南詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)俗(su)稱天尊柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)圓柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形,通(tong)高(gao)3.3米,直徑32.7厘米,鐵(tie)質(zhi),重2069千克。柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身分5節澆鑄,柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身題(ti)記(ji):“維建(jian)(jian)(jian)極十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)歲次壬辰四(si)(si)月庚子(zi)朔十(shi)四(si)(si)日癸丑建(jian)(jian)(jian)立”22字,外刻單凸線邊框。建(jian)(jian)(jian)極是南詔(zhao)第(di)(di)十(shi)一世王(wang)世隆的年(nian)(nian)號,建(jian)(jian)(jian)極十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)即唐咸通(tong)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(872年(nian)(nian))。南詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)第(di)(di)三(san)批全(quan)國重點文(wen)物保護單位。
南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱坐落在(zai)彌渡(du)縣西面約(yue)6公里(li)的(de)鐵(tie)柱廟村(古稱鐵(tie)柱子邑(yi)),這個(ge)村屬于(yu)太花(hua)鄉。這一帶在(zai)古代是勃(bo)弄(nong)(nong)川白(bai)崖賧(dan)。勃(bo)弄(nong)(nong)川就是現在(zai)的(de)彌渡(du)壩子。清(qing)代以(yi)后,因(yin)避諱(hui)白(bai)字,改白(bai)崖為紅(hong)(hong)崖,古代的(de)白(bai)崖賧(dan)比現在(zai)的(de)紅(hong)(hong)巖鄉范圍要廣(guang)。白(bai)崖賧(dan)有(you)白(bai)崖城(cheng)(cheng),是傳說中“白(bai)子國”的(de)統治中心。南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)強盛(sheng)以(yi)后,南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)王(wang)閣羅(luo)鳳(feng)占(zhan)領了(le)白(bai)崖城(cheng)(cheng),并在(zai)舊(jiu)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)修(xiu)筑了(le)新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng),用來(lai)安頓他的(de)后母(mu)和(he)同父異母(mu)的(de)兄弟。《蠻書(shu)》對(dui)白(bai)崖城(cheng)(cheng)有(you)很具(ju)體的(de)描述:“白(bai)崖城(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)勃(bo)弄(nong)(nong)川,……依山為城(cheng)(cheng),高(gao)十(shi)丈(zhang),四面皆引水環(huan)流(liu),惟開(kai)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩門。南(nan)(nan)隅是舊(jiu)城(cheng)(cheng),周圍二里(li)。東北(bei)隅新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng),大(da)歷七年閣羅(luo)鳳(feng)新(xin)筑也,周圍四里(li)。”新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)設有(you)大(da)廳(ting),廊(lang)廡曲折,后面橙枳青翠(cui)北(bei)門外(wai)竹(zhu)叢茂密,棵棵粗如(ru)人腿,高(gao)百尺有(you)余,環(huan)境十(shi)分清(qing)幽。
勃弄川是南詔(zhao)中層(ceng)官員的莊園所在。距白崖城(cheng)(cheng)南約(yue)20里(li)有(you)蠻(man)子城(cheng)(cheng),大概在今彌渡(du)縣城(cheng)(cheng)附(fu)近。南詔(zhao)鐵柱就在兩座城(cheng)(cheng)之間,也就是南詔(zhao)重要的統治地區之內。
南(nan)詔鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)廟古(gu)稱(cheng)“鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)廟”或“鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)觀”。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)初朝庭(ting)命官郭松(song)年(nian)在《大(da)(da)理行記(ji)》中記(ji):“白崖(ya)甸……西(xi)南(nan)有古(gu)廟,中有鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)。”可知(zhi)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)廟建(jian)(jian)于元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代以(yi)(yi)前。清(qing)康熙四年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1665年(nian))重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu);乾隆四十(shi)九年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1784年(nian))又重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)大(da)(da)殿(dian)及前后院諸殿(dian)和廂(xiang)房。當時廟宇占(zhan)地5541平方米,建(jian)(jian)筑面積1542平方米,由大(da)(da)照壁、外戲臺、廣(guang)場、硯池和三拱石(shi)(shi)(shi)橋組成外院;由三皇殿(dian)、圣母殿(dian)、土(tu)主殿(dian)及北廂(xiang)房組成后院。鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)立于前院正(zheng)殿(dian)中央。以(yi)(yi)后鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)廟因年(nian)久失修(xiu)而(er)毀壞嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。1978年(nian)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),先后修(xiu)復了大(da)(da)殿(dian)、三拱石(shi)(shi)(shi)橋及大(da)(da)照壁等建(jian)(jian)筑,重(zhong)(zhong)立殿(dian)門“威鎮昆彌”和佛(fo)龕頂“標績全滇(dian)”匾,以(yi)(yi)及道(dao)光年(nian)間彌渡文人(ren)李菊村所撰(zhuan)長聯。這副長聯中包含有關于鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)的歷史和有關的民俗: 蘆笙(sheng)賽祖(zu),氈帽踏歌,當年(nian)柱(zhu)(zhu)號天尊,金(jin)縷翔環遺舊壘; 盟石(shi)(shi)(shi)掩埋,詔碑苔蝕(shi),幾字文留唐物,彩云深處有荒祠。
南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)又(you)稱崖川(chuan)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)或天(tian)(tian)尊柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)為圓柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing),黑(hei)色,鐵(tie)質,實心(xin),重約(yue)2069公斤,高3.3米(mi),直(zhi)徑32.7厘米(mi),由五(wu)段接(jie)鑄而成。柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂呈圓錐形(xing)由凹坑(keng),深7厘米(mi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)三個丫(ya)口,上面(mian)各伏一條(tiao)木(mu)質雕龍,上覆一鐵(tie)笠(形(xing)似(si)鍋)。柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)西(xi)面(mian)正中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)長91厘米(mi)寬8厘米(mi)凸線框(kuang),中(zhong)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)直(zhi)行楷(kai)書陽文“維建(jian)(jian)(jian)極(ji)十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)歲次壬辰四(si)月庚子朔十(shi)(shi)四(si)日癸(gui)丑建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)”22字(zi)。清金(jin)石家阮福曾說,這22字(zi)“較(jiao)崇(chong)圣(sheng)寺(建(jian)(jian)(jian)極(ji))鐘年(nian)(nian)月款字(zi)稍(shao)小而體(ti)絕類,當(dang)屬一人手筆”。“建(jian)(jian)(jian)極(ji)”是(shi)南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)第十(shi)(shi)一世王世隆的年(nian)(nian)號,建(jian)(jian)(jian)極(ji)十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)872年(nian)(nian))時(shi)當(dang)唐懿宗(zong)咸(xian)通十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)。鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)左右兩邊曾塑有(you)(you)(you)(you)男女(nv)像(xiang)各一,傳說是(shi)南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)世隆與妃子像(xiang),另一種(zhong)說法是(shi)孟獲夫婦像(xiang)。正中(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)諸葛武侯牌(pai)位,今已毀(hui)。每年(nian)(nian)正月十(shi)(shi)五(wu),附近的彝族,殺豬(zhu)宰羊前來祭祀土(tu)主(封號馳靈景帝大黑(hei)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)),夜晚打歌娛神(shen)。 南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也是(shi)南(nan)(nan)詔(zhao)現存稀有(you)(you)(you)(you)文物之一,反映了當(dang)時(shi)的宗(zong)教信仰的情況和冶鐵(tie)技(ji)術的水平,史(shi)料價值(zhi)很(hen)高,1988年(nian)(nian)1月被國務院公布為全國重點文物保護單位。
南詔鐵(tie)柱(zhu)的建立與宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)有關。祭(ji)(ji)柱(zhu)是云南一些少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族古(gu)(gu)老(lao)的宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)祭(ji)(ji)祀形式,源(yuan)遠流長(chang),在晉寧石寨山(shan)和江川(chuan)李家山(shan)戰(zhan)國古(gu)(gu)墓出土(tu)文物(wu)中(zhong)就(jiu)有“殺人祭(ji)(ji)柱(zhu)蓋”貯貝器(qi)。南詔中(zhong)興二年《南詔圖(tu)傳》中(zhong)祭(ji)(ji)柱(zhu)場面(mian)的鐵(tie)柱(zhu)與南詔鐵(tie)柱(zhu)十分相像(xiang),傳說白子(zi)國張樂進求(qiu)讓位細奴羅時,曾在鐵(tie)柱(zhu)前祭(ji)(ji)祀立盟。聯系起來(lai),附(fu)近(jin)月白子(zi)國也并不是子(zi)虛烏有的事(shi)情。
至于(yu)建(jian)柱(zhu)的(de)原(yuan)因,有(you)(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)傳說。盛行的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)說法(fa)(fa)是(shi),諸葛亮平定(ding)(ding)南蠻,繳兵器(qi),鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)紀(ji)功,后由南詔(zhao)世隆重(zhong)鑄(zhu)。但是(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)說法(fa)(fa)還沒(mei)有(you)(you)確鑿的(de)史(shi)料依據(ju),而(er)郭松年則斷然否定(ding)(ding)了“諸葛紀(ji)功柱(zhu)”的(de)說法(fa)(fa)。關于(yu)“唐標鐵(tie)柱(zhu)”,史(shi)書有(you)(you)“唐御(yu)使唐九(jiu)征(zheng)立銅(tong)柱(zhu)于(yu)點蒼山(shan)之湍溪(xi)”的(de)記載。據(ju)考,“湍溪(xi)”在漾濞縣境內。這與南詔(zhao)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)毫不相(xiang)干,已是(shi)歷史(shi)學家的(de)定(ding)(ding)論。