下(xia)菰(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)地處湖(hu)州(zhou)市南(nan)郊(jiao)12.5公(gong)里云巢鄉窯頭村,為戰(zhan)國時(shi)楚(chu)(chu)春中君(jun)黃歇(xie)封地。楚(chu)(chu)考烈工十(shi)五(wu)年(公(gong)元前248)黃歇(xie)在此置菰(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)縣,距今已有2200余(yu)年。菰(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)得名于(yu)因“城(cheng)(cheng)西溪(xi)澤我草(cao)彌望”,是湖(hu)州(zhou)早的古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi),為省級重點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。
下(xia)(xia)菰(gu)城(cheng)遺址坐落(luo)在(zai)一個自北向南傾斜的山坡上,背倚和(he)尚山,東北靠近金(jin)蓋(gai)山。下(xia)(xia)菰(gu)城(cheng)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)內外兩(liang)重,其中外城(cheng)略似(si)圓角(jiao)等邊二角(jiao)形,現(xian)存城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周長(chang)約1800米(mi)。東北和(he)西北城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保存完(wan)好(hao),無南城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。內城(cheng)位于外城(cheng)內南隅,現(xian)存城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周約1200米(mi),除南城(cheng)邁(mai)較(jiao)殘外,其余部(bu)分(fen)保存都較(jiao)完(wan)好(hao)。城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一般高度在(zai)9米(mi)左右(you),上部(bu)寬(kuan)5-6米(mi),底部(bu)寬(kuan)30米(mi)。內城(cheng)有(you)闕(que)口六,外城(cheng)有(you)闕(que)口三。城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)用黃土夯(hang)筑而成,較(jiao)實。
在下菰城的(de)城垣中夾雜有印紋(wen)(wen)陶、原(yuan)始青瓷和夾砂陶片等(deng);印紋(wen)(wen)陶有云雷紋(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)、折線紋(wen)(wen)、組合紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)。附近山(shan)頂上還分(fen)布有傳說的(de)“烽火(huo)墩”,據發(fa)掘(jue)為土墩墓、石室墓等(deng)。
下菰城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址在(zai)云(yun)巢鄉的東(dong)(dong)南(nan)隅(yu),西(xi)北倚和(he)尚山(shan),北面(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)金蓋山(shan),東(dong)(dong)南(nan)臨東(dong)(dong)苕溪(xi),背山(shan)面(mian)(mian)水。距今約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)2000年。當時(shi)這里(li)“起青樓連延十里(li)”,十分繁華。現(xian)在(zai)除南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)(wai)(wai),其余各邊的斷垣(yuan)(yuan)殘壁依然(ran)存在(zai)。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)分內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩圈(quan),皆橢圓略帶三角形(xing)(xing)。外(wai)(wai)(wai)圈(quan)面(mian)(mian)積約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)20萬平方米(mi);內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)位于外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩圈(quan)的東(dong)(dong)南(nan)隅(yu),面(mian)(mian)積約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)8萬平方米(mi)。由于當時(shi)燒(shao)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)技(ji)術尚未(wei)普及,內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)均不用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌,而是(shi)(shi)用黃土夯(hang)打筑實,高約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)9米(mi)。下菰城(cheng)(cheng)尚未(wei)經過正(zheng)式考古發掘,但在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址上仍(reng)可揀到鐮形(xing)(xing)刀和(he)印陶罐殘片等戰國時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)物。明代詩人(ren)張羽曾慕名來此游覽,并賦有《下菰長(chang)煙(yan)》詩:“坡(po)陀廢壘(lei)青山(shan)側(ce),至(zhi)今傳(chuan)是(shi)(shi)春(chun)申宅。三千(qian)劍履化為(wei)塵(chen),蔓(man)草(cao)蒼煙(yan)淡草(cao)瑟”,形(xing)(xing)象地描繪了當時(shi)這里(li)的荒涼景色。
兩千多年過去了,這座(zuo)當年繁華(hua)一時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)邑(yi)廢圯(yi)已(yi)久。現(xian)在除南城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)一段(duan)外(wai)(wai),其(qi)余(yu)各(ge)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)殘(can)壁依(yi)然存在。為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國東南名省(sheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)遺址年代早(zao)保存為(wei)(wei)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一座(zuo)。是(shi)浙(zhe)江省(sheng)重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei)。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)有(you)(you)內外(wai)(wai)兩圈(quan),其(qi)平(ping)面(mian)像(xiang)兩個(ge)均呈三角形(xing)。外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)積約(yue)二十(shi)平(ping)方米(mi),應是(shi)文(wen)獻記載中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“重城(cheng)(cheng)”;內圈(quan)位(wei)于外(wai)(wai)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東南隅(yu),面(mian)積約(yue)八萬(wan)平(ping)方米(mi),應是(shi)文(wen)獻記載中(zhong)“子城(cheng)(cheng)”即內城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)依(yi)山勢(shi)而建(jian),當時燒(shao)磚(zhuan)技術尚未普及,內外(wai)(wai)兩城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)均不(bu)(bu)用(yong)磚(zhuan)砌(qi),而用(yong)泥夯筑(zhu),斷面(mian)呈梯形(xing),上寬(kuan)3—5米(mi),底寬(kuan)20—30米(mi),高(gao)達(da)6—9米(mi)不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)。這個(ge)周長四(si)余(yu)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)究(jiu)竟筑(zhu)于何時?有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)書認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)“楚春(chun)(chun)申(shen)君黃歇所(suo)(suo)筑(zhu)”;也(ye)有(you)(you)說“今所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)下(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe),蓋春(chun)(chun)申(shen)君伐吳時親壘屯駐之外(wai)(wai),其(qi)四(si)壁間可證(zheng)”,此均屬臆(yi)斷,不(bu)(bu)足為(wei)(wei)憑。下(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)中(zhong)夾(jia)雜有(you)(you)印紋(wen)陶、原始春(chun)(chun)瓷和(he)夾(jia)砂陶片等(deng)(deng),印紋(wen)陶紋(wen)飾有(you)(you)云雷(lei)紋(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)、拆線紋(wen)、組(zu)合紋(wen)等(deng)(deng)。附(fu)近山頂(ding)上還分布(bu)著,當地群眾傳說是(shi)古代“烽火(huo)墩”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(近年考(kao)古界又稱為(wei)(wei)土墩墓(mu)、石室墓(mu)),可以說這個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)邑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)始建(jian)年代約(yue)在春(chun)(chun)秋時期(qi)。
位(wei)于(yu)(yu)浙江(jiang)湖州市(shi)南(nan)(nan)郊金(jin)蓋山下,國(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)臨(lin)東(dong)苕(tiao)溪(xi)(xi),北依(yi)金(jin)蓋山,是戰國(guo)(guo)時楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)和秦置烏程縣(xian)的(de)(de)縣(xian)治(zhi),下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)溪(xi)(xi)澤,菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)草(cao)彌望(wang)”故名,建(jian)于(yu)(yu)戰國(guo)(guo)楚(chu)考烈王十五年(nian)(前248)。下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)各省古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)年(nian)代(dai)早(zao),保存完整的(de)(de)一座,下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩圈,外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))面(mian)積(ji)約20萬(wan)(wan)平方米;內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))位(wei)于(yu)(yu)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)隅,面(mian)積(ji)約8萬(wan)(wan)平方米。下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻均(jun)用黃土(tu)夯(hang)筑,下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻高6-9米不等(deng),上(shang)部寬(kuan)3-5米,底部寬(kuan)20-30米,斷面(mian)呈(cheng)梯形(xing)。附近(jin)山頂上(shang)分布著百姓傳說(shuo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)古(gu)代(dai)“烽火墩(dun)“的(de)(de)建(jian)筑,近(jin)代(dai)考古(gu)界(jie)稱為土(tu)墩(dun)墓、石室墓。現(xian)下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑有下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)紀念(nian)墻,高3米,寬(kuan)18米,用花(hua)崗巖(yan)砌成,上(shang)面(mian)刻有下菰(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)悠久歷史。
在下菰城(cheng)的(de)(de)城(cheng)垣中夾(jia)雜有(you)印紋陶、原始青瓷和夾(jia)砂陶片等;印紋陶有(you)云(yun)雷紋、回(hui)紋、折線紋、組合紋等。附近(jin)山頂上(shang)還分布有(you)傳(chuan)說的(de)(de)“烽火墩”,據發(fa)掘為(wei)土墩墓、石室墓等。“城(cheng)面溪(xi)澤,菰草彌漫”而得名的(de)(de)下菰城(cheng),地處湖(hu)州城(cheng)南二(er)十五里的(de)(de)云(yun)巢鄉窯頭村,北(bei)(bei)依(yi)金蓋山,南臨東(dong)苕溪(xi),順流向北(bei)(bei)約(yue)四(si)十里可達(da)太湖(hu),有(you)背山面水(shui)的(de)(de)地理環境。
下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)位于浙江省湖(hu)州市城(cheng)(cheng)區道場鄉,建于春秋(qiu)戰國時期,是楚國春申君黃歇的封(feng)地(di)。 下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣可分內(nei)外兩重,平(ping)(ping)面均呈圓角(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)邊三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形。現(xian)存外城(cheng)(cheng)垣長約2000米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)總面積達44萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)居于外城(cheng)(cheng)東南角(jiao)(jiao),面積約16萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。內(nei)、外城(cheng)(cheng)垣外側還有(you)30米(mi)(mi)寬的壕(hao)溝。城(cheng)(cheng)垣均為(wei)泥土夯筑而成,現(xian)存內(nei)、外城(cheng)(cheng)垣各有(you)闕口(kou)多處,有(you)的可能為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)門址(zhi)。下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)門口(kou)現(xian)新建了(le)一道紀念墻,上面銘(ming)刻下(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)主要(yao)歷史(shi).。
下菰城遺址(zhi)是浙江省現存規模大、保存好的先(xian)秦(qin)古城址(zhi),對其(qi)進行(xing)發掘(jue)和研究,對研究先(xian)秦(qin)歷史提供(gong)珍貴的實物資(zi)料。
據(ju)文(wen)獻記(ji)載(zai),下菰(gu)城(cheng)是楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)春(chun)申君(jun)(jun)(jun)黃(huang)(huang)歇(xie)的(de)(de)封地(di)。黃(huang)(huang)歇(xie)是戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)末年(nian)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)一個(ge)貴族。當時(shi)秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日益強大(da),開(kai)始征服六國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)戰爭。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)十分害怕,派(pai)黃(huang)(huang)歇(xie)出(chu)使秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。他機(ji)智善辯(bian),說服秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)把兵力引向(xiang)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)韓、魏兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),尤其是他幫助被扣(kou)押在(zai)(zai)秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作人質的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)太子完逃(tao)出(chu)秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),為楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)立了大(da)功。公元(yuan)前(qian)262年(nian)太子完登上楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)(即楚(chu)(chu)(chu)考烈(lie)王(wang))寶座,黃(huang)(huang)歇(xie)被任命為令尹(楚(chu)(chu)(chu)相),并(bing)封為春(chun)申君(jun)(jun)(jun),賜淮北(bei)地(di)十二縣(xian)。他和齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)孟嘗君(jun)(jun)(jun)田文(wen)、魏國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)信(xin)陵君(jun)(jun)(jun)魏無忌(ji)和趙國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)平原君(jun)(jun)(jun)趙勝成為戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未年(nian)的(de)(de)四公子。但是,淮北(bei)地(di)區和齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)領(ling)土鄰近,容(rong)易受到齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)威脅。公元(yuan)前(qian)248年(nian),黃(huang)(huang)歇(xie)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)東建立他的(de)(de)領(ling)地(di)統(tong)治(zhi),并(bing)在(zai)(zai)今湖州(zhou)的(de)(de)下菰(gu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)內(nei)外,建筑(zhu)城(cheng)垣,設置(zhi)了菰(gu)城(cheng)縣(xian),清(qing)同治(zhi)《湖州(zhou)府志》記(ji)載(zai):“青樓連(lian)延(yan)十里,城(cheng)內(nei)又有小城(cheng)……重城(cheng)屹然,略不聵毀,則知當時(shi)工役之興(xing)不茍矣!”。
下菰城遺址尚(shang)未(wei)經(jing)過(guo)正(zheng)式(shi)的(de)(de)考古(gu)發掘,文物(wu)遺跡(ji)尚(shang)被掩埋在下面,但是在地表之上的(de)(de)雜(za)草叢中,偶爾(er)仍可揀到鐮(lian)形的(de)(de)石刀、石器和(he)印紋陶罐(guan)殘(can)片等(deng)物(wu),多有春秋及以前(qian)的(de)(de)文化(hua)遺物(wu),因此,關于(yu)下菰城的(de)(de)真(zhen)實面目,尚(shang)待正(zheng)式(shi)考古(gu)發掘揭開。