構成
麻糍閘
位于新河(he)鎮原高橋(qiao)(qiao)鄉駐地東(dong)約500米(mi)(mi)的(de)河(he)上,傳(chuan)為(wei)朱(zhu)文公建。俗傳(chuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)石(shi)將斷,仙人(ren)以麻(ma)糍粘之(zhi)。閘(zha)計兩孔,東(dong)西走向,長11.1米(mi)(mi),寬3.7米(mi)(mi),兩孔跨度均為(wei)4.75米(mi)(mi),閘(zha)正中開兩閘(zha)槽。閘(zha)墩下部做成分(fen)水尖,分(fen)水尖上疊砌石(shi)臺(tai),石(shi)臺(tai)之(zhi)上采用疊梁,其(qi)挑出的(de)疊梁頭做成插(cha)拱狀,并用斗承(cheng)托(tuo)拱狀疊梁,非常有(you)特色。2002年(nian)8月21日,溫嶺市人(ren)民政府公布麻(ma)糍閘(zha)為(wei)市級文物保護(hu)單位。
下盧閘
位于(yu)新河(he)鎮(zhen)城北村(cun)瓜(gua)簍山附(fu)近(jin),閘計兩(liang)(liang)孔(kong),南北走向,長11.63米(mi),寬(kuan)3.45米(mi),兩(liang)(liang)孔(kong)跨度增色為4.6米(mi),閘正中(zhong)開兩(liang)(liang)閘槽,閘墩下部(bu)做(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)分水(shui)尖,分水(shui)尖上(shang)疊砌石(shi)臺,石(shi)臺之上(shang)采用疊梁(liang),其挑出的疊梁(liang)頭做(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)插拱(gong)狀(zhuang)。
北閘
位于新河鎮(zhen)北閘(zha)(zha)(zha)村(cun),據說因朱熹建六閘(zha)(zha)(zha),此閘(zha)(zha)(zha)為北面第一閘(zha)(zha)(zha),故名“北閘(zha)(zha)(zha)”。閘(zha)(zha)(zha)計兩孔,東西(xi)走向,長(chang)10米,寬(kuan)4米,兩孔跨度(du)均為4米,閘(zha)(zha)(zha)正中(zhong)開兩閘(zha)(zha)(zha)槽。閘(zha)(zha)(zha)墩下(xia)部做成分(fen)水尖,分(fen)水尖上疊砌(qi)石臺,石臺之上采(cai)用疊梁(liang),其挑(tiao)出的疊梁(liang)頭做成插拱狀。
中閘
位于(yu)新河(he)鎮中閘村南(nan)(nan)鑒小學后面,溫嶺市文(wen)物(wu)管理部門在橋畔(pan)所(suo)立(li)的(de)石碑介紹,此閘系朱熹所(suo)建(jian)的(de)六閘之(zhi)一,始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)宋,各(ge)代重建(jian)。閘三孔(kong)(kong),南(nan)(nan)北走(zou)向,長14.4米(mi),寬3.8米(mi),中孔(kong)(kong)跨(kua)(kua)度為4.9米(mi),南(nan)(nan)北兩孔(kong)(kong)跨(kua)(kua)度均為4.8米(mi),閘正開兩閘槽。
歷史
新(xin)(xin)河閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)位(wei)于新(xin)(xin)河鎮南監、北(bei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、城(cheng)北(bei)等村。它歷(li)史(shi)悠久(jiu),始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于宋,以(yi)后至(zhi)清(qing)各朝屢有(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。新(xin)(xin)河閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)包括(kuo)麻(ma)糍(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、北(bei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)和下(xia)盧閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)四座,除中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)為(wei)(wei)3孔外,其(qi)(qi)余的(de)(de)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)2孔。形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開兩(liang)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)槽(cao),閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)墩(dun)下(xia)部(bu)做成(cheng)分水(shui)尖,分水(shui)尖上(shang)(shang)(shang)疊砌(qi)石臺(tai),石臺(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)采用疊梁(liang),其(qi)(qi)挑(tiao)出(chu)的(de)(de)疊梁(liang)頭(tou)做成(cheng)插拱狀。這種做法(fa)非常具有(you)地方物(wu)(wu)色,與現存的(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他古(gu)平橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)做法(fa)有(you)異曲同工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)妙。尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)麻(ma)糍(ci)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),其(qi)(qi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)手法(fa)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)比例深受(shou)木結(jie)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)影響,與宋代《營造法(fa)式》的(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)非常吻合,顯得規(gui)整(zheng)古(gu)樸(pu)。再伴之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)“橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)石將斷,仙人(ren)以(yi)麻(ma)粘之(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)美麗傳說(shuo),使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)到整(zheng)個閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)的(de)(de)典型代表。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)麻(ma)糍(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)風格古(gu)樸(pu),約為(wei)(wei)宋元時(shi)(shi)期遺(yi)構(gou),麻(ma)糍(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),兩(liang)孔梁(liang)式閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),制(zhi)(zhi)度精良,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間兩(liang)側(ce)做出(chu)兩(liang)道(dao)豎向閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)槽(cao),以(yi)安(an)放木閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板;與此對應,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心不(bu)施梁(liang)板,留出(chu)空隙開啟閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)門,其(qi)(qi)做法(fa)古(gu)拙。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)兩(liang)端均(jun)做出(chu)分水(shui)尖,其(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)做成(cheng)類似普柏枋的(de)(de)線腳,之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)部(bu)位(wei)隱出(chu)柱礎、立柱及重栱(gong)結(jie)構(gou),其(qi)(qi)栱(gong)瓣、栱(gong)眼、齊心斗(dou)等做法(fa)具有(you)宋元建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)風格特征(zheng)。其(qi)(qi)它如中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、北(bei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、下(xia)盧閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)等,均(jun)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)孔閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)梁(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)年代略晚,細部(bu)做法(fa)也較(jiao)(jiao)粗放,明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。新(xin)(xin)河閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)雖有(you)變(bian)改,但還是(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)好地保存了歷(li)史(shi)原貌,內含豐富的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)信息(xi),其(qi)(qi)在浙江省的(de)(de)水(shui)利史(shi)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)都有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)地位(wei),具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)價值。
據記載,新河閘(zha)橋(qiao)初建(jian)于宋(song)代,后(hou)歷代都有修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)。現存四座(zuo)(zuo)閘(zha)橋(qiao)中,麻(ma)糍閘(zha)風格古樸(pu),約為宋(song)元時期遺構,其(qi)它幾座(zuo)(zuo)可能(neng)是明清時修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)。
溫(wen)嶺負(fu)山瀕海(hai)(hai),西部(bu)和西南部(bu)負(fu)山處,入河(he)諸(zhu)溪(xi),源(yuan)短流(liu)急,難(nan)以(yi)(yi)潴蓄。東部(bu)和東南部(bu)瀕海(hai)(hai)處,河(he)道淺窄,入海(hai)(hai)出口又(you)受潮汐頂托,淤泥壅(yong)塞,泄(xie)流(liu)不暢(chang)。中部(bu)平原(yuan),地(di)勢(shi)低洼,有“釜(fu)底”之(zhi)稱。洪澇、干旱災(zai)害頻繁(fan)。宋代以(yi)(yi)前(qian),為保證農田灌溉,多(duo)筑“埭”(壩(ba))以(yi)(yi)蓄水,有“官(guan)河(he)流(liu)徑八鄉,有支涇九百(bai)三(san)十,埭二(er)百(bai)”之(zhi)說。筑埭既(ji)多(duo),利蓄不利排,矛(mao)盾叢生。北宋元祐間(1086-1093年),提(ti)刑(xing)羅(luo)適(shi)因(yin)地(di)勢(shi)低洼,蓄泄(xie)不均(jun),農無(wu)數歲(sui)之(zhi)豐收,改埭為閘,創建黃望(wang)、周洋、永豐三(san)閘,“旱則閉以(yi)(yi)蓄水,潦則開(kai)(kai)以(yi)(yi)泄(xie)水,民大稱便”,掀開(kai)(kai)了(le)溫(wen)嶺水利史上新的一頁(ye)。
大約過了百年(nian)(nian),宋淳熙九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1182年(nian)(nian)),朱熹提舉浙東,相(xiang)度濱海(hai)形勢,奏請筑迂(yu)浦(pu)、金(jin)清(qing)、六(liu)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、鮑步(bu)、長浦(pu)、蛟(jiao)龍(long)、陡南(nan)(其中迂(yu)浦(pu)、金(jin)清(qing)二(er)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)在溫嶺(ling)(ling)境內),議修(xiu)永豐(feng)、黃望(wang)、周洋三閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),明年(nian)(nian),西蜀(shu)句龍(long)昌泰(tai)相(xiang)繼(ji)成(cheng)之。溫嶺(ling)(ling)的水(shui)利基(ji)礎由此奠定。位于(yu)新(xin)河(he)鎮南(nan)鑒村的麻糍閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),《光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)太平續(xu)志》稱(cheng)其為“朱文(wen)公建(jian)(jian)。俗傳橋石將斷,仙人以(yi)麻糍粘之。”而位于(yu)新(xin)河(he)鎮北閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)村的北閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),《溫嶺(ling)(ling)縣地(di)名(ming)志》載(zai)其為“宋朱熹在此建(jian)(jian)六(liu)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),因(yin)其地(di)處北面(mian)第一(yi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),故名(ming)。” 后來日久閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)口壅(yong)塞,泄水(shui)不暢(chang)或無法排泄,各朝(chao)又進行了整治修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。如元大德三年(nian)(nian)(1299年(nian)(nian)),知(zhi)州韓國寶以(yi)治水(shui)為養民第一(yi)義,建(jian)(jian)周洋新(xin)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),并修(xiu)金(jin)清(qing)、永豐(feng)、黃望(wang)等閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。明洪武九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1376年(nian)(nian)),主(zhu)簿孫(sun)斌修(xiu)理(li)諸(zhu)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。二(er)十四年(nian)(nian)(1391年(nian)(nian))又派人筑,并有(you)增置(zhi)。永樂十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1414年(nian)(nian)),通判陳巖加修(xiu)。以(yi)后各代,屢有(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。是以(yi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋遍布新(xin)河(he)各地(di),形成(cheng)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)橋群,書寫了溫嶺(ling)(ling)水(shui)利建(jian)(jian)設史上光(guang)(guang)輝的一(yi)頁。
然而,光有悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史是(shi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),更(geng)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)其保留(liu)了多(duo)少(shao)歷(li)(li)史原貌,如(ru)(ru)果已在歷(li)(li)史長河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)變得面目全非(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),那么(me)也就(jiu)談不上(shang)(shang)多(duo)少(shao)價值了。可喜(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),新河(he)閘(zha)(zha)橋群(qun)保留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史風貌還清晰可見,而且建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)手法獨(du)特(te),具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究價值。其最(zui)為(wei)獨(du)特(te)之(zhi)處(chu)是(shi)引入了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木(mu)結構(gou)體(ti)(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)有代(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)——斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)。斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是(shi)屋頂與立(li)柱之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)挽起如(ru)(ru)弓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短木(mu)稱“拱(gong)(gong)”,“拱(gong)(gong)”之(zhi)間(jian)如(ru)(ru)盛米之(zhi)斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)方木(mu)則(ze)稱“斗(dou)”。斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)和意義,梁(liang)思成(cheng)先生有一(yi)段精(jing)彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論述:“斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是(shi)整棟建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物重(zhong)復得最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian),歷(li)(li)來(lai)都被(bei)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)計算物料及工(gong)程(cheng)體(ti)(ti)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考基數。到了宋(song)代(dai)就(jiu)正(zheng)式成(cheng)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本模(mo)數,令中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)為(wei)世界上(shang)(shang)惟(wei)一(yi)真正(zheng)實(shi)施建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)模(mo)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)。”雖(sui)說(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)石建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親木(mu)情結,但是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)閘(zha)(zha)橋來(lai)說(shuo),運(yun)用(yong)(yong)木(mu)結構(gou)體(ti)(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong),卻(que)是(shi)很(hen)少(shao)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。新河(he)閘(zha)(zha)橋群(qun)卻(que)明(ming)顯運(yun)用(yong)(yong)了斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結構(gou),非(fei)(fei)常(chang)有特(te)色。其中(zhong)(zhong),麻糍閘(zha)(zha)尤為(wei)突出,其橋墩兩(liang)端均(jun)做出分水尖,之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋墩部位隱(yin)出柱礎(chu)、立(li)柱、齊心斗(dou)及重(zhong)拱(gong)(gong)結構(gou),斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結構(gou)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)明(ming)晰。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變中(zhong)(zhong),斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化極為(wei)顯著(zhu),具(ju)有時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)識性(xing)。唐宋(song)之(zhi)時,斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)碩大簡(jian)潔,具(ju)有結構(gou)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。到了明(ming)清,日趨纖巧繁縟(ru),結構(gou)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)減小(xiao),逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)種裝(zhuang)飾性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。而麻糍閘(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)雄壯樸實(shi),具(ju)有早期宋(song)元建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格特(te)征。盎(ang)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古意,呼之(zhi)欲(yu)出。
此外(wai),新(xin)(xin)河閘橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群在設(she)計時,還(huan)注意發揮其綜合作用。新(xin)(xin)河閘橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)群是閘與橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的結合,上可通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao),下以通(tong)(tong)(tong)水。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩及橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)臺上分別鑿(zao)有(you)兩(liang)條(tiao)槽,以安放木閘板。它們在民間(jian)既有(you)稱(cheng)閘的,也(ye)有(you)稱(cheng)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的,如北(bei)閘、中閘稱(cheng)閘,麻糍閘就稱(cheng)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。它們不僅起到排蓄(xu)水的作用,也(ye)為(wei)兩(liang)岸交通(tong)(tong)(tong)提供了便利。
如此(ci),新河閘橋(qiao)群在水利史、建筑(zhu)史上便有了特殊的地位,具有豐富(fu)的歷史信息和較高的文物價值(zhi),也就具備(bei)了成為全(quan)國重點文物保護單位的基礎。
意義
新(xin)河閘橋群(qun)(qun)保留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)風(feng)貌清晰可(ke)見(jian),而且建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)手(shou)法獨(du)特,具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)價(jia)值。最(zui)(zui)為(wei)獨(du)特之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)是引入(ru)了中(zhong)(zhong)國木結(jie)構體系中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)(zui)有(you)代表性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要構件(jian)——斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)。斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是屋頂與立(li)柱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)構件(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)挽起如弓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短木稱(cheng)“拱(gong)(gong)”,“拱(gong)(gong)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間如盛米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)方木則稱(cheng)“斗(dou)”。斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用和意義,梁思成先生(sheng)有(you)一(yi)段(duan)精(jing)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論述(shu):“斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是整(zheng)棟(dong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)重(zhong)復得最(zui)(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構件(jian),歷(li)來都被用作計算物(wu)料及(ji)工程(cheng)體積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考基數(shu)(shu)。到了宋(song)(song)代就正式成為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本模數(shu)(shu),令中(zhong)(zhong)國成為(wei)世界上惟(wei)一(yi)真正實施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)模數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家。”雖說(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)國石建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親木情結(jie),但是作為(wei)閘橋來說(shuo),運用木結(jie)構體系中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong),卻是很少(shao)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。新(xin)河閘橋群(qun)(qun)卻明(ming)(ming)顯運用了斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)構,非(fei)常(chang)有(you)特色(se)。其中(zhong)(zhong),麻糍(ci)閘尤為(wei)突(tu)出(chu),其橋墩兩端均(jun)做出(chu)分水尖,之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋墩部(bu)位(wei)隱出(chu)柱礎(chu)、立(li)柱、齊心(xin)斗(dou)及(ji)重(zhong)拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)構,斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)構非(fei)常(chang)明(ming)(ming)晰。在中(zhong)(zhong)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變中(zhong)(zhong),斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化極為(wei)顯著,具(ju)有(you)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識性。唐宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)碩大簡(jian)潔,具(ju)有(you)結(jie)構作用。到了明(ming)(ming)清,日趨纖巧繁縟,結(jie)構作用減小(xiao),逐(zhu)漸成為(wei)一(yi)種裝(zhuang)飾性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構件(jian)。而麻糍(ci)閘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)雄壯樸實,具(ju)有(you)早期宋(song)(song)元建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)格(ge)特征。盎然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古意,呼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲出(chu)。
新河閘(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)群在(zai)設計(ji)時,還注意發揮其綜合(he)(he)作(zuo)用。新河閘(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)群是閘(zha)(zha)與橋(qiao)(qiao)的結合(he)(he),上可通道,下(xia)以通水。橋(qiao)(qiao)墩及橋(qiao)(qiao)臺上分(fen)別鑿有兩條槽,以安(an)放木閘(zha)(zha)板。它(ta)們在(zai)民間既(ji)有稱閘(zha)(zha)的,也有稱橋(qiao)(qiao)的,如北閘(zha)(zha)、中(zhong)閘(zha)(zha)稱閘(zha)(zha),麻糍(ci)閘(zha)(zha)就(jiu)稱橋(qiao)(qiao)。它(ta)們不僅起(qi)到排蓄水的作(zuo)用,也為兩岸交通提供了便利。
新河閘橋群在(zai)水(shui)利史(shi)、建筑史(shi)上便有了特殊的地位,具有豐富(fu)的歷史(shi)信息和較高的文物價值(zhi),也就具備了成為(wei)全國重(zhong)點文物保護(hu)單(dan)位的基礎。
價值瑣談
2006年5月(yue)25日(ri),由麻糍閘(位(wei)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)南鑒村(cun)(cun)(cun))、中(zhong)閘(位(wei)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)中(zhong)閘村(cun)(cun)(cun))、北閘(位(wei)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)北閘村(cun)(cun)(cun))、下盧閘(位(wei)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)城北村(cun)(cun)(cun))等四(si)座閘橋組成的新(xin)(xin)河(he)(he)閘橋群被國務院公布為第六批全國重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單位(wei),溫嶺實現了國保(bao)單位(wei)零(ling)的突破(po)。那(nei)么,這些看上去不起眼的小(xiao)小(xiao)閘橋,究竟(jing)有什么價值,讓它(ta)在眾多的備選(xuan)單位(wei)里(li)脫穎(ying)而出呢?這就(jiu)要從歷史地(di)理說(shuo)起了。
溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺負山瀕海,西部(bu)和(he)西南部(bu)負山處,入河諸溪,源短流急,難以潴蓄。東部(bu)和(he)東南部(bu)瀕海處,河道淺窄,入海出口(kou)又(you)受潮汐(xi)頂托,淤泥壅(yong)塞,泄(xie)流不暢(chang)。中(zhong)部(bu)平原,地勢(shi)低洼(wa),有(you)“釜底(di)”之(zhi)稱。洪(hong)澇、干旱(han)災害頻繁。宋代以前(qian),為(wei)保證農田灌溉,多筑(zhu)(zhu)“埭(dai)(dai)”(壩)以蓄水(shui),有(you)“官河流徑八(ba)鄉,有(you)支(zhi)涇九(jiu)百(bai)三十(shi),埭(dai)(dai)二百(bai)”之(zhi)說。筑(zhu)(zhu)埭(dai)(dai)既多,利(li)蓄不利(li)排,矛盾叢生。北(bei)宋元(yuan)祐(you)間(1086-1093年(nian)(nian)),提(ti)刑羅適因(yin)地勢(shi)低洼(wa),蓄泄(xie)不均,農無數(shu)歲之(zhi)豐收,改埭(dai)(dai)為(wei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)黃望、周洋、永(yong)(yong)豐三閘(zha)(zha)(zha),“旱(han)則(ze)(ze)閉以蓄水(shui),潦(liao)則(ze)(ze)開以泄(xie)水(shui),民大稱便”,掀開了(le)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺水(shui)利(li)史上新(xin)(xin)的(de)一(yi)(yi)頁。大約過了(le)百(bai)年(nian)(nian),宋淳熙(xi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1182年(nian)(nian)),朱熹(xi)提(ti)舉浙東,相(xiang)(xiang)度(du)濱(bin)海形勢(shi),奏請筑(zhu)(zhu)迂(yu)(yu)浦、金清、六閘(zha)(zha)(zha)、鮑步、長浦、蛟龍、陡南(其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)迂(yu)(yu)浦、金清二閘(zha)(zha)(zha)在溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺境內),議修(xiu)永(yong)(yong)豐、黃望、周洋三閘(zha)(zha)(zha),明年(nian)(nian),西蜀句龍昌泰相(xiang)(xiang)繼成之(zhi)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺的(de)水(shui)利(li)基礎由此奠(dian)定。位(wei)于新(xin)(xin)河鎮南鑒(jian)村(cun)的(de)麻糍(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),《光緒太平續志》稱其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)“朱文公建(jian)(jian)。俗傳(chuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)石將斷,仙人以麻糍(ci)粘之(zhi)。”而(er)位(wei)于新(xin)(xin)河鎮北(bei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)村(cun)的(de)北(bei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),《溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺縣(xian)地名(ming)志》載(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)“宋朱熹(xi)在此建(jian)(jian)六閘(zha)(zha)(zha),因(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)地處北(bei)面第(di)一(yi)(yi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),故名(ming)。” 后來日久(jiu)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)口(kou)壅(yong)塞,泄(xie)水(shui)不暢(chang)或無法排泄(xie),各(ge)朝又(you)進行了(le)整(zheng)治修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。如(ru)元(yuan)大德三年(nian)(nian)(1299年(nian)(nian)),知州(zhou)韓(han)國寶以治水(shui)為(wei)養民第(di)一(yi)(yi)義,建(jian)(jian)周洋新(xin)(xin)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),并(bing)修(xiu)金清、永(yong)(yong)豐、黃望等閘(zha)(zha)(zha)。明洪(hong)武九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1376年(nian)(nian)),主簿孫(sun)斌修(xiu)理諸閘(zha)(zha)(zha)。二十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(1391年(nian)(nian))又(you)派人筑(zhu)(zhu),并(bing)有(you)增(zeng)置。永(yong)(yong)樂十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1414年(nian)(nian)),通判陳巖加修(xiu)。以后各(ge)代,屢有(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。是以閘(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)遍布新(xin)(xin)河各(ge)地,形成閘(zha)(zha)(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)群,書寫了(le)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)嶺水(shui)利(li)建(jian)(jian)設史上光輝的(de)一(yi)(yi)頁。
然而,光有(you)(you)(you)悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)遠遠不夠的(de)(de)(de)(de),更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其保(bao)留(liu)了多(duo)少(shao)歷史(shi)原(yuan)貌,如果已在歷史(shi)長河中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)得(de)面(mian)目全非的(de)(de)(de)(de),那么也就談(tan)不上(shang)多(duo)少(shao)價值了。可(ke)(ke)喜的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),新河閘(zha)橋(qiao)群(qun)保(bao)留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)風貌還清晰可(ke)(ke)見,而且建筑(zhu)(zhu)手(shou)法獨(du)特,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究價值。其最為(wei)(wei)(wei)獨(du)特之(zhi)(zhi)處是(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)入了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木(mu)(mu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最有(you)(you)(you)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)——斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)。斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)屋頂(ding)與立(li)柱(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡(du)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)挽起如弓(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)木(mu)(mu)稱“拱(gong)(gong)”,“拱(gong)(gong)”之(zhi)(zhi)間如盛米之(zhi)(zhi)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小方木(mu)(mu)則(ze)稱“斗(dou)(dou)(dou)”。斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)和意義,梁思成先生有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)段精彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)論述:“斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)整棟建筑(zhu)(zhu)物重復得(de)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian),歷來(lai)都被用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)計(ji)算物料及工程體(ti)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)考基數(shu)。到(dao)了宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)就正(zheng)式成為(wei)(wei)(wei)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本模數(shu),令中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)世(shi)界上(shang)惟一(yi)(yi)真正(zheng)實(shi)施建筑(zhu)(zhu)模數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。”雖說中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)石建筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)木(mu)(mu)情結(jie)(jie),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)閘(zha)橋(qiao)來(lai)說,運(yun)用(yong)木(mu)(mu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong),卻(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很少(shao)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)。新河閘(zha)橋(qiao)群(qun)卻(que)明(ming)顯運(yun)用(yong)了斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),非常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)特色。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),麻糍閘(zha)尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)突出,其橋(qiao)墩兩端均做出分(fen)水尖,之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)墩部位隱出柱(zhu)礎、立(li)柱(zhu)、齊心斗(dou)(dou)(dou)及重拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)非常(chang)明(ming)晰。在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)顯著(zhu),具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標識性(xing)。唐宋之(zhi)(zhi)時,斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)碩大簡潔,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。到(dao)了明(ming)清,日趨纖巧繁縟,結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)減小,逐漸成為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)裝飾性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)。而麻糍閘(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)雄(xiong)壯(zhuang)樸實(shi),具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)早期宋元建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風格特征。盎(ang)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)古意,呼之(zhi)(zhi)欲出。
此外,新河閘(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)在設計時(shi),還注意發揮其(qi)綜合作用。新河閘(zha)橋(qiao)(qiao)群(qun)是(shi)閘(zha)與橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)結合,上可通道,下以(yi)通水。橋(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)及(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)臺上分別鑿(zao)有兩(liang)條槽,以(yi)安(an)放(fang)木閘(zha)板(ban)。它們在民間(jian)既(ji)有稱(cheng)(cheng)閘(zha)的(de),也(ye)(ye)有稱(cheng)(cheng)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de),如北閘(zha)、中(zhong)閘(zha)稱(cheng)(cheng)閘(zha),麻(ma)糍閘(zha)就稱(cheng)(cheng)橋(qiao)(qiao)。它們不僅(jin)起到排(pai)蓄水的(de)作用,也(ye)(ye)為兩(liang)岸交(jiao)通提供(gong)了便利。
如此,新河閘(zha)橋群在水利史、建筑史上便(bian)有(you)了特殊的地位,具(ju)有(you)豐(feng)富的歷史信(xin)息和較高的文物價值(zhi),也就(jiu)具(ju)備了成為全國(guo)重點文物保護(hu)單位的基礎。