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),更是(shi)(shi)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展演變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷。有“亞洲第一(yi)古建(jian)(jian)”之盛譽的(de)(de)(de)南禪寺(si)大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian),建(jian)(jian)于(yu)唐大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元782年(nian)(nian)(nian)),是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現存(cun)早的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)構建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。由于(yu)地處偏僻山村,當(dang)時(shi)也沒有對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)進行統一(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding),因(yin)而南禪寺(si)大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)拱枋斷面規(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)不一(yi)。直(zhi)到北宋,官方頒(ban)布了(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)專(zhuan)用(yong)書籍《營造法(fa)式(shi)》后(hou),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)材(cai)才得以規(gui)(gui)(gui)范。《營造法(fa)式(shi)》將建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)所有用(yong)材(cai)歸為八(ba)等(deng),并(bing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)每(mei)等(deng)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)。大(da)云院大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)拱枋用(yong)材(cai)符(fu)合《營造法(fa)式(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)四等(deng)材(cai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)。因(yin)而,大(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)也就(jiu)成(cheng)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木(mu)構建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)由唐朝模(mo)(mo)數制(zhi)向宋代營造法(fa)式(shi)演變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)活化(hua)石(shi)。