芒果视频下载

基本介紹

遺(yi)址位于湖北省(sheng)十堰市鄖西(xi)縣香口(kou)鄉黃(huang)(huang)(huang)云鋪(pu)村，是(shi)舊石器(qi)時代的(de)(de)古遺(yi)址。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)理坐標為(wei) 110°13′04.3″E, 33°07′62.8″N, 海拔約(yue)601 m. 黃(huang)(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)處(chu)于秦嶺東段南(nan)麓丘陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di), 發育(yu)于古生界寒武(wu)系中統岳家坪(ping)組的(de)(de)石灰巖地(di)層(ceng), 該組地(di)層(ceng)在黃(huang)(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)附近表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)黑色(se)中-薄層(ceng)層(ceng)狀泥質灰巖和含(han)碳(tan)泥質灰巖. 該區在地(di)質構(gou)造上(shang)(shang)屬南(nan)秦嶺-印支褶(zhe)皺帶東段, 地(di)貌(mao)以(yi)中、低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和盆地(di)為(wei)主, 地(di)勢起伏變化大, 山(shan)(shan)(shan)坡(po)陡峻, 溝壑縱橫. 黃(huang)(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)大型管狀溶(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)平(ping)面(mian)主軸近東北-西(xi)南(nan)向. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)原始(shi)寬(kuan)度約(yue) 27.8 m, 高約(yue)11 m. 現(xian)初步探(tan)明洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)水(shui)平(ping)深(shen)度約(yue)400余米(mi)(未(wei)到盡(jin)頭), 寬(kuan)度11~117 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)朝向東北, 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)前有發源于秦嶺的(de)(de)大水(shui)河(漢江支流), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)高出河水(shui)約(yue)7.8 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)前是(shi)順大水(shui)河發育(yu)的(de)(de)狹長平(ping)川, 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)后是(shi)綿延的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(主峰1277 m). 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內原生堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)深(shen)厚, 堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)物(wu)頂(ding)部普遍發育(yu)鈣板層(ceng). 堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)物(wu)在洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)處(chu)位置較低(di), 向洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)里(li)逐漸(jian)抬升, 與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)頂(ding)部間距漸(jian)小. 堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)(ji)物(wu)結構(gou)簡單, 自(zi)然(ran)分(fen)層(ceng)較清楚(chu), 自(zi)上(shang)(shang)而下可劃(hua)分(fen)為(wei)5層(ceng)。

(1) 頂鈣板(ban)層: 乳白色(se)或棕黃色(se), 大多結構致(zhi)密、純(chun)凈, 局部不純(chun)凈者(zhe)結構疏松. 在(zai)洞內分布比較普遍, 厚約2~ 28 cm;

(2) 粉(fen)砂(sha)質黏(nian)(nian)(nian)土(tu)-砂(sha)礫層: 粉(fen)砂(sha)質黏(nian)(nian)(nian)土(tu)與砂(sha)礫呈“同(tong)層異相(xiang)”: 靠(kao)洞口的(de)堆積為(wei)含(han)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)土(tu)基質的(de)砂(sha)礫, 向洞內(nei)則砂(sha)礫逐漸(jian)變(bian)少、礫徑漸(jian)小, 在洞內(nei)深處(chu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)粉(fen)砂(sha)質黏(nian)(nian)(nian)土(tu). 洞內(nei)地(di)勢(shi)較高處(chu)該層缺失. 無包含(han)物. 厚(hou)1~201 cm;

(3) 紅色(se)粉砂質黏土層(ceng): 層(ceng)內間續發(fa)(fa)育2層(ceng)薄鈣(gai)(gai)板(ban), 鈣(gai)(gai)板(ban)呈(cheng)局(ju)部(bu)、斷續發(fa)(fa)育, 棕黃色(se). 鈣(gai)(gai)板(ban)層(ceng)下方局(ju)部(bu)發(fa)(fa)育有孤立的石(shi)筍, 與(yu)鈣(gai)(gai)板(ban)層(ceng)無直接(jie)連接(jie). 本(ben)層(ceng)厚58~101 cm;

(4) 石(shi)灰巖(yan)風化物堆積層: 結構較松(song)散, 主要為石(shi)灰巖(yan)風化角礫和風化殘余(yu)黏土基質等. 無包(bao)含物, 厚41~66 cm;

(5) 棕紅(hong)色粉砂質黏土(tu), 結構較緊密, 無包含物, 厚18~26 cm。

2013年5月 ，被國務院核定(ding)公布為第七(qi)批全國重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單(dan)位(wei)。

景點景觀

動物化石

黃龍洞出土動(dong)物化石(shi)1700余件, 經初步(bu)鑒定為(wei)11目50種.

(1)靈長目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕碩獼(mi)猴(hou)、獼(mi)猴(hou)、灰葉猴(hou) (2) 十足目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕重石(shi)束腹(fu)蟹 (3) 無尾(wei)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕蛙 (4) 食(shi)蟲(chong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕微尾(wei)、刺(ci)猬 (5) 翼手目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕普氏(shi)(shi)(shi)蹄蝠(fu)、大馬蹄蝠(fu)、馬鐵菊(ju)頭(tou)蝠(fu)、皮氏(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)頭(tou)蝠(fu)、大耳(er)菊(ju)頭(tou)蝠(fu)、印度假吸吸血蝠(fu)、鼠(shu)(shu)耳(er)蝠(fu)、白(bai)腹(fu)管鼻(bi)蝠(fu) (6) 兔形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)：鼠(shu)(shu)兔 (7) 嚙(nie)齒(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)：苛南(nan)(nan)絨鼠(shu)(shu)、變(bian)異倉鼠(shu)(shu)、灰鼯(wu)鼠(shu)(shu)、紅(hong)白(bai)鼯(wu)鼠(shu)(shu)、赤腹(fu)松鼠(shu)(shu)、側紋(wen)巖松鼠(shu)(shu)、毛耳(er)鼯(wu)鼠(shu)(shu)、華南(nan)(nan)豪豬(zhu)、中華竹(zhu)鼠(shu)(shu) (8) 食(shi)肉(rou)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕云豹、最(zui)后鬣狗、豺、狼、豬(zhu)獾(huan)、果子貍、大熊貓巴氏(shi)(shi)(shi)亞種、黑熊、柯氏(shi)(shi)(shi)西藏熊、華南(nan)(nan)虎(hu)、野(ye)貓 (9) 長鼻(bi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕東方劍齒(chi)象(10) 奇蹄目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)﹕中國犀(xi)、基氏(shi)(shi)(shi)貝爾格犀(xi)、華南(nan)(nan)巨貘(mo)(11) 偶蹄目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)：野(ye)豬(zhu)、香(xiang)麝(she)、赤麂(ji)、獐、水鹿、梅花(hua)鹿、青羊(yang)、羚(ling)羊(yang)、蘇門(men)羚(ling)。

該動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)包含(han)一定數量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)新(xin)世(shi)絕(jue)滅種(zhong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu), 如碩獼猴(hou)、變異(yi)倉鼠、最后鬣狗、大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)巴氏亞(ya)種(zhong)、柯氏西藏(zang)熊(xiong)、東(dong)方劍(jian)齒(chi)象、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)犀、華南(nan)巨貘等(deng), 同(tong)時也(ye)(ye)有(you)較(jiao)多(duo)現(xian)生(sheng)種(zhong), 如云(yun)豹、豺、狼、豬(zhu)獾、果子貍、野豬(zhu)、水(shui)鹿(lu)、梅花鹿(lu)等(deng)。 動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)組合具(ju)備更(geng)新(xin)世(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期的(de)(de)(de)(de)時代特(te)點, 總體(ti)面貌表現(xian)出大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)-劍(jian)齒(chi)象動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)特(te)征. 動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)生(sheng)態反映該遺(yi)址(zhi)是以熱(re)帶、亞(ya)熱(re)帶森(sen)(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境景(jing)觀為主, 如動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)低(di)地密林(lin)、熱(re)帶雨林(lin)以樹棲生(sheng)活為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)云(yun)豹、長綠闊葉(xie)林(lin)帶生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛耳鼯鼠、及數量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)菊(ju)頭蝠等(deng). 菊(ju)頭蝠是典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)性(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu), 并且只(zhi)在大(da)片森(sen)(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境下(xia)適宜生(sheng)存, 因此又被(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)學家稱為森(sen)(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)標志. 動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)具(ju)山地特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)和以秦(qin)嶺為分布(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域性(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu), 前者如蘇門羚(ling)、青羊等(deng). 后者如苛南(nan)絨鼠等(deng). 黃龍洞(dong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)群(qun)反映出該遺(yi)址(zhi)處于秦(qin)嶺南(nan)麓的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然區(qu)(qu)位特(te)點, 并且還表示中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)北氣(qi)候分界線(xian)-秦(qin)嶺山區(qu)(qu)(高度)在黃龍洞(dong)古遺(yi)址(zhi)時期已經具(ju)有(you)規模。

人類化石

發(fa)(fa)現的(de)人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)石共 5 枚(mei), 分別(bie)為(wei)下(xia)頜(he)左側(ce)(ce)第二(er)或(huo)第三(san)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、下(xia)頜(he)右側(ce)(ce)第二(er)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、上(shang)頜(he)左側(ce)(ce)犬齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、下(xia)頜(he)右側(ce)(ce)第一或(huo)第二(er)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、上(shang)頜(he)左側(ce)(ce)第三(san)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi). 這些(xie)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)呈(cheng)白色或(huo)黃(huang)褐色, 有(you)一定程度的(de)石化(hua). 除左上(shang)頜(he)第三(san)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)冠咬合(he)面(mian)磨耗較(jiao)輕, 可能代表(biao)著(zhu)年輕個體外, 其余4枚(mei)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)磨耗均較(jiao)嚴重, 屬于壯年以上(shang)的(de)個體. 初步觀察顯(xian)示(shi)下(xia)頜(he)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)舌側(ce)(ce)面(mian)呈(cheng)明顯(xian)的(de)鏟(chan)形(xing), 但(dan)無常見于直立(li)人(ren)(ren)的(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)結(jie)節(jie)和指狀突. 與迄今在中國境內發(fa)(fa)現的(de)古人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)測(ce)量數據對比, 黃(huang)龍洞牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尺寸比以周口店為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)直立(li)人(ren)(ren)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)要小, 處在晚(wan)期智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尺寸變(bian)異范圍之(zhi)內. 結(jie)合(he)洞穴時代、動物(wu)群及(ji)年代測(ce)試結(jie)果綜(zong)合(he)分析, 在黃(huang)龍洞發(fa)(fa)現的(de)人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)代表(biao)著(zhu)晚(wan)期智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，建議簡稱“鄖西人(ren)(ren)”。

石制品

試掘共(gong)發現古人類(lei)制(zhi)(zhi)作和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)及其副產(chan)(chan)品22件(jian)(jian). 這些人工(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品多為(wei)古人類(lei)制(zhi)(zhi)作石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)具所產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)塊(kuai)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian). 經加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)包括(kuo)刮削器(qi)、砍砸(za)(za)器(qi)、手(shou)鎬和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐(zhui). 刮削器(qi)共(gong)5件(jian)(jian), 是數量多的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)類(lei), 原料選用(yong)(yong)(yong)脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英和(he)(he)燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi), 系(xi)將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)薄(bo)銳的(de)(de)(de)邊緣(yuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)打制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)鋒利的(de)(de)(de)刃口(kou), 以供(gong)(gong)刮削、切割之用(yong)(yong)(yong). 手(shou)鎬3件(jian)(jian), 原料為(wei)質(zhi)地較粗的(de)(de)(de)粉砂巖、火山巖和(he)(he)變質(zhi)巖, 原坯(pi)為(wei)卵(luan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai), 系(xi)將(jiang)一(yi)端打制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)突(tu)起而厚鈍的(de)(de)(de)尖刃, 以利挖掘. 其中2件(jian)(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)作精良、規范, 在尖部從卵(luan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)弧面上向一(yi)面加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)可供(gong)(gong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)尖刃, 相對一(yi)端則敲(qiao)打變鈍, 適宜抓握, 持握手(shou)中舒適而適用(yong)(yong)(yong). 石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐(zhui)只有(you)1件(jian)(jian), 用(yong)(yong)(yong)脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng), 加工(gong)(gong)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)兩條薄(bo)銳的(de)(de)(de)刃緣(yuan)交匯成(cheng)龜首狀的(de)(de)(de)短而鈍的(de)(de)(de)尖刃. 1件(jian)(jian)砍砸(za)(za)器(qi)系(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)碧玉裂片(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng), 在多個邊緣(yuan)有(you)加工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)痕跡, 修整隨意、粗糙(cao). 此(ci)外(wai), 1件(jian)(jian)原型(xing)為(wei)卵(luan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)上出(chu)現一(yi)個集中分布細碎疤痕的(de)(de)(de)凹陷區域(yu), 顯系(xi)砸(za)(za)擊生產(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)和(he)(he)敲(qiao)砸(za)(za)堅果所致(zhi); 幾件(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)和(he)(he)斷(duan)塊(kuai)上有(you)不規律的(de)(de)(de)疤痕, 應是未經加工(gong)(gong)而偶爾被(bei)作為(wei)工(gong)(gong)具使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)結果。

目(mu)前(qian)該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出土的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品還很少, 因(yin)而難窺古人(ren)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技術(shu)全貌. 從有限的(de)(de)(de)材料來看(kan), 古人(ren)在此采用(yong)了兩種技術(shu)剝(bo)離石(shi)(shi)片、生(sheng)產石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 即錘擊法(fa)和砸(za)擊法(fa). 前(qian)者在中(zhong)國舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)被廣泛采用(yong), 而后者多出現在北方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong). 該(gai)地點(dian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)加工多簡(jian)單、粗(cu)糙, 采用(yong)礫石(shi)(shi)作(zuo)原料者占較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)比例, 一些石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品粗(cu)大(da), 顯示(shi)南方(fang)(fang)礫石(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明特點(dian); 但加工成型的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為個體較(jiao)小、以石(shi)(shi)片作(zuo)毛坯的(de)(de)(de)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 加之砸(za)擊技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)采用(yong), 使(shi)(shi)該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)文化面貌又(you)兼有中(zhong)國北方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文化風格, 顯示(shi)一種交融、過(guo)渡的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)性. 石(shi)(shi)錘、石(shi)(shi)片、斷(duan)塊的(de)(de)(de)存在表明古人(ren)類(lei)(lei)在遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)從事(shi)過(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong), 而部分伴生(sheng)動(dong)物化石(shi)(shi)上(shang)出現鋒利的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刃口切割(ge)留下的(de)(de)(de)條痕, 說明古人(ren)曾(ceng)在洞(dong)(dong)中(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 消(xiao)費過(guo)動(dong)物食物資(zi)源, 進而證明黃龍洞(dong)(dong)是(shi)一處(chu)史前(qian)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)和消(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)場所, 即所謂洞(dong)(dong)穴之家。

歷史沿革

宋(song)人樂(le)史在(zai)其(qi)地理名著《太平寰宇記(ji)·山(shan)南西道·商州·上津縣載：“千人穴(xue)在(zai)縣東(dong)七十里，穴(xue)口高闊(kuo)三丈(zhang)，深二百步，可容千人，中(zhong)有石(shi)暗凝若(ruo)乳，味(wei)甘治(zhi)疾(ji)，常有石(shi)燕、鳥(niao)群，飛出入其(qi)中(zhong)。”這(zhe)是目前已知古籍中(zhong)最早記(ji)載黃(huang)龍(long)洞的。明代(dai)《鄖臺志》載：“黃(huang)龍(long)山(shan)，山(shan)下有洞，禱雨多應”。

2004年(nian)5月(yue)(yue), 在(zai)為配合高速公路(lu)建(jian)設進行的文物調查中, 本(ben)文第一(yi)作者在(zai)湖北省鄖(yun)西縣黃(huang)龍洞發(fa)現了(le)哺乳動(dong)物化(hua)石. 在(zai)6~8月(yue)(yue)和(he)(he)11~12月(yue)(yue)兩次試掘中, 共有(you)5枚人類牙齒化(hua)石、20余件(jian)石制品和(he)(he)大量(liang)動(dong)物化(hua)石被發(fa)掘出(chu)土. 初步動(dong)物群分析、石制品研究和(he)(he)年(nian)代測定顯示這是一(yi)處更新世晚(wan)期古人類遺址, 對研究中國及東亞(ya)地(di)區更新世晚(wan)期人類演化(hua)和(he)(he)現代智人起源具有(you)非常重要的價值。