建筑特色
該城(cheng)堡(bao)建于明(ming)中葉嘉靖(jing)年間(jian),初建時(shi)僅有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)南(nan)門(men)(明(ming)代不(bu)建北門(men)),清初順治年間(jian)新建北門(men),并在南(nan)北門(men)增(zeng)建二座甕城(cheng)。城(cheng)堡(bao)墻平面布局呈(cheng)方形(xing),邊長230余米,黃(huang)土夯(hang)筑,墻外凸出(chu)土筑馬(ma)面,高8約米。兩甕城(cheng)的(de)內城(cheng)門(men)南(nan)北對(dui)峙形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)大街、東西各有(you)(you)小街道三條(tiao),沿堡(bao)墻內周圍有(you)(you)“更道”一(yi)(yi)周。這便形(xing)成了西古堡(bao)村總平面呈(cheng)“國”字形(xing)的(de)特殊形(xing)制。是古蔚州八百城(cheng)堡(bao)中比(bi)較獨(du)特的(de)一(yi)(yi)例。
村(cun)內現存的(de)古(gu)民(min)居(ju)院落約180座(zuo)。高大(da)的(de)門樓(lou)、精美的(de)磚、木(mu)雕花(hua)彩繪,九連環(huan),四(si)進四(si)出的(de)四(si)合院無不(bu)在述說著當(dang)年(nian)的(de)繁榮。這(zhe)些(xie)民(min)居(ju)大(da)多為磚木(mu)結構,青(qing)條基石,白灰(hui)砌青(qing)磚墻,房頂起(qi)脊,安制吻獸、覆青(qing)板瓦。當(dang)地民(min)風(feng)(feng)淳(chun)樸(pu),周圍環(huan)境(jing)優美、站在堡門樓(lou)舉(ju)目觀望(wang),四(si)周水田纏繞,郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥蔥、村(cun)里青(qing)磚灰(hui)瓦,極(ji)盡“小屋平頭墟里落,炊(chui)煙起(qi)處是人(ren)間”之古(gu)樸(pu)美、整座(zuo)西古(gu)堡村(cun),每條街巷每片(pian)民(min)居(ju),雖(sui)歷(li)經百年(nian)風(feng)(feng)雨飄泊,風(feng)(feng)采(cai)依舊(jiu)。基本(ben)保留(liu)了明、清時(shi)期的(de)歷(li)史風(feng)(feng)貌(mao)。
南(nan)北(bei)(bei)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)更(geng)是形式(shi)多樣,布局巧妙。工藝精細(xi),體現了古代(dai)民間(jian)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)高(gao)超(chao)技藝。兩座甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)內城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)為(wei)(wei)明代(dai)所建,外城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)及甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)南(nan)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)復(fu)雜,城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)墻平面布局呈方形長約百米(mi)、黃土夯筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、墻外凸出土筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)馬面,高(gao)8余米(mi)。甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)共分(fen)上、下(xia)(xia)二(er)部分(fen)。下(xia)(xia)層大部分(fen)為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券仿木(mu)結構(gou)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),上層是磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木(mu)結構(gou)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)部為(wei)(wei)一大天井(jing)式(shi),周圍建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)環(huan)繞,共有樓閣(ge)74間(jian)。由甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)東北(bei)(bei)角磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)臺階(jie)進入(ru)角門(men),入(ru)門(men)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)東跨院,院內方磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墁地,正(zheng)(zheng)面磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)花壘墻,底層正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)50米(mi)處為(wei)(wei)一座卷棚(peng)頂(ding)樂樓,兩側各有一間(jian)耳房(fang),也是蔚縣眾多戲樓中(zhong)的(de)特殊(shu)一例。正(zheng)(zheng)北(bei)(bei)東為(wei)(wei)馬王廟,西為(wei)(wei)三義殿。院內東下(xia)(xia)房(fang)為(wei)(wei)僧尞三間(jian)。下(xia)(xia)層為(wei)(wei)一小(xiao)院落,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)圍墻,正(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)辟一磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕小(xiao)門(men)。上部磚(zhuan)(zhuan)仿木(mu)出檐,五踩(cai)斗栱,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕以(yi)華麗精細(xi)見著,正(zheng)(zheng)房(fang)為(wei)(wei)斗栱券結構(gou)房(fang)屋。
跨(kua)院西部下為(wei)(wei)栱券門(men)洞,平面(mian)呈“亞”形,為(wei)(wei)城堡(bao)(bao)主街(jie)軸線,券頂上為(wei)(wei)觀音殿(dian)(dian)(dian),硬山(shan)布瓦(wa)頂,北部抱廈一(yi)間(jian),廈東(dong)西兩側筑(zhu)(zhu)有懸(xuan)山(shan)頂鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou)二(er)樓(lou),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)東(dong)西為(wei)(wei)小(xiao)巷可通(tong)。觀音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)西側又突(tu)出(chu)一(yi)座磚筑(zhu)(zhu)小(xiao)城。上下兩層,東(dong)北角有豎井(jing)臺(tai)階相通(tong)上下。中設(she)長方形小(xiao)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)。上層四(si)周建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)環繞,前(qian)砌女兒(er)墻,均(jun)為(wei)(wei)硬山(shan)頂轉角前(qian)出(chu)廊(lang)式,置直欞窗,正北為(wei)(wei)地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian),東(dong)西各為(wei)(wei)十殿(dian)(dian)(dian)閻君,南為(wei)(wei)鬼(gui)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。鬼(gui)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)西為(wei)(wei)懸(xuan)山(shan)頂鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou),下為(wei)(wei)栱券門(men)洞,軒木板門(men)二(er)扇。天(tian)(tian)井(jing)下部東(dong)西北均(jun)為(wei)(wei)栱券窯(yao)洞,洞外磚仿木出(chu)檐(yan),磚雕椽、飛、斗(dou)栱。天(tian)(tian)井(jing)南側為(wei)(wei)一(yi)小(xiao)院,有東(dong)西僧尞和廂(xiang)房,券門(men)正南堡(bao)(bao)墻上嵌一(yi)大(da)形影壁(bi),壁(bi)心磚雕二(er)條蟠龍,龍體矯健雄猛,造型優美,十分(fen)生動。
甕城(cheng)東墻(qiang)開一(yi)城(cheng)門,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券結構(gou),高8余米,券門洞外部上(shang)鑲一(yi)石匾,陰刻楷書“永盛門西(xi)古堡”,小款“歲康(kang)熙十九年”。門內石墁路面,歷史上(shang)車轍遺留痕跡,歷歷在(zai)目。門外迎面建一(yi)座(zuo)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕須彌座(zuo)影壁,磨磚(zhuan)(zhuan)對縫(feng)。
北甕城(cheng)平面形制大小與南甕城(cheng)大體相當(dang),內、外城(cheng)門(men)及(ji)內城(cheng)門(men)門(men)樓保存較好(hao)。其中的廟(miao)宇,如“九天閣”等建(jian)筑早年已(yi)毀。
藝術價值
西古(gu)堡甕城建筑(zhu)(zhu)布局靈活多變,結構嚴(yan)謹復雜,殿宇高(gao)低(di)參差錯落,樓臺掩映,建筑(zhu)(zhu)景(jing)(jing)中(zhong)套景(jing)(jing),景(jing)(jing)中(zhong)借景(jing)(jing),景(jing)(jing)中(zhong)藏(zang)景(jing)(jing),充分顯示了(le)當時工匠(jiang)高(gao)超(chao)的藝術(shu)設(she)計水平。