簡介
汝州文廟(miao)(miao)位于河(he)南省汝州市(shi)區(qu)望(wang)嵩(song)路中段,原稱(cheng)孔廟(miao)(miao),明(ming)代以后被(bei)稱(cheng)作(zuo)文廟(miao)(miao)。
汝(ru)州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)初建于(yu)明洪武三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1370年(nian)(nian)),它坐北面南(nan),南(nan)北長300余米,東西寬50多米,總面積20870平方米。明清時期,文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)一直是(shi)汝(ru)州(zhou)的高學(xue)府。民國(guo)時期,汝(ru)陽中學(xue)曾在(zai)此(ci)成立(li),后改(gai)為(wei)(wei)省立(li)臨汝(ru)中學(xue)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)于(yu)1986年(nian)(nian)被公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)河南(nan)省重點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei),2006年(nian)(nian),被國(guo)務(wu)院確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)第(di)六批全國(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
建筑
汝(ru)州文廟(miao)建(jian)于明代中(zhong)晚期,其(qi)特點為中(zhong)軸線明顯,建(jian)筑(zhu)排列有序。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)居南端,面(mian)向中(zhong)大(da)街(jie),系單檐(yan)硬山式建(jian)筑(zhu),面(mian)闊3間,進深兩(liang)(liang)間。殿(dian)臺高(gao)筑(zhu),柱(zhu)礎作圓鼓型,高(gao)檐(yan)柱(zhu),細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)昂頭作卷云(yun)狀,殿(dian)頂施(shi)青瓦。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)后(hou)(hou)為文明坊(fang),文明坊(fang)后(hou)(hou)為明倫(lun)堂,再后(hou)(hou)是(shi)名宦(huan)祠(ci)和鄉(xiang)賢(xian)祠(ci),分(fen)列兩(liang)(liang)邊,為出檐(yan)廊房式。之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)正(zheng)中(zhong)是(shi)大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian),后(hou)(hou)為啟圣(sheng)宮(gong)。廟(miao)中(zhong)殿(dian)字均居高(gao)臺之(zhi)(zhi)上。 大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)位于文廟(miao)南端,系單檐(yan)硬山式建(jian)筑(zhu),面(mian)闊3間,進深兩(liang)(liang)間。殿(dian)臺高(gao)筑(zhu),柱(zhu)基呈圓鼓狀,高(gao)檐(yan)柱(zhu),細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)昂頭作卷云(yun)狀,殿(dian)頂施(shi)青瓦。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)后(hou)(hou)為文明坊(fang),這里是(shi)古代儒(ru)家學(xue)子讀(du)書的地方(fang)。
大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿是(shi)文廟中高大(da)的建筑,屬單檐殿式,面闊5間,進深兩間,綠瓦獸吻,氣勢雄偉,莊(zhuang)嚴肅穆。這里是(shi)過去祭祀大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)至圣先(xian)師(shi)(shi)孔子的地(di)(di)方。殿門上曾懸掛過清(qing)朝(chao)多(duo)位皇帝書寫的匾(bian)額,為康熙二十三(san)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1684年(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“萬世師(shi)(shi)表(biao)”、雍正三(san)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1725年(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“生民未有”、乾隆(long)三(san)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1738年(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“與天地(di)(di)參”、嘉慶四年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1799年(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“圣集(ji)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”、道光(guang)元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1821年(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“圣協時中”等5塊。
大成殿兩(liang)側的(de)廊坊,原來分別是(shi)鄉賢(xian)祠和名宦祠,后為汝瓷博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。該(gai)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)是(shi)汝州(zhou)市的(de)市(縣)級博(bo)物(wu)館(guan),也是(shi)全國的(de)以收藏、展覽汝瓷為主的(de)專業性場館(guan)。