發展歷史
武湖(hu)又名(ming)(ming)(ming)北湖(hu)、黃(huang)(huang)漢湖(hu)。在(zai)長江北岸(an),跨湖(hu)北省武漢市的(de)黃(huang)(huang)陂(po)區武湖(hu)街道,歷(li)史上的(de)武湖(hu),煙波浩(hao)渺,南通(tong)長江,北連灄(she)水(shui),是演(yan)練(lian)水(shui)軍(jun)的(de)理想(xiang)之所。早在(zai)2000年(nian)前,武湖(hu)便以“武”出名(ming)(ming)(ming)。據(ju)《廣輿(yu)》記載(zai):東(dong)漢江夏(xia)太守黃(huang)(huang)祖常率領(ling)水(shui)軍(jun)到湖(hu)中操練(lian),并將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)坐騎拴在(zai)附(fu)近的(de)辛店馬(ma)場廟,而被湖(hu)水(shui)浸濕的(de)鎧甲(jia),則晾曬在(zai)湖(hu)心島(dao)的(de)山坡上。后(hou)來晾甲(jia)的(de)小山坡名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)晾甲(jia)山,黃(huang)(huang)漢湖(hu)則更名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)武湖(hu)。因(yin)這里是水(shui)陸通(tong)達長江的(de)五通(tong)口岸(an),軍(jun)事要沖,土地(di)又肥美(mei),歷(li)來成為(wei)兵(bing)(bing)家(jia)必(bi)爭之地(di)。東(dong)漢末(mo)年(nian),名(ming)(ming)(ming)將(jiang)(jiang)黃(huang)(huang)祖在(zai)此(ci)湖(hu)練(lian)武、練(lian)兵(bing)(bing),命名(ming)(ming)(ming)武湖(hu)。此(ci)后(hou),三(san)國(guo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)將(jiang)(jiang)文(wen)聘、孫(sun)權、孫(sun)壹,東(dong)晉朱伺,南朝梁武帝,宋朝管(guan)如德,元(yuan)朝伯(bo)顏,元(yuan)末(mo)天完政權倪文(wen)俊、明朝開國(guo)將(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)、濟陽郡公丁(ding)普郎(lang)、民國(guo)胡龍(long)驤等(deng)人都曾在(zai)此(ci)湖(hu)畔練(lian)武。
武湖規模
河流堰塞(sai)湖。水(shui)位21.00m,長8.8km,最大(da)寬5.3km,平均寬2.4km;歷史最大(da)面積237.0平方公里(li)(li),50年代初為(wei)121.2平方公里(li)(li),60年代后期減(jian)為(wei)55.2平方公里(li)(li),經多次圍墾后現有面積21.2平方公里(li)(li);最大(da)水(shui)深4.2m,平均水(shui)深2.6m,蓄水(shui)量0.55億立方米(mi)。
湖(hu)北(bei)省(sheng)武(wu)漢市黃陂(po)區(qu)武(wu)湖(hu),因“武(wu)”得(de)名,因“文”添彩,因“綠”增輝。黃陂(po)南部武(wu)湖(hu)生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)園區(qu)涉及我區(qu)近100平方公里。武(wu)湖(hu)農(nong)(nong)耕年華(hua)生態(tai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)園,經過幾年建設,已經形成了全國知(zhi)名、全省(sheng)樣板的種(zhong)類結合科(ke)技農(nong)(nong)業(ye)示范(fan)園區(qu)。湖(hu)區(qu)占地面積(ji)現已突破5萬(wan)畝。以(yi)武(wu)湖(hu)、后湖(hu)、木蘭湖(hu)、梅竹(zhu)松湖(hu)等為依托,發展以(yi)觀光(guang)漁業(ye)、觀光(guang)水禽為主要特色的水上生態(tai)觀光(guang)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)。
武湖水鄉
武湖(hu)水鄉位于武湖(hu)街中部,緊鄰泵站河,在漢施公(gong)路(lu)以(yi)北、三里橋街道以(yi)南,,項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)計劃集并張灣(wan)、王(wang)新泗、周灣(wan)、蔡家咀(ju)、扇子湖(hu)等5個自然灣(wan),面積1927畝。該(gai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)依托水資(zi)源營(ying)造花田濕地、夢(meng)幻水鄉特色(se),注入(ru)農墾文化,打造以(yi)觀光(guang)旅游、農業體驗(yan)、養(yang)生度假和(he)商務(wu)休閑為主導的主題旅游服務(wu)體系。
“武(wu)湖煙(yan)漲(zhang)”為黃陂十景之(zhi)一(yi),傳(chuan)說昔(xi)日武(wu)湖以奇特(te)的(de)(de)自然景觀著(zhu)稱。每逢(feng)清晨,水(shui)氣升騰,濃(nong)霧(wu)繚(liao)繞,形成“水(shui)漲(zhang)船頭曉霧(wu)橫(heng),拍波鴻(hong)鶩弄春晴”的(de)(de)壯麗景觀。迨至夕照銜山,又是“最愛晚霞(xia)剛幾點,晴光(guang)萬(wan)里霎時橫(heng)”之(zhi)滿湖煙(yan)罩殘霞(xia)的(de)(de)景色。唐朝(chao)崔顥詠黃鶴樓詩中(zhong)“煙(yan)波江上(shang)”之(zhi)煙(yan)波即是描寫此(ci)景。規劃在(zai)張灣村(cun)內(nei)建設(she)煙(yan)波花園,利(li)用科技手段再現煙(yan)波之(zhi)景。
武湖(hu)自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)屬于亞熱(re)帶濕(shi)(shi)潤季風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu),冬(dong)冷夏(xia)熱(re),四季分明(ming),光照充(chong)足,氣(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)濕(shi)(shi),雨(yu)量(liang)充(chong)沛,無(wu)霜期(qi)長。區(qu)(qu)(qu)內年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)16.7度(du),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)1240毫(hao)米,是湖(hu)北省多雨(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)之一,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)日數138.2天(tian),暴雨(yu)日數為6.5天(tian),無(wu)霜期(qi)267天(tian)。夏(xia)秋季為豐水(shui)(shui)期(qi),汛期(qi)來水(shui)(shui)量(liang)多達2.3億立方米,冬(dong)春季為枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi),水(shui)(shui)深2米,形成灘(tan)涂、沼澤,與人工濕(shi)(shi)地(di)相連的生態系統,為濕(shi)(shi)地(di)水(shui)(shui)禽(qin)提(ti)供(gong)優良的避風(feng)場所(suo),使(shi)這里成為鳥類的天(tian)堂(tang)。
武(wu)湖地區(qu)人(ren)為(wei)活動(dong)少,無污染,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良(liang)。根據(ju)1999年(nian)國家(jia)對地表水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢測標準,檢測武(wu)湖水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無論是PH值(zhi)、硫酸鹽(yan)、硝酸鹽(yan)、亞硝酸鹽(yan)、氧化(hua)物、溶解(jie)性鐵、溶解(jie)氧,還是化(hua)學需氧量(liang)和(he)生(sheng)化(hua)需氧量(liang)都達到了(le)國家(jia)地表水(shui)(shui)二級(ji)以上水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標準。水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)物理和(he)化(hua)學性質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真實地反映了(le)武(wu)湖具(ju)有水(shui)(shui)草茂盛,湖水(shui)(shui)清(qing)澈,人(ren)為(wei)活動(dong)干擾極(ji)小的(de)特點,是一個結構合(he)理、功能齊(qi)全的(de)優(you)良(liang)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)湖泊生(sheng)態系統(tong)。保護區(qu)及周邊(bian)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)保持著自(zi)然(ran)或半自(zi)然(ran)狀(zhuang)態,為(wei)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)植物提供了(le)極(ji)佳的(de)棲育場所。
生物資源
武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)自(zi)然保(bao)護區野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)豐富(fu),武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)地(di)(di)區共有兩棲類(lei)動(dong)(dong)物18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)動(dong)(dong)物18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺乳(ru)類(lei)動(dong)(dong)物29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥類(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),維管束植物476種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)家二級重點保(bao)護的(de)野生(sheng)(sheng)植物粗梗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蕨種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群規模極(ji)大,豐富(fu)的(de)自(zi)然資(zi)源及得天(tian)獨厚(hou)的(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統具(ju)有極(ji)高(gao)的(de)保(bao)護價值。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產類(lei):計有魚(yu)類(lei)90種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)鯉科49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)產以“武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)銀魚(yu)”久享盛譽(yu),是(shi)省內(nei)重要漁業(ye)基地(di)(di)之一。武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)不僅是(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系重要的(de)鳥類(lei)天(tian)堂,也是(shi)特有的(de)魚(yu)類(lei)故鄉。分布有短頜鱭、長(chang)(chang)(chang)江銀魚(yu)、河北圓口(kou)鲴、擬(ni)尖頭鲌、團(tuan)頭魴、武(wu)(wu)昌副沙鰍(qiu)、紫薄鰍(qiu)、似刺鳊鮈、亮銀鮈、光唇蛇鮈、細體擬(ni)鲿(chang)、黑尾魚(yu)央等長(chang)(chang)(chang)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系特有魚(yu)類(lei),還有日本鰻鱺、鳤(guan)、鳡等珍貴洄游魚(yu)類(lei)。這里植被(bei)類(lei)型多,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植物資(zi)源豐富(fu)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)類(lei)型屬挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、浮葉型7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、漂(piao)浮型6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),群落(luo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有9個,群落(luo)中(zhong)主要優(you)勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為菰、苦(ku)草(cao)(cao)、黑藻、菱、聚草(cao)(cao)和(he)馬來(lai)眼子(zi)菜。真正(zheng)是(shi)“湖(hu)汊交錯魚(yu)遨(ao)游,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)清草(cao)(cao)美鳥翔集”,“彩霞與白鷺(lu)齊飛,碧(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)共藍(lan)天(tian)一色”。透過濕(shi)地(di)(di)這一幅(fu)幅(fu)人(ren)與自(zi)然和(he)睦相(xiang)處的(de)畫面(mian)。
水生植物
水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)60年代(dai)前有(you)80多種(zhong),至(zhi)80年代(dai)降至(zhi)51種(zhong),常(chang)見種(zhong)有(you)金(jin)魚藻、菱、芡(qian)、菰、馬(ma)來(lai)眼子菜、苦草、黑(hei)藻等,平(ping)均生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量3 800g/平(ping)方(fang)米,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)現(xian)存(cun)量62 900~73 983t
浮游植物
見有(you)浮游藻類(lei)27科(ke)42屬(shu)(shu),其中硅藻門(men)9科(ke)13屬(shu)(shu),綠藻門(men)7科(ke)11屬(shu)(shu),藍藻門(men)4科(ke)7屬(shu)(shu),其余(yu)各門(men)藻類(lei)7科(ke)8屬(shu)(shu),年(nian)均數量89.3×104ind./L,生物量0.38mg/L
浮游動物
浮游動物32屬,年均數量709ind./L,生物量1.7mg/L
底棲生物
底(di)棲動物24種,其(qi)中軟(ruan)體動物17種,節肢(zhi)動物5種,環節動物2種,平(ping)(ping)均數(shu)量250.5ind./平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),生物量71.9g/平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)
生態環境
湖區(qu)屬北亞熱帶季風氣候(hou),年均(jun)氣溫(wen)16.3℃,1月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)3.2℃,極端最低(di)氣溫(wen)-12.9℃,7月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)28.6℃,極端最高氣溫(wen)39.6℃。多年平(ping)均(jun)無霜(shuang)期258d,降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量1 171mm,蒸發量1 586mm。年均(jun)風速2.0~3.0m/s。湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)依(yi)賴北岸10余條區(qu)間(jian)溪(xi)流和湖面降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)補給,集(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面積562.0平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里,補給系數26.5。出(chu)流經雙(shuang)河口于(yu)陽邏(luo)附近(jin)排入(ru)長江。年均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)18.7℃,1月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)4℃左右,7月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)32℃。湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)黃綠色,透明度1.5m,pH值8.1,總(zong)硬度10.7德國度,礦(kuang)化度169.5 mg/L。陰(yin)離(li)子以(yi)HCO3-為主(zhu),含量103.7mg/L;陽離(li)子以(yi)Ca2+居首位(wei),含量22.9mg/L,屬重碳酸鹽類鈣組Ⅰ型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。DO8.1mg/L,COD5.33mg/L,NO3--N0.08mg/L,SiO21.02 mg/L,TN1.08mg/L,TP0.11mg/L。