吉(ji)林(lin)汪(wang)(wang)清嘎呀河(he)國家濕(shi)地公園(yuan)位于延邊州汪(wang)(wang)清縣天(tian)橋嶺林(lin)業局北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)的八人(ren)溝林(lin)場。北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)與(yu)正在規(gui)劃的吉(ji)林(lin)天(tian)橋嶺東北(bei)(bei)(bei)虎(hu)保護區相(xiang)鄰(lin)、南接天(tian)橋嶺鎮(zhen)響水村北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東西主(zhu)要(yao)以公路及農田等標志物為(wei)界,范(fan)圍包括(kuo)八人(ren)溝林(lin)場的6、10、11、26、18、38、23、48、49、64、63、71、72、77、81、84、85 南市林(lin)班部(bu)(bu)分區域。地理坐標為(wei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)緯(wei) 43°47′44″~43°54′47″N,東經129°48′33″ ~129°51′38″E,總面積1161.0hm2。主(zhu)要(yao)分為(wei)河(he)流(liu)濕(shi)地、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤濕(shi)地和人(ren)工濕(shi)地3大(da)類,森林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、草(cao)本(ben)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤化草(cao)甸、水產養殖場、庫塘(tang)和稻田8個(ge)型(xing)。
濕(shi)地公園主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)屬(shu)圖們(men)江水系,其中嘎呀河是公園內主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河流(liu),起(qi)源(yuan)于(yu)汪清北側草(cao)帽(mao)子頂山(shan)附近,流(liu)域面積為6242km2,與海(hai)蘭江匯合流(liu)入圖們(men)江,屬(shu)圖們(men)江一級(ji)支流(liu),流(liu)長108.7km,寬15~25m,河深1.2m,流(liu)速每秒0.6m。公園內嘎呀河流(liu)長14.4km,流(liu)域多(duo)年平均地表(biao)水資源(yuan)總量為26.87×108m3。
根據濕地(di)景觀的異質性(xing),濕地(di)公園內的土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)分(fen)為受(shou)(shou)淹土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)和非受(shou)(shou)淹土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)兩大(da)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。(1)受(shou)(shou)淹土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):一般可分(fen)為草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸沼(zhao)澤土(tu)(tu)(tu)和水下沉積物三(san)種類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。(2)非受(shou)(shou)淹土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing):主(zhu)要(yao)有灰棕(zong)壤(rang)、沖積土(tu)(tu)(tu)和水稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)等三(san)種類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。
本區植(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)組(zu)成比較(jiao)復(fu)雜(za),野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)資源(yuan)十分豐富。據初(chu)步調(diao)查統計,濕地(di)公園內(nei)有野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)共計308種(zhong),其中濕地(di)蘚(xian)類植(zhi)物(wu)4科(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)12種(zhong);濕地(di)維(wei)管束(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)296種(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于60科(ke),149屬(shu)(shu)(shu),其中蕨類植(zhi)物(wu)6科(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)13種(zhong);種(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)54科(ke)141屬(shu)(shu)(shu)283種(zhong),其中裸子植(zhi)物(wu)1科(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)5種(zhong),被子植(zhi)物(wu)53科(ke)137屬(shu)(shu)(shu)278種(zhong)。
濕(shi)地(di)公園內野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源豐(feng)富(fu)。縱向穿(chuan)過濕(shi)地(di)公園的(de)嘎呀(ya)河流域水資(zi)源十分(fen)豐(feng)富(fu),區(qu)域內形成大面(mian)積草(cao)本沼澤(ze)、灌叢沼澤(ze)、森(sen)林(lin)沼澤(ze)和沼澤(ze)化草(cao)甸。區(qu)域地(di)形特殊(shu),植被類(lei)(lei)(lei)型多樣(yang),造(zao)就復雜多樣(yang)的(de)生態環境(jing),為野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)提供(gong)了適宜的(de)繁衍(yan)、棲息生境(jing)。根(gen)據實地(di)考察和資(zi)料查詢,該區(qu)域分(fen)布(bu)有脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)206種(zhong)(zhong),占吉林(lin)省(sheng)已知脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)35.2%,分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)于5綱30目(mu)(mu)71科(ke)。其(qi)中(zhong):魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)22種(zhong)(zhong),占吉林(lin)省(sheng)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)20.2%,分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)5目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)。兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)10種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)2目(mu)(mu)5科(ke),占吉林(lin)省(sheng)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)數的(de)62.5%。爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong),占吉林(lin)省(sheng)爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)數的(de)61.1%,分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)2個亞目(mu)(mu)4科(ke)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)132種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)16目(mu)(mu)41科(ke),占吉林(lin)省(sheng)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)37%。哺(bu)乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)別隸(li)(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)6目(mu)(mu)15科(ke)。
在濕地公園分布的206種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)脊椎動物中(zhong)(zhong),共(gong)有(you)國(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動物26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong):國(guo)家一級保(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動物2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即金雕和(he)紫(zi)貂(diao);國(guo)家II級保(bao)護(hu)動物24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)鳥類(lei)(lei)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包括白額(e)雁、鴛鴦、黑(hei)鳶、禿鷲(jiu)、白頭鷂、鵲鷂、日本松雀鷹、雀鷹、蒼鷹、普通(tong)鵟(kuang)、大鵟(kuang)、紅隼、紅腳隼、花尾榛雞、領角鸮(xiao)、紅角鸮(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)、長(chang)尾林鸮(xiao)、長(chang)耳鸮(xiao)和(he)短耳鸮(xiao),哺乳(ru)類(lei)(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即黑(hei)熊、水獺和(he)馬鹿(lu);另有(you)國(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)水生(sheng)動物1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即細鱗魚。
吉林(lin)汪清(qing)嘎呀(ya)河國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園以(yi)(yi)(yi)優(you)美的(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)景(jing)觀、豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣(yang)性(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及深厚的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)底(di)蘊(yun),成(cheng)為濕(shi)(shi)地(di)教學、科研及濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)旅游(you)的(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)場所(suo),使游(you)人(ren)在(zai)體驗優(you)美濕(shi)(shi)地(di)、森林(lin)景(jing)觀的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),感性(xing)化(hua)接受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)重大意義、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)科普(pu)知(zhi)識(shi)等,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)促進(jin)全(quan)民(min)參與(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)氛圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)逐步形成(cheng),對于推進(jin)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)事業的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面發展具有(you)重要作用(yong)和(he)(he)意義。同(tong)時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)讓(rang)更多人(ren)認識(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di),感受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)文化(hua),了(le)解保(bao)護(hu)(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)及其野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動植(zhi)物、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)重要性(xing),培(pei)養人(ren)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)和(he)(he)諧(xie)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)價值觀和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)倫理道德觀,增強人(ren)們愛(ai)護(hu)(hu)環境(jing)、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)覺(jue)意識(shi)。促進(jin)企業與(yu)(yu)外(wai)界的(de)(de)(de)交流,進(jin)一步改(gai)善企業運行和(he)(he)投融資環境(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及提升企業良好的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會形象具有(you)重要作用(yong)。