芒果视频下载

北京鴨(ya)(ya)是世(shi)界(jie)(jie)著名(ming)的(de)優良肉用鴨(ya)(ya)標準品種(zhong)。具有生長(chang)發育快、育肥性能好的(de)特點，是聞名(ming)中(zhong)外“北京烤鴨(ya)(ya)”的(de)制(zhi)作原料。原產于北京西(xi)郊玉泉山一帶，現已遍布世(shi)界(jie)(jie)各(ge)地，在國際養鴨(ya)(ya)業中(zhong)占有重要地位(wei)。

國內北京(jing)鴨肉用(yong)性能尚低于國外先(xian)進水平，其中早期生產速度差距(ju)較大，其他(ta)如成活率、孵(fu)化率及胸肉率等(deng)均有差距(ju)。

品種特征

鳥綱雁形目鴨(ya)科動(dong)物。由(you)綠(lv)頭(tou)鴨(ya)馴(xun)化而來，是(shi)家(jia)鴨(ya)的優良品種之一。

北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)原(yuan)產(chan)于北(bei)京(jing)(jing)玉泉(quan)山一帶，因(yin)此而得(de)名。它(ta)的馴養(yang)歷(li)史至少有200～300年。羽毛(mao)純白(bai)色，嘴(zui)、腿和蹼呈(cheng)橘紅色，頭和喙較短，頸(jing)長(chang)，體(ti)質健壯，生(sheng)長(chang)快，剛出(chu)生(sheng)時體(ti)重約(yue)56克。60天就(jiu)可達2～2.5千克。雄鴨(ya)可長(chang)到3～4千克。雌鴨(ya)成(cheng)熟早，一般長(chang)到6～7個月就(jiu)開始產(chan)卵(luan)。年產(chan)卵(luan)70～120枚。北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)肉肥(fei)味美，馳(chi)名中外(wai)的北(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)，就(jiu)是(shi)用北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)烤制而成(cheng)的。北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)已傳(chuan)入外(wai)國(guo)，世界各國(guo)都(dou)有分布(bu)。

北京鴨體(ti)(ti)型碩大(da)(da)(da)豐滿(man)(man)，挺拔美觀。頭較大(da)(da)(da)。喙(hui)(hui)(hui)中(zhong)等大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)。眼大(da)(da)(da)而(er)(er)明亮。頸粗、中(zhong)等長(chang)。體(ti)(ti)軀長(chang)方，前部(bu)(bu)昂(ang)起，與地面約(yue)是30°角，背寬平，胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)豐滿(man)(man)，胸(xiong)骨長(chang)而(er)(er)直(zhi)．兩翅較小(xiao)而(er)(er)緊(jin)附于(yu)體(ti)(ti)軀。尾短(duan)而(er)(er)上翹(qiao)，公(gong)鴨有4根(gen)卷起的(de)性羽(yu)(yu)。產(chan)蛋母(mu)鴨因輸卵(luan)管發達而(er)(er)腹部(bu)(bu)豐滿(man)(man)，顯得后(hou)軀大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)前軀，腿短(duan)粗，蹼(pu)寬厚。全身羽(yu)(yu)毛豐滿(man)(man)，羽(yu)(yu)色(se)純白并帶有奶油光澤；喙(hui)(hui)(hui)、脛(jing)、蹼(pu)橙黃色(se)或橘(ju)紅色(se)；虹彩藍灰色(se)。初生雛鴨絨(rong)羽(yu)(yu)金黃色(se)，稱為“鴨黃”，隨口(kou)齡(ling)(ling)增加顏色(se)逐漸(jian)變淺(qian)，至(zhi)金周(zhou)齡(ling)(ling)前后(hou)變成(cheng)白色(se)；至(zhi)60日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)羽(yu)(yu)毛長(chang)齊，喙(hui)(hui)(hui) 、進發、蹼(pu)橘(ju)紅色(se)。

生產性能

產肉性能

一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群雛(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初生重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 58～62g，3周(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 600～700g，7周(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750～2000g，9周(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2500～2750g， 150日齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750～3000g。長期以來，北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要用(yong)(yong)于生產填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，生產程序分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼雛(chu)、中雛(chu)和(he)(he)(he)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，幼雛(chu)和(he)(he)(he)中雛(chu)亦稱(cheng)“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯子”階段(duan)，用(yong)(yong)7周(zhou)左右時間，以后再填(tian)(tian)(tian) 10～15d，使填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao) 2.75kg左右的出售標準。屠(tu)(tu)(tu)宰率(lv)(lv)：北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因兩種肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生產方式而屠(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)品質有(you)所不(bu)同，其中填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的屠(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)脂肪率(lv)(lv)較高，瘦肉(rou)率(lv)(lv)低于未經填(tian)(tian)(tian)詞的肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)。填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的半(ban)(ban)凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)(tu)宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%；全凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)(tu)宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸(xiong)(xiong)肌(ji)和(he)(he)(he)腿(tui)(tui)肌(ji)占凈(jing)膛(tang)的比例分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和(he)(he)(he)11.6%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和(he)(he)(he)10.7%，胸(xiong)(xiong)、腿(tui)(tui)肌(ji)合計，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來自選育(yu)群自由采(cai)食(shi)飼養的肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，半(ban)(ban)凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)(tu)宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%；全凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)(tu)宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%，胸(xiong)(xiong)肌(ji)率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%；腿(tui)(tui)肌(ji)率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，胸(xiong)(xiong)、腿(tui)(tui)合計，公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%，母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。

肥肝性能

北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)有較好的(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)性(xing)能，是(shi)國(guo)外(wai)生產(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)的(de)(de)主要(yao)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)種，用80～90日齡北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)或北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)與瘤(liu)頭鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)雜(za)交(jiao)的(de)(de)雜(za)種鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)，填(tian)飼 2～3周，每(mei)只可產(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan) 300～400 g，而且填(tian)肥(fei)(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增(zeng)重快，可達到(dao)肝(gan)、肉雙(shuang)收(shou)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。我國(guo)從1980年(nian)開始用北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)試填(tian)肥(fei)(fei)胖，1980年(nian)上海(hai)市青浦縣徐涇肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)場用北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生產(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)10余。3、產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)性(xing)能北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)不僅具有優良肉用性(xing)能，而且具有很高的(de)(de)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)性(xing)能。60年(nian)代以前(qian)，曾直認為北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)年(nian)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)量為 180個，蛋(dan)(dan)重為90g以上。

養殖(zhi)場人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)(yu)是我國北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)管理技術。種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)在第一個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期(qi)末，即產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)9～10個(ge)(ge)月以后，產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)率。種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)質量和受精率均開始(shi)下降。此(ci)時(shi)，通過短期(qi)限制(zhi)飼喂(wei)、飲水和照明等措施，迫(po)使(shi)母鴨(ya)停(ting)產(chan)(chan)換(huan)羽(yu)(yu)，并于(yu)40～50d內(nei)恢(hui)復產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)，利用(yong)第二個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期(qi)。經過人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)鴨(ya)群復產(chan)(chan)整(zheng)齊一致，保持較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)率、種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)受精率和孵化率。一般第二個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期(qi)多為(wei)6個(ge)(ge)月左右。在兩個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期(qi)內(nei)，每只母鴨(ya)可產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)280～290個(ge)(ge)。60年代(dai)以來，國外肉鴨(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中亦開始(shi)采用(yong)人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)(yu)，而(er)我國的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)場中有(you)許多卻改(gai)為(wei)僅利用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)的(de)(de)(de)頭一個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)年，80年代(dai)初(chu)，有(you)些鴨(ya)場又開始(shi)采用(yong)人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)(yu)。

蛋的品質

據1983年中國(guo)農業科學院畜牧研究所(suo)測(ce)定，72周齡種鴨蛋(dan)(dan)351個(ge)，平均(jun)蛋(dan)(dan)重為(wei)(wei) 103 g，蛋(dan)(dan)殼(ke)厚為(wei)(wei) 0.358 mm，蛋(dan)(dan)殼(ke)強(qiang)度為(wei)(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2，蛋(dan)(dan)形(xing)指數(shu)為(wei)(wei) 1.41，哈(ha)氏單(dan)位。為(wei)(wei)73.1。

繁殖性能

性成熟期為150～180日(ri)齡(ling)。公母(mu)配種(zhong)比(bi)例多為1：5。種(zhong)蛋受精(jing)率為90%以(yi)上。受精(jing)蛋孵化率為80 %左右。成活(huo)率：1～28日(ri)齡(ling)雛(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)成活(huo)率為95%以(yi)上。一(yi)般生產(chan)(chan)場每(mei)只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)可年(nian)生產(chan)(chan)（繁殖）80只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左右肉鴨(ya)(ya)或填鴨(ya)(ya)。育種(zhong)場的每(mei)只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)肉鴨(ya)(ya)100只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)上。

生活習性

北京(jing)鴨(ya)性情溫馴，膽小怕驚，非(fei)常(chang)合(he)群。北京(jing)鴨(ya)作為(wei)水禽(qin)，種鴨(ya)交配一般選擇(ze)早晨或傍(bang)晚(wan)在(zai)廣闊(kuo)的(de)水面進行(xing)。但在(zai)人工(gong)旱養條件(jian)下(xia)種鴨(ya)也能交配，正(zheng)常(chang)情況下(xia)，成年種鴨(ya)產(chan)蛋主要集中在(zai)午夜以(yi)后到黎明以(yi)前這段(duan)時間，此時夜深人靜，沒有(you)任何(he)吵擾(rao)，最適合(he)鴨(ya)類繁(fan)殖(zhi)后代(dai)的(de)特殊要求，北京(jing)鴨(ya)一般不在(zai)白天產(chan)蛋。

相關資料

京(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”莫屬。“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”專(zhuan)選用(yong)以(yi)獨特的(de)人(ren)工“填(tian)鴨(ya)”法養(yang)出的(de)肥美北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)作為(wei)原料，由明、清朝至今，已(yi)有幾(ji)百年歷史。國(guo)家環保總局(ju)公布的(de)一項資料，卻(que)揭露了一個(ge)驚人(ren)的(de)事實：由于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)本土物種(zhong)遺(yi)傳資料的(de)流失，真正的(de)“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)”已(yi)幾(ji)乎(hu)絕跡，而以(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)”配種(zhong)繁育(yu)出來的(de)英國(guo)“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)，取而代之(zhi)成為(wei)“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”的(de)真正原料。

英(ying)“混血”鴨取代北京鴨

國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)環保總局(ju)日前(qian)公布一份(fen)資料(liao)指出，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本土物種遺傳資源(yuan)流失狀況堪憂，由于本地物種資料(liao)保護意識落(luo)后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)正成為發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)攫取遺傳資源(yuan)的新目標(biao)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的野生(sheng)大(da)豆、奇異果甚至家(jia)禽(qin)都被發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)拿走，“混血”改(gai)良后(hou)再重新用來搶占中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)市場(chang)。

專家(jia)薛(xue)達元教(jiao)授表(biao)示，中(zhong)國本土物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)流失最突出(chu)的(de)(de)例子是“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)”，該品種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)英(ying)(ying)國被雜(za)交(jiao)后(hou)繁育出(chu)來(lai)新良種(zhong)(zhong)“櫻桃(tao)谷”鴨(ya)，后(hou)來(lai)，英(ying)(ying)國繁育的(de)(de)“櫻桃(tao)谷”鴨(ya)又重新被引種(zhong)(zhong)到中(zhong)國，占(zhan)領中(zhong)國的(de)(de)市場。現在(zai)，在(zai)中(zhong)國真正的(de)(de)“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)”幾(ji)乎絕(jue)跡，而重新由英(ying)(ying)國引進(jin)的(de)(de)“櫻桃(tao)谷”鴨(ya)，成(cheng)為北(bei)(bei)京(jing)烤鴨(ya)的(de)(de)主要原料。

北(bei)京鴨引入美(mei)國惹轟動

北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)的(de)物種遺傳資(zi)源最(zui)早從中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)流傳至(zhi)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)是在(zai)清朝，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人詹(zhan)姆斯·帕爾(er)(er)默于1873年(nian)從天津將北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)運至(zhi)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，從此北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)的(de)物種遺傳資(zi)料流出(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外。同年(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人克爾(er)(er)又將北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)的(de)種蛋引入英國(guo)(guo)(guo)，1875年(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人將填(tian)肥的(de)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)海運至(zhi)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，立刻(ke)引起美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)市(shi)場的(de)轟動。當時有(you)文章寫道：（北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)）樣(yang)品(pin)既出(chu)，社會耳目為之(zhi)一(yi)新，紳士名媛，交與不(bu)置。購者驟多，供給缺乏。一(yi)時價格(ge)騰(teng)貴，每卵一(yi)枚，當金元一(yi)元之(zhi)價，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社會，遂有(you)鴨(ya)即金磚之(zhi)榮稱(cheng)。

英國的(de)(de)(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷鴨(ya)，美國長島鴨(ya)等都(dou)是在北京鴨(ya)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上選育(yu)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。現在英國的(de)(de)(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷鴨(ya)，已經取(qu)代北京鴨(ya)，成(cheng)為“北京烤鴨(ya)”的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料。中國輸出(chu)北京鴨(ya)的(de)(de)(de)物種時(shi)，沒有獲(huo)利，現在引進(jin)英國的(de)(de)(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷鴨(ya)種，反而還必須用外匯購(gou)買(mai)，造成(cheng)巨大的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)損失(shi)。