宋莊墓地(di)位于河南(nan)(nan)省鶴壁市淇(qi)縣西崗鄉宋莊村東、方寨村南(nan)(nan),淇(qi)河西岸的一級臺地(di)上。西距衛國故城約十公里,南(nan)(nan)距省級文物(wu)保護單(dan)位紂王墓約一公里。
2008年(nian)12月16日,淇縣文(wen)物(wu)旅游(you)局(ju)文(wen)物(wu)管理(li)所發現(xian)該墓(mu)地3座古墓(mu)葬被盜(dao),立即采(cai)取了保(bao)護措施,并向河(he)南省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)管理(li)局(ju)進行(xing)報(bao)告(gao)。河(he)南省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)非常重視,組(zu)織專(zhuan)家對被盜(dao)墓(mu)葬和出(chu)土的文(wen)物(wu)進行(xing)了鑒定(ding),認(ren)為(wei)這(zhe)里(li)是(shi)東周時期的一處(chu)貴(gui)族(zu)墓(mu)地。
經國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)局批準,由(you)河(he)南省文(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)研究所(suo)和淇(qi)縣(xian)(xian)文(wen)物(wu)旅游局文(wen)物(wu)管(guan)理所(suo)組成考古(gu)隊(dui),從(cong)2009年2月至11月對(dui)淇(qi)縣(xian)(xian)西崗鄉宋莊(zhuang)村(cun)東被盜古(gu)墓進行了搶救性考古(gu)發掘(jue)。此(ci)次共發掘(jue)墓葬10座(zuo), 9座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)春秋戰(zhan)國時期(qi),1座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)漢代。發掘(jue)領隊(dui)為(wei)(wei)賈連敏。
在發(fa)掘(jue)M1的(de)同時(shi)(shi),我們(men)組(zu)織河南省文(wen)物保(bao)護勘探中心(xin)的(de)專業技(ji)術人員(yuan),以M1為中心(xin)向外圍(wei)進行放射性文(wen)物鉆(zhan)探,鉆(zhan)探面(mian)積10萬平方米(mi)(mi),共發(fa)現東(dong)周至(zhi)宋(song)元時(shi)(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬104座。其(qi)中東(dong)周時(shi)(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬60余座,平面(mian)呈甲字形,帶(dai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬7座,形制較大,其(qi)中5座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬呈一字形排(pai)列;3×3米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)的(de)土坑豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)16座,M6已經(jing)發(fa)掘(jue),出土有(you)11件青銅(tong)器。余皆為2×3米(mi)(mi)以下的(de)土坑豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),M7已經(jing)發(fa)掘(jue)僅隨(sui)葬陶器。由于勘探范圍(wei)有(you)限,該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)范圍(wei)及墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬數(shu)量(liang)尚不(bu)十分清楚。
發掘的東周時期(qi)墓葬特別(bie)重要。有甲字(zi)形和土坑豎穴墓兩種(zhong),均為東西方向,沒有封土,開(kai)口于③層(ceng)下,距地(di)表0.7米(mi),深6-9米(mi)。
甲字形(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),發掘6座(zuo),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)M4、 M3、M1、M5依次(ci)由(you)北(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)南(nan)呈(cheng)一(yi)字排列(lie),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)30-50米(mi)(mi)(mi),M1的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)距(ju)淇河岸邊(bian)(bian)80余米(mi)(mi)(mi);M8、M9位于該排墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu),相(xiang)(xiang)距(ju)100-130米(mi)(mi)(mi),M8位于M5西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)與(yu)其(qi)(qi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)M9相(xiang)(xiang)距(ju)130米(mi)(mi)(mi)。甲字形(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)由(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)組成(cheng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)位于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu),長30-40米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),直壁規整,呈(cheng)斜坡狀(zhuang),底(di)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)車轍痕跡(ji),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)低于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)底(di)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)呈(cheng)方形(xing)(xing),4.5-8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)見方,M1形(xing)(xing)制最大(da),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)見方。填土(tu)(tu)為五花土(tu)(tu),由(you)四(si)周向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)傾斜堆積,分(fen)層,局(ju)部(bu)(bu)夯打痕跡(ji)明顯。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近(jin)直或稍(shao)向(xiang)內(nei)收(shou),呈(cheng)斗(dou)狀(zhuang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)熟土(tu)(tu)二層臺(tai)、邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)、棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)、殉(xun)人(ren)和腰坑(keng)。邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)位于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu),用(yong)來放(fang)(fang)置隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物箱(xiang)(xiang)。用(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)材料加(jia)工而成(cheng),已(yi)經(jing)朽(xiu)為灰(hui)(hui)痕,沒有(you)(you)(you)盜擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)灰(hui)(hui)痕清晰,一(yi)般(ban)為東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)長,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan),殘存(cun)高(gao)(gao)度不(bu)(bu)等,頂部(bu)(bu)用(yong)木(mu)板蓋合,箱(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)邊(bian)(bian)及底(di)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)鋪席(xi)痕跡(ji)。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)則(ze)另入一(yi)個(ge)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)小箱(xiang)(xiang)。如M5邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)放(fang)(fang)置排列(lie)有(you)(you)(you)規律(lv),東(dong)部(bu)(bu)為犧牲,保存(cun)大(da)量動物骨(gu)骼(ge)。中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)偏北(bei)(bei)(bei)放(fang)(fang)置樂(le)器(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)(you)編鐘、石磬。西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)偏南(nan)放(fang)(fang)置陶器(qi)(qi),為鬲、罐(guan)、豆陶器(qi)(qi)組合。西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角放(fang)(fang)置骨(gu)貝。從中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)往西(xi)(xi)(xi)依次(ci)為青(qing)銅鼎(ding)、壺、豆、盤(pan)、匜等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo),位于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu),與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)緊挨,均為木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)(dan)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)單(dan)(dan)槨(guo),殘存(cun)灰(hui)(hui)痕,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為紅漆(qi)(qi)黑彩(cai),如M5槨(guo)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)長2.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)1.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)(gao)1.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)長2.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)1.32米(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘高(gao)(gao)0.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)分(fen)布(bu)有(you)(you)(you)規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉牌和小銅管,據此推(tui)測當(dang)時棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)帷帳。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)骨(gu)骼(ge)均保存(cun)較差,如M5骨(gu)骼(ge)已(yi)朽(xiu)不(bu)(bu)見,僅見一(yi)顆牙齒,證明墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)。身(shen)上(shang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)玉虎、玉魚(yu)、玉環、玉璜(huang)等佩(pei)飾(shi)(shi),棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)身(shen)上(shang)鋪有(you)(you)(you)朱砂(sha)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之間(jian)(jian)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)兵器(qi)(qi)、車馬飾(shi)(shi)件、骨(gu)貝。腰坑(keng)位于棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之下,多為圓形(xing)(xing)淺坑(keng),殘存(cun)狗骨(gu)。殉(xun)人(ren)多分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)三面。殉(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模大(da)小、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份高(gao)(gao)低而不(bu)(bu)同(tong),M1最多有(you)(you)(you)5具,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)1具葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)(zai)槨(guo)下,M4僅殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)1具。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具均為木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)(dan)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),但是(shi)尺寸(cun)大(da)小不(bu)(bu)一(yi),骨(gu)骼(ge)保存(cun)一(yi)般(ban),有(you)(you)(you)側身(shen)曲肢(zhi)(zhi)和仰身(shen)直肢(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。說明殉(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份也不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。
土坑豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),分布(bu)較(jiao)(jiao)散,無規律(lv),發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)M6、M7、M10三座。依據墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬尺(chi)寸的大(da)小可分為(wei)兩(liang)種。一是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在3.5-5米見方(fang)(fang)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,平面近方(fang)(fang)形(xing),填土為(wei)五花土,分層(ceng)明(ming)顯,局部經過(guo)夯打,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,較(jiao)(jiao)規整(zheng),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)結(jie)構和(he)甲字形(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)基(ji)本一致(zhi),有熟(shu)土二(er)層(ceng)臺、邊(bian)箱、棺槨、殉人、腰坑,M6、M10已(yi)經發(fa)(fa)掘(jue);二(er)是(shi)3米以下墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,僅(jin)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)M7,長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),東西方(fang)(fang)向,3×2米,土坑豎(shu)穴,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,有熟(shu)土二(er)層(ceng)臺,臺上(shang)隨葬陶器及犧牲(sheng),葬具為(wei)木(mu)質單(dan)(dan)棺單(dan)(dan)槨,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)骨骼保存較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha),頭向西,平底。
隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin),除(chu)M1和M3被盜嚴重,殘存少量(liang)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)外,其它(ta)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)完整豐富。甲字(zi)形(xing)墓(mu)和墓(mu)室在4-5米見方的(de)土坑豎(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu),隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)青銅(tong)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)鼎、敦、壺、缶(fou)、豆(dou)、盤(pan)、匜等(deng)(deng);樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)青銅(tong)編(bian)(bian)鐘、石磬(qing);兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)銅(tong)劍(jian)、戈、矛、鏃等(deng)(deng);玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng)(deng);鉛器(qi)(qi)(qi)缶(fou)、編(bian)(bian)鐘等(deng)(deng);陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為鬲(li)、罐(guan)、豆(dou)、壺組合。還(huan)有(you)(you)銅(tong)車馬飾(shi)件(jian)(jian)、貝(bei)(bei)、珍珠、銅(tong)魚等(deng)(deng)。各墓(mu)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)數量(liang)因墓(mu)主的(de)身(shen)份不(bu)同而多(duo)寡不(bu)一(yi),如M5,沒有(you)(you)被盜擾,隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)組合保存較完整,器(qi)(qi)(qi)物大部分保存完好,共(gong)出土文物175件(jian)(jian)套。其中(zhong)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎7、壺2、豆(dou)4、盤(pan)2、匜1、勺1、盒1、環2、小管飾(shi)16、車飾(shi)1、蓮(lian)花(hua)瓣飾(shi)3、編(bian)(bian)鐘7件(jian)(jian),共(gong)47件(jian)(jian)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng)(deng)共(gong)81件(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲(li)、豆(dou)、罐(guan)共(gong)34件(jian)(jian)。石磬(qing)10件(jian)(jian)。珍珠1粒。鉛魚30件(jian)(jian)。貝(bei)(bei)幣200多(duo)枚。M6隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎2、敦2、盤(pan)1、匜1、盒1、車飾(shi)4件(jian)(jian),共(gong)11件(jian)(jian),陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲(li)、豆(dou)、罐(guan)共(gong)22件(jian)(jian)。3米以(yi)下(xia)土坑豎(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu)僅(jin)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和犧牲,陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合也是鬲(li)、罐(guan)、豆(dou)。
墓葬的(de)年代(dai),從(cong)M4出土(tu)青銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、敦、盤(pan)、匜(yi)組合(he)及陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆(dou)、罐組合(he),到(dao)M9出土(tu)的(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、豆(dou)、壺、缶、盤(pan)、匜(yi)組合(he)及陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆(dou)、壺組合(he)以及器(qi)物本(ben)身(shen)的(de)特征來看,應(ying)為(wei)春秋至戰國時期。
淇縣歷史(shi)悠久,文(wen)化(hua)(hua)燦爛,是(shi)河(he)南省首批歷史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)名城,古稱朝歌,曾(ceng)為春秋時(shi)(shi)期(qi)衛國國都,該(gai)(gai)墓地(di)距衛國故(gu)城十公里。通過發(fa)掘為研究東周時(shi)(shi)期(qi)該(gai)(gai)地(di)區的(de)歷史(shi)、政治、經(jing)濟、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、葬制、葬俗提(ti)供了重要線(xian)索和實物(wu)資(zi)料。