北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨是世界(jie)著(zhu)名(ming)的優良肉用(yong)鴨標(biao)準品種。具(ju)有(you)生(sheng)長發(fa)育快、育肥(fei)性(xing)能好的特點,是聞名(ming)中外“北(bei)(bei)(bei)京烤鴨”的制(zhi)作(zuo)原料(liao)。原產于北(bei)(bei)(bei)京西郊玉泉山一帶(dai),現已(yi)遍(bian)布世界(jie)各地(di),在國際養鴨業中占有(you)重(zhong)要地(di)位。
國內北京鴨肉用性(xing)能尚低于國外先進水平,其中早期生(sheng)產(chan)速度差距(ju)較大,其他如成活率、孵化(hua)率及胸(xiong)肉率等均有(you)差距(ju)。
品種特征
鳥綱(gang)雁形目(mu)鴨科動物。由綠頭鴨馴化而來,是家鴨的優良品(pin)種之(zhi)一。
北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)原產于(yu)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)玉泉山一(yi)帶(dai),因(yin)此而(er)得名。它的(de)馴養歷史至少有200~300年。羽毛純白色(se),嘴、腿和蹼呈(cheng)橘紅色(se),頭和喙較短,頸(jing)長(chang),體(ti)質健壯,生長(chang)快,剛出生時體(ti)重約56克(ke)。60天就可達2~2.5千(qian)克(ke)。雄(xiong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可長(chang)到3~4千(qian)克(ke)。雌鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)成(cheng)熟早,一(yi)般長(chang)到6~7個月就開始(shi)產卵(luan)。年產卵(luan)70~120枚。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)肉肥味美,馳名中外的(de)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya),就是用北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)烤制而(er)成(cheng)的(de)。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)已傳入外國(guo),世界各國(guo)都有分(fen)布。
北京鴨(ya)體型碩大豐(feng)(feng)滿,挺(ting)拔美觀。頭較(jiao)(jiao)大。喙中等大小。眼大而(er)明(ming)亮。頸粗(cu)、中等長(chang)。體軀(qu)(qu)長(chang)方,前部(bu)昂(ang)起,與地(di)面約是30°角(jiao),背寬平,胸部(bu)豐(feng)(feng)滿,胸骨長(chang)而(er)直.兩(liang)翅較(jiao)(jiao)小而(er)緊(jin)附于體軀(qu)(qu)。尾短而(er)上翹,公鴨(ya)有4根卷(juan)起的性羽(yu)(yu)。產蛋母鴨(ya)因輸卵管(guan)發(fa)達而(er)腹部(bu)豐(feng)(feng)滿,顯得(de)后(hou)軀(qu)(qu)大于前軀(qu)(qu),腿短粗(cu),蹼(pu)寬厚。全身羽(yu)(yu)毛豐(feng)(feng)滿,羽(yu)(yu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)純白并帶有奶油光澤;喙、脛、蹼(pu)橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或橘(ju)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se);虹(hong)彩藍灰色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。初(chu)生雛鴨(ya)絨羽(yu)(yu)金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),稱(cheng)為“鴨(ya)黃(huang)”,隨口(kou)齡(ling)(ling)增加顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)逐漸變(bian)(bian)淺,至(zhi)金(jin)周齡(ling)(ling)前后(hou)變(bian)(bian)成白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se);至(zhi)60日齡(ling)(ling)羽(yu)(yu)毛長(chang)齊,喙 、進發(fa)、蹼(pu)橘(ju)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。
生產性能
產肉性能
一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群雛(chu)(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初生重為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 58~62g,3周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 600~700g,7周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750~2000g,9周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2500~2750g, 150日齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750~3000g。長期以(yi)來,北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要用于生產填(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),生產程序分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼(you)雛(chu)(chu)、中(zhong)(zhong)雛(chu)(chu)和填(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),幼(you)雛(chu)(chu)和中(zhong)(zhong)雛(chu)(chu)亦(yi)稱(cheng)“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯(pi)子”階段,用7周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)左(zuo)右(you)時間(jian),以(yi)后再(zai)填(tian) 10~15d,使填(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到 2.75kg左(zuo)右(you)的(de)出(chu)售(shou)標(biao)準。屠(tu)宰率(lv):北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因兩種肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生產方(fang)式而(er)屠(tu)體品質(zhi)有所不(bu)同,其中(zhong)(zhong)填(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)屠(tu)體脂(zhi)肪率(lv)較(jiao)高(gao),瘦肉率(lv)低于未經填(tian)詞(ci)的(de)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠(tu)體。填(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)半凈膛屠(tu)宰率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%;全凈膛屠(tu)宰率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸肌(ji)和腿肌(ji)占凈膛的(de)比例分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和11.6%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和10.7%,胸、腿肌(ji)合(he)計,公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來自(zi)選育群自(zi)由(you)采食飼養的(de)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),半凈膛屠(tu)宰率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%;全凈膛屠(tu)宰率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%,胸肌(ji)率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%;腿肌(ji)率(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,胸、腿合(he)計,公(gong)(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。
肥肝性能
北(bei)京鴨(ya)有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)(gan)性(xing)能,是國外生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)(gan)的(de)主要(yao)鴨(ya)種,用80~90日(ri)齡北(bei)京鴨(ya)或北(bei)京鴨(ya)與瘤頭鴨(ya)雜交的(de)雜種鴨(ya),填飼 2~3周,每只可(ke)產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)(gan) 300~400 g,而且填肥(fei)(fei)鴨(ya)的(de)增重快,可(ke)達到肝(gan)(gan)、肉雙收的(de)目的(de)。我國從1980年(nian)開始(shi)用北(bei)京鴨(ya)試填肥(fei)(fei)胖(pang),1980年(nian)上(shang)海市(shi)青(qing)浦縣徐涇(jing)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)(gan)場用北(bei)京鴨(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)肝(gan)(gan)10余。3、產(chan)(chan)蛋性(xing)能北(bei)京鴨(ya)不僅具有(you)優良肉用性(xing)能,而且具有(you)很高的(de)產(chan)(chan)蛋性(xing)能。60年(nian)代以(yi)前,曾直認為(wei)北(bei)京鴨(ya)的(de)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)蛋量為(wei) 180個,蛋重為(wei)90g以(yi)上(shang)。
養殖場(chang)人(ren)工強制換(huan)羽(yu)是我國北(bei)京鴨(ya)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)傳統(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)管理技術。種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)在第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)末,即產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)9~10個(ge)(ge)(ge)月以(yi)后,產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)。種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)質(zhi)量和(he)受精率(lv)(lv)均開(kai)(kai)始(shi)下降。此時,通過短期(qi)限制飼(si)喂、飲水和(he)照明(ming)等措施,迫使母鴨(ya)停產(chan)(chan)換(huan)羽(yu),并于(yu)40~50d內恢(hui)復產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),利用(yong)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)。經(jing)過人(ren)工強制換(huan)羽(yu)的(de)鴨(ya)群復產(chan)(chan)整(zheng)齊一(yi)致,保持較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)、種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)受精率(lv)(lv)和(he)孵化率(lv)(lv)。一(yi)般第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)多(duo)為(wei)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)月左右。在兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)內,每只(zhi)母鴨(ya)可(ke)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)280~290個(ge)(ge)(ge)。60年(nian)代以(yi)來(lai),國外肉鴨(ya)生產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)亦開(kai)(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工強制換(huan)羽(yu),而我國的(de)北(bei)京鴨(ya)場(chang)中(zhong)有許多(duo)卻改為(wei)僅利用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)的(de)頭一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)年(nian),80年(nian)代初,有些鴨(ya)場(chang)又(you)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工強制換(huan)羽(yu)。
蛋的品質
據1983年中(zhong)國農業科學(xue)院(yuan)畜牧研究(jiu)所測(ce)定(ding),72周(zhou)齡(ling)種鴨蛋(dan)(dan)351個,平(ping)均蛋(dan)(dan)重為(wei) 103 g,蛋(dan)(dan)殼厚為(wei) 0.358 mm,蛋(dan)(dan)殼強度為(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2,蛋(dan)(dan)形指(zhi)數為(wei) 1.41,哈(ha)氏單位。為(wei)73.1。
繁殖性能
性(xing)成(cheng)熟期為(wei)150~180日(ri)齡。公母(mu)配種比例(li)多為(wei)1:5。種蛋受(shou)精(jing)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)90%以上(shang)。受(shou)精(jing)蛋孵(fu)化率(lv)(lv)為(wei)80 %左(zuo)右。成(cheng)活率(lv)(lv):1~28日(ri)齡雛(chu)鴨(ya)成(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)為(wei)95%以上(shang)。一般生(sheng)產場(chang)每只母(mu)鴨(ya)可年生(sheng)產(繁殖)80只左(zuo)右肉(rou)鴨(ya)或填鴨(ya)。育(yu)種場(chang)的每只母(mu)鴨(ya)年產肉(rou)鴨(ya)100只以上(shang)。
生活習性
北京鴨(ya)性情(qing)(qing)溫馴,膽小(xiao)怕驚,非常合(he)群。北京鴨(ya)作(zuo)為水(shui)(shui)禽,種(zhong)鴨(ya)交(jiao)配一般(ban)選擇(ze)早晨(chen)或傍晚在(zai)廣(guang)闊的水(shui)(shui)面進行。但在(zai)人工旱(han)養(yang)條件(jian)下種(zhong)鴨(ya)也能交(jiao)配,正常情(qing)(qing)況下,成年種(zhong)鴨(ya)產(chan)蛋(dan)主要集中在(zai)午(wu)夜以(yi)后到黎明以(yi)前這段(duan)時間,此時夜深人靜,沒有(you)任何吵擾,最適(shi)合(he)鴨(ya)類繁殖后代的特(te)殊(shu)要求,北京鴨(ya)一般(ban)不在(zai)白天產(chan)蛋(dan)。
相關資料
京(jing)(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”莫屬。“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”專選用以(yi)獨(du)特的(de)人工(gong)“填鴨(ya)”法養出(chu)的(de)肥美(mei)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)作為(wei)原料,由(you)明(ming)、清朝至今,已有幾(ji)百年歷(li)史。國家環(huan)保總局公(gong)布的(de)一(yi)項資料,卻(que)揭露(lu)了一(yi)個驚人的(de)事(shi)實:由(you)于中國本土物種遺傳資料的(de)流失,真正(zheng)的(de)“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)”已幾(ji)乎絕跡,而以(yi)中國“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)”配種繁育出(chu)來的(de)英(ying)國“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨(ya),取而代之成(cheng)為(wei)“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”的(de)真正(zheng)原料。
英(ying)“混(hun)血”鴨(ya)取代北(bei)京鴨(ya)
國(guo)家環保總局日前(qian)公(gong)布一份資(zi)料(liao)指(zhi)出(chu),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)本土(tu)物(wu)種遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)流失(shi)狀況堪憂(you),由于本地(di)物(wu)種資(zi)料(liao)保護意識落后,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)正(zheng)成為發達國(guo)家攫取(qu)遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)的新(xin)目標。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的野生大豆、奇異果(guo)甚至家禽都被(bei)發達國(guo)家拿走,“混血(xue)”改良(liang)后再重新(xin)用(yong)來搶(qiang)占中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)市場。
專家薛達元教授表示,中國(guo)(guo)(guo)本土(tu)物種(zhong)流失(shi)最突出的(de)(de)(de)例子是“北京鴨(ya)(ya)”,該品種(zhong)在(zai)(zai)英國(guo)(guo)(guo)被雜交后繁育出來新(xin)良種(zhong)“櫻(ying)(ying)桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya),后來,英國(guo)(guo)(guo)繁育的(de)(de)(de)“櫻(ying)(ying)桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya)又重新(xin)被引種(zhong)到中國(guo)(guo)(guo),占領中國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)。現在(zai)(zai),在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)“北京鴨(ya)(ya)”幾乎絕(jue)跡,而重新(xin)由英國(guo)(guo)(guo)引進的(de)(de)(de)“櫻(ying)(ying)桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya),成為北京烤鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)主要原料。
北京鴨引入美國(guo)惹轟動
北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的物種(zhong)遺傳(chuan)資源最(zui)早從(cong)(cong)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)流(liu)傳(chuan)至(zhi)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)是在清朝(chao),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人詹姆斯(si)·帕爾(er)默于1873年(nian)從(cong)(cong)天(tian)津將(jiang)北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)運至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),從(cong)(cong)此北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的物種(zhong)遺傳(chuan)資料流(liu)出國(guo)(guo)(guo)外。同年(nian),英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人克爾(er)又(you)將(jiang)北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的種(zhong)蛋引(yin)(yin)入(ru)英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo),1875年(nian),英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人將(jiang)填肥的北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)海運至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),立刻引(yin)(yin)起美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)市場的轟動(dong)。當時有(you)文章寫道:(北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya))樣品既出,社(she)會(hui)耳目為之一(yi)新,紳(shen)士名媛(yuan),交與不置。購者(zhe)驟(zou)多,供(gong)給缺乏。一(yi)時價格(ge)騰貴,每(mei)卵(luan)一(yi)枚,當金元一(yi)元之價,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)會(hui),遂有(you)鴨(ya)(ya)即金磚之榮稱。
英(ying)國的(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)谷(gu)鴨,美國長(chang)島鴨等都是在北京鴨的(de)基礎上選育而成的(de)。現在英(ying)國的(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)谷(gu)鴨,已經取(qu)代北京鴨,成為“北京烤鴨”的(de)主(zhu)要原料。中國輸出北京鴨的(de)物(wu)種時,沒有獲利(li),現在引進英(ying)國的(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)谷(gu)鴨種,反而還(huan)必須用外匯(hui)購買(mai),造(zao)成巨大的(de)經濟損失。