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文物遺存

下菰城(cheng)遺址地(di)處湖州市南郊(jiao)12．5公里(li)云巢鄉窯頭村(cun)，為(wei)戰國時楚春中君(jun)黃歇封地(di)。楚考烈(lie)工十五年(公元前248)黃歇在此置(zhi)菰城(cheng)縣，距今已有2200余年。菰城(cheng)得名于因“城(cheng)西溪澤我草彌(mi)望”，是湖州早的古城(cheng)址，為(wei)省級(ji)重點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。

下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)坐落在一(yi)個(ge)自(zi)北向南傾斜(xie)的(de)山(shan)坡(po)上，背倚和尚山(shan)，東(dong)北靠近金蓋山(shan)。下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)內外(wai)兩重(zhong)，其中外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)略似(si)圓角等邊二(er)角形(xing)，現存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周長(chang)約1800米(mi)。東(dong)北和西(xi)北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保存(cun)完(wan)好(hao)，無南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內南隅，現存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周約1200米(mi)，除南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邁較(jiao)殘外(wai)，其余(yu)部分(fen)保存(cun)都較(jiao)完(wan)好(hao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般高度在9米(mi)左右，上部寬5-6米(mi)，底部寬30米(mi)。內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有闕口(kou)(kou)六，外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有闕口(kou)(kou)三。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)用黃(huang)土(tu)夯筑(zhu)而成，較(jiao)實。

在(zai)下菰城(cheng)的(de)城(cheng)垣中夾(jia)(jia)雜有(you)印(yin)紋(wen)陶、原始青(qing)瓷(ci)和夾(jia)(jia)砂陶片等(deng)；印(yin)紋(wen)陶有(you)云雷紋(wen)、回紋(wen)、折線紋(wen)、組合紋(wen)等(deng)。附近山(shan)頂(ding)上還分布有(you)傳說的(de)“烽火墩”，據發掘為(wei)土墩墓、石室墓等(deng)。

下(xia)菰(gu)城遺址(zhi)在(zai)(zai)云巢(chao)鄉的(de)(de)東南隅，西北(bei)倚和尚山，北(bei)面(mian)(mian)是(shi)金蓋山，東南臨東苕溪(xi)，背山面(mian)(mian)水。距今(jin)約2000年。當(dang)時這里“起青樓連延十里”，十分繁華。現在(zai)(zai)除(chu)南城垣(yuan)外(wai)，其(qi)余(yu)各邊(bian)的(de)(de)斷垣(yuan)殘壁依然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)。城垣(yuan)分內(nei)外(wai)兩圈(quan)，皆橢(tuo)圓略帶三角(jiao)形(xing)。外(wai)圈(quan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約20萬平(ping)方米(mi)；內(nei)圈(quan)位于外(wai)兩圈(quan)的(de)(de)東南隅，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約8萬平(ping)方米(mi)。由(you)于當(dang)時燒磚技術尚未(wei)普及(ji)，內(nei)外(wai)兩城垣(yuan)均不用磚砌，而是(shi)用黃土夯打筑實(shi)，高約9米(mi)。下(xia)菰(gu)城尚未(wei)經過正(zheng)式(shi)考古(gu)發掘，但在(zai)(zai)遺址(zhi)上仍可揀到鐮形(xing)刀和印陶(tao)罐(guan)殘片等(deng)戰國時代遺物(wu)。明代詩人張羽曾慕名來此游覽，并賦有《下(xia)菰(gu)長(chang)煙(yan)》詩：“坡陀(tuo)廢壘青山側(ce)，至(zhi)今(jin)傳(chuan)是(shi)春申宅。三千(qian)劍履(lv)化為塵，蔓草蒼煙(yan)淡(dan)草瑟”，形(xing)象地描(miao)繪了當(dang)時這里的(de)(de)荒涼景色。

兩(liang)(liang)千(qian)多年(nian)(nian)過去了，這座(zuo)(zuo)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)繁華一(yi)(yi)時(shi)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邑廢圯(yi)已久。現在(zai)除南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)一(yi)(yi)段外(wai)，其(qi)余各邊的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)殘壁(bi)依然(ran)存在(zai)。為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)東南名省(sheng)(sheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址年(nian)(nian)代早保存為(wei)完整的(de)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)。是浙(zhe)江省(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)點文物保護單位。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)有(you)內外(wai)兩(liang)(liang)圈，其(qi)平面(mian)像(xiang)兩(liang)(liang)個均(jun)呈三角形。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)積約(yue)二(er)十平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)，應是文獻記載中(zhong)的(de)“重(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”；內圈位于外(wai)圈的(de)東南隅，面(mian)積約(yue)八萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)，應是文獻記載中(zhong)“子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”即內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)依山勢而建，當(dang)時(shi)燒磚(zhuan)(zhuan)技術尚未(wei)普及，內外(wai)兩(liang)(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)均(jun)不(bu)(bu)用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌，而用泥夯筑，斷面(mian)呈梯形，上寬(kuan)3—5米(mi)(mi)，底寬(kuan)20—30米(mi)(mi)，高達6—9米(mi)(mi)不(bu)(bu)等。這個周長四(si)余里的(de)下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)究竟(jing)筑于何時(shi)？有(you)的(de)志書認為(wei)是“楚(chu)春(chun)申君黃歇所筑”；也有(you)說“今所謂下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)，蓋春(chun)申君伐吳時(shi)親壘(lei)屯(tun)駐之(zhi)外(wai)，其(qi)四(si)壁(bi)間可證(zheng)”，此均(jun)屬臆斷，不(bu)(bu)足為(wei)憑。下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)中(zhong)夾雜有(you)印紋(wen)陶(tao)、原始春(chun)瓷和夾砂陶(tao)片等，印紋(wen)陶(tao)紋(wen)飾有(you)云雷紋(wen)、回紋(wen)、拆線紋(wen)、組合紋(wen)等。附近山頂上還分布著，當(dang)地群眾(zhong)傳說是古代“烽火墩(dun)”的(de)建筑（近年(nian)(nian)考古界又稱為(wei)土墩(dun)墓(mu)、石室墓(mu)），可以說這個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邑的(de)始建年(nian)(nian)代約(yue)在(zai)春(chun)秋時(shi)期。

基本構造

位于浙(zhe)江湖州(zhou)市(shi)南郊金蓋山(shan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，國(guo)(guo)家重點文物保護單位。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南臨東苕溪(xi)(xi)，北依金蓋山(shan)，是(shi)戰國(guo)(guo)時楚國(guo)(guo)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣和秦置烏程(cheng)縣的縣治(zhi)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面溪(xi)(xi)澤(ze)，菰草(cao)彌望”故名，建于戰國(guo)(guo)楚考(kao)烈王十五(wu)年（前248）。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)東南各省古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)年代(dai)早，保存完整的一(yi)座，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩圈，外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）面積約(yue)(yue)20萬平方米(mi)(mi)；內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）位于外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的東南隅(yu)，面積約(yue)(yue)8萬平方米(mi)(mi)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)均用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)夯筑(zhu)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高6-9米(mi)(mi)不等(deng)，上(shang)(shang)部寬3-5米(mi)(mi)，底(di)部寬20-30米(mi)(mi)，斷面呈(cheng)梯形。附近山(shan)頂上(shang)(shang)分布著百姓傳說中(zhong)的古(gu)(gu)代(dai)“烽(feng)火墩(dun)“的建筑(zhu)，近代(dai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)界稱為(wei)土(tu)(tu)墩(dun)墓、石室墓。現下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)有下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)紀念(nian)墻(qiang)，高3米(mi)(mi)，寬18米(mi)(mi)，用(yong)花崗巖砌成，上(shang)(shang)面刻有下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的悠久歷史。

所含文物

在下菰城的城垣中(zhong)夾雜有(you)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)、原始青瓷和夾砂陶(tao)片等；印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)有(you)云(yun)雷(lei)紋(wen)(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)、折線紋(wen)(wen)、組合(he)紋(wen)(wen)等。附近山(shan)頂上還(huan)分布有(you)傳說的“烽火墩”，據發掘為(wei)土墩墓(mu)、石室(shi)墓(mu)等。“城面(mian)溪澤，菰草彌漫(man)”而得名的下菰城，地處湖州城南(nan)二十(shi)五里的云(yun)巢(chao)鄉窯頭(tou)村，北依金蓋山(shan)，南(nan)臨東苕溪，順流(liu)向北約四十(shi)里可達(da)太湖，有(you)背山(shan)面(mian)水的地理環境(jing)。

價值

下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址位(wei)于(yu)浙江省(sheng)湖州市城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區道(dao)場(chang)鄉，建于(yu)春秋戰國(guo)時期(qi)，是楚國(guo)春申君黃歇的封地。 下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣可分內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)兩(liang)重(zhong)，平(ping)面(mian)均呈(cheng)圓角(jiao)等邊三角(jiao)形(xing)。現存外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣長約2000米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址總面(mian)積(ji)達44萬平(ping)方(fang)米。內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)居于(yu)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南角(jiao)，面(mian)積(ji)約16萬平(ping)方(fang)米。內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣外(wai)(wai)側還有(you)30米寬的壕溝。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣均為泥(ni)土夯筑而成，現存內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣各有(you)闕口多處(chu)，有(you)的可能為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)址。下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)口現新建了(le)一道(dao)紀念墻，上面(mian)銘(ming)刻下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主要歷史.。

下菰(gu)城遺址(zhi)(zhi)是浙江省(sheng)現存規模大(da)、保存好(hao)的先秦(qin)古城址(zhi)(zhi)，對其進(jin)行(xing)發掘和研(yan)究，對研(yan)究先秦(qin)歷史提供珍貴(gui)的實(shi)物(wu)資料。

歷史文化

據文獻(xian)記載(zai)，下菰(gu)城(cheng)是(shi)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)春申君(jun)(jun)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)歇(xie)的(de)(de)封(feng)地。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)歇(xie)是(shi)戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)末年(nian)(nian)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)一(yi)個貴族。當時秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)日(ri)益強大，開始征服六(liu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)戰爭。楚王十分害怕，派黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)歇(xie)出(chu)使秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)機智善辯，說(shuo)服秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把(ba)兵(bing)力引向北(bei)(bei)方的(de)(de)韓、魏兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，尤其是(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)幫助被(bei)扣押在秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)作人質的(de)(de)楚太(tai)子完逃出(chu)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，為楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)立(li)了(le)大功(gong)。公(gong)元前262年(nian)(nian)太(tai)子完登(deng)上楚王（即(ji)楚考(kao)烈(lie)王）寶座，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)歇(xie)被(bei)任命(ming)為令尹(yin)（楚相），并(bing)封(feng)為春申君(jun)(jun)，賜淮北(bei)(bei)地十二縣。他(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)孟嘗(chang)君(jun)(jun)田文、魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)信(xin)陵君(jun)(jun)魏無忌和(he)趙國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)平原君(jun)(jun)趙勝(sheng)成為戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)未年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)四公(gong)子。但是(shi)，淮北(bei)(bei)地區和(he)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)領土鄰近，容易受到齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)威脅。公(gong)元前248年(nian)(nian)，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)歇(xie)就在江東建立(li)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)領地統(tong)治，并(bing)在今(jin)湖(hu)州的(de)(de)下菰(gu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)內外，建筑城(cheng)垣，設置了(le)菰(gu)城(cheng)縣，清(qing)同治《湖(hu)州府志》記載(zai)：“青樓(lou)連延(yan)十里(li)，城(cheng)內又有小城(cheng)……重城(cheng)屹然，略(lve)不(bu)聵毀，則知當時工(gong)役之興不(bu)茍矣(yi)！”。

遺址研究

下菰城遺址尚未經過(guo)正式(shi)的(de)考古(gu)發掘，文物遺跡尚被掩埋在下面，但(dan)是(shi)在地表(biao)之上的(de)雜草叢中(zhong)，偶爾仍可揀(jian)到(dao)鐮形的(de)石刀、石器和印紋(wen)陶罐殘片等物，多有(you)春秋及以(yi)前的(de)文化遺物，因此，關于(yu)下菰城的(de)真(zhen)實面目(mu)，尚待正式(shi)考古(gu)發掘揭開(kai)。