簡介
汝州文廟位于河南(nan)省汝州市區望嵩(song)路中段,原稱(cheng)孔(kong)廟,明(ming)代以后被(bei)稱(cheng)作文廟。
汝(ru)州(zhou)文廟初建于(yu)明洪(hong)武三年(nian)(公元1370年(nian)),它坐北面(mian)南(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)北長300余米,東西寬50多米,總(zong)面(mian)積20870平(ping)方米。明清時期(qi),文廟一直是汝(ru)州(zhou)的(de)高學(xue)府。民國時期(qi),汝(ru)陽(yang)中學(xue)曾在此成立(li),后改(gai)為省立(li)臨(lin)汝(ru)中學(xue)。文廟于(yu)1986年(nian)被(bei)公布為河南(nan)(nan)省重點文物(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單位,2006年(nian),被(bei)國務院(yuan)確定為第六批全(quan)國重點文物(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單位。
建筑
汝(ru)州(zhou)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)建于明(ming)(ming)(ming)代中(zhong)晚期(qi),其特(te)點(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)軸線(xian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯,建筑(zhu)排列(lie)有(you)序。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)居(ju)南(nan)端(duan),面向中(zhong)大(da)街,系單檐(yan)(yan)硬山式建筑(zhu),面闊3間,進深(shen)兩間。殿(dian)臺高(gao)(gao)筑(zhu),柱(zhu)礎作(zuo)圓鼓(gu)(gu)型,高(gao)(gao)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu),細小昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云狀(zhuang),殿(dian)頂(ding)(ding)施青瓦(wa)。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坊(fang)(fang),文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)倫堂(tang),再后是(shi)(shi)名宦祠和(he)鄉賢祠,分列(lie)兩邊,為(wei)出檐(yan)(yan)廊(lang)房式。之后正(zheng)中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian),后為(wei)啟圣宮。廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)殿(dian)字均居(ju)高(gao)(gao)臺之上。 大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)位于文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)南(nan)端(duan),系單檐(yan)(yan)硬山式建筑(zhu),面闊3間,進深(shen)兩間。殿(dian)臺高(gao)(gao)筑(zhu),柱(zhu)基呈圓鼓(gu)(gu)狀(zhuang),高(gao)(gao)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu),細小昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云狀(zhuang),殿(dian)頂(ding)(ding)施青瓦(wa)。大(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坊(fang)(fang),這里是(shi)(shi)古代儒家學(xue)子(zi)讀書的地方。
大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)是文廟(miao)中高大(da)(da)的建筑,屬單檐殿(dian)式(shi),面闊5間(jian),進深兩間(jian),綠瓦獸(shou)吻,氣勢(shi)雄(xiong)偉,莊嚴肅穆(mu)。這里是過(guo)去祭祀大(da)(da)成(cheng)至(zhi)圣(sheng)先師孔子的地方。殿(dian)門上(shang)曾(ceng)懸掛(gua)過(guo)清朝多(duo)位皇(huang)帝(di)書寫的匾額,為(wei)康(kang)熙二十三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1684年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))頒“萬世師表”、雍(yong)正三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1725年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))頒“生民未(wei)有”、乾隆三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1738年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))頒“與天地參(can)”、嘉慶四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1799年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))頒“圣(sheng)集大(da)(da)成(cheng)”、道光元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))頒“圣(sheng)協時(shi)中”等(deng)5塊。
大成(cheng)殿(dian)兩(liang)側的(de)廊坊,原來分別是鄉賢祠和(he)名宦祠,后為(wei)汝瓷博物(wu)館。該博物(wu)館是汝州市的(de)市(縣(xian))級博物(wu)館,也是全國的(de)以收藏、展覽汝瓷為(wei)主的(de)專(zhuan)業性場館。