趙(zhao)獻可(1573年~1664年)。字養葵,自號醫(yi)巫閭(lv)子,鄞縣(今浙江寧(ning)波(bo))人(ren)。善易而精醫(yi);好(hao)學淹貫,醫(yi)德(de)高尚,往來民間,能承父(fu)業,治病(bing)不問高低貴賤(jian),不計禮酬。著有:《醫(yi)貫》、《內經鈔》、《素問鈔》、《經絡考》、《正脈(mo)論(lun)》、《二體一例》,以(yi)《醫(yi)貫》流傳廣(guang)而影響大(da),系醫(yi)論(lun)著作。
中(zhong)國明(ming)末醫學(xue)(xue)家。生(sheng)卒年不詳,約(yue)活動于16~17世紀。字養葵,自號(hao)醫巫閭(lv)子(zi)。鄞縣(今浙(zhe)江寧波)人(ren)(ren)。趙獻(xian)可好學(xue)(xue)博覽,除醫之(zhi)外,儒、道、釋均有涉(she)獵,曾游歷于山西(xi)、陜西(xi)等地。在(zai)哲學(xue)(xue)思想(xiang)上受《易經(jing)》影響較(jiao)大,在(zai)醫學(xue)(xue)上又遵從(cong)李東垣(yuan)、薛(xue)己(ji),屬于溫補學(xue)(xue)派。趙獻(xian)可提出命門為人(ren)(ren)一(yi)身之(zhi)主,而(er)不是心,命門的(de)(de)水(shui)火即人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)陰陽(yang)。
代表著作有(you)《醫(yi)貫(guan)》6卷(juan),對(dui)后世影響很大(da)。此外他還著有(you)《邯鄲(dan)遺稿》,又名《胎(tai)產(chan)遺論》,為(wei)婦(fu)科專著,另有(you)《內經鈔》、《素問注》、《經絡考(kao)》、《正脈論》、《二本一例》等書皆失傳(chuan),其子趙貞(zhen)觀亦精醫(yi)學,輯(ji)有(you)《痘疹論》一書。
趙(zhao)獻可認(ren)為(wei)(wei)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)身之(zhi)(zhi)大主(zhu),強調了命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)活(huo)動過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重要(yao)作(zuo)用。指出人(ren)的(de)發(fa)育(yu)過(guo)程,先有命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),而后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成五(wu)臟六腑(fu)(fu),命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)十二(er)臟腑(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)根(gen),為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)。命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)活(huo)動過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),起主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)用者,乃命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內具之(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)火,他把(ba)相(xiang)火比喻(yu)人(ren)體(ti)的(de)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)體(ti)五(wu)臟六腑(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以能發(fa)揮正常作(zuo)用,同樣依賴于命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)相(xiang)火的(de)作(zuo)用,充分反映出趙(zhao)氏對命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)重視,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)它是人(ren)身之(zhi)(zhi)至寶,是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)活(huo)動之(zhi)(zhi)源。這樣,趙(zhao)氏將人(ren)體(ti)陽氣之(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)從心臟轉(zhuan)移(yi)至命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),使腎(shen)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理功能作(zuo)用在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)顯得尤(you)為(wei)(wei)重要(yao),使中(zhong)(zhong)醫學術理論又有了新(xin)的(de)發(fa)展。
趙氏認(ren)為(wei)(wei),命門位(wei)于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)腎(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),內具真水(shui)真火(huo)(huo)(huo),而命門之(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)又(you)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)腎(shen)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),它們之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)有(you)(you)著非常密切的(de)關(guan)系。火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)余是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)水(shui)虧(kui),陰(yin)不(bu)制陽,而見(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)旺(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)象;水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)余,又(you)是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)虧(kui),陽虛(xu)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)陰(yin)盛而見(jian)的(de)表現,這是(shi)陰(yin)陽對(dui)(dui)(dui)立觀(guan)所決定(ding)的(de)。真水(shui)真火(huo)(huo)(huo)只能慮(lv)其不(bu)足(zu),不(bu)能慮(lv)其有(you)(you)余,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)命門水(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)人體生命活動能力的(de)根源(yuan),是(shi)先(xian)天之(zhi)(zhi)本。所以,只能慮(lv)其虛(xu)。水(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),水(shui)為(wei)(wei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)根。因(yin)此(ci),補火(huo)(huo)(huo)當于(yu)(yu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)求火(huo)(huo)(huo),既在(zai)陰(yin)中(zhong)(zhong)求陽,使陰(yin)生陽長。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)命門水(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)作用(yong),趙氏更強調火(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)作用(yong),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)在(zai)人身(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)起決定(ding)性作用(yong)的(de),應當時刻保(bao)護(hu),不(bu)能任意戕(qiang)伐。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)命門先(xian)天水(shui)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)足(zu)的(de)治(zhi)療,不(bu)是(shi)補水(shui),就是(shi)補火(huo)(huo)(huo)。趙氏認(ren)為(wei)(wei),崔氏八(ba)味丸與(yu)錢乙所制的(de)六味地黃丸,是(shi)補真火(huo)(huo)(huo)、真水(shui)的(de)主方。
趙(zhao)氏(shi)創立命門理(li)論,闡發(fa)腎(shen)(shen)命水(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)關系,并將其廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)臨(lin)證。如痰證、血(xue)證、咳嗽、吐血(xue)、喘(chuan)證、喉咽痛、眼(yan)目(mu)病(bing)、齒(chi)病(bing)、口瘡、耳病(bing)、消渴、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)滿、噎膈、瀉(xie)痢、大便不通、小便不通與(yu)失禁等多種(zhong)病(bing)證,不僅(jin)(jin)從其一般辨證規律進(jin)行施治,而(er)(er)且(qie)均注意到從腎(shen)(shen)命水(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)虧虛方(fang)面進(jin)行分析(xi),廣(guang)泛(fan)使用(yong)(yong)六味(wei)(wei)(wei)、八味(wei)(wei)(wei)諸方(fang),為(wei)治療(liao)以上(shang)疾病(bing)提供了有益經驗。如其辨治血(xue)證,趙(zhao)氏(shi)提出,血(xue)不僅(jin)(jin)有其本身(shen)為(wei)血(xue)的(de)(de)特(te)點,而(er)(er)且(qie)屬水(shui),故(gu)而(er)(er)腎(shen)(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)真水(shui)干涸,則(ze)(ze)真火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勢必(bi)上(shang)炎,血(xue)亦(yi)隨火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)而(er)(er)上(shang)騰;反之(zhi)(zhi),若腎(shen)(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)真火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)衰竭,則(ze)(ze)真水(shui)反盛,血(xue)亦(yi)失所(suo)依附(fu)而(er)(er)上(shang)泛(fan),這是血(xue)證產(chan)生的(de)(de)兩種(zhong)病(bing)機。因此,在治療(liao)時,由(you)于(yu)陽虛而(er)(er)動血(xue)上(shang)泛(fan)者(zhe),用(yong)(yong)桂、附(fu)加于(yu)八味(wei)(wei)(wei)丸之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),使腎(shen)(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溫暖,龍雷之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)潛歸于(yu)原宅,不用(yong)(yong)寒涼而(er)(er)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)自(zi)降,不必(bi)止血(xue)而(er)(er)血(xue)亦(yi)自(zi)安。若因腎(shen)(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)涸而(er)(er)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)炎者(zhe),就可用(yong)(yong)六味(wei)(wei)(wei)丸以補水(shui)配火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),不必(bi)去(qu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),而(er)(er)血(xue)亦(yi)安。
認為(wei)(wei)(wei)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)本非人(ren)身所固有(you),或(huo)是水(shui)(shui)(shui)泛(fan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan),或(huo)是火(huo)(huo)(huo)煉為(wei)(wei)(wei)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)。因此,辨痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)證,當(dang)分(fen)辨有(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)無(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo),由于(yu)(yu)(yu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)衰不(bu)能制水(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)歸原(yuan),泛(fan)溢為(wei)(wei)(wei)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan),痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)如(ru)清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)者(zhe),趙(zhao)氏主張用(yong)(yong)八味丸以(yi)補(bu)命火(huo)(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)(huo)壯水(shui)(shui)(shui)化(hua)則(ze)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)自(zi)消。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)陰虛火(huo)(huo)(huo)動,水(shui)(shui)(shui)液(ye)沸騰而動于(yu)(yu)(yu)腎,驟而成痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)者(zhe),其痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)重濁白沫,則(ze)應當(dang)選用(yong)(yong)六(liu)味丸以(yi)滋水(shui)(shui)(shui)配(pei)火(huo)(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)(huo)靜則(ze)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)自(zi)消。脾為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),趙(zhao)氏治痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan),雖亦(yi)接(jie)受用(yong)(yong)四(si)(si)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)湯或(huo)六(liu)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)湯之(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)補(bu)脾燥濕化(hua)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)法,然更(geng)重視(shi)(shi)治腎命之(zhi)(zhi)本。其論喘(chuan)證,一般認為(wei)(wei)(wei)屬(shu)氣(qi)(qi)有(you)余之(zhi)(zhi)證,趙(zhao)氏認為(wei)(wei)(wei),當(dang)屬(shu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)余,水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)足。因此治療(liao)當(dang)用(yong)(yong)六(liu)味丸加麥門冬、五(wu)味子(zi)(zi)等(deng),壯水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)主,使水(shui)(shui)(shui)升火(huo)(huo)(huo)降,喘(chuan)息自(zi)定(ding)。若有(you)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)命門真(zhen)元(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),不(bu)能歸其下(xia)元(yuan),陰氣(qi)(qi)在下(xia),陽氣(qi)(qi)浮越于(yu)(yu)(yu)上,亦(yi)可見呼吸氣(qi)(qi)促,其證似(si)喘(chuan)非喘(chuan),外見四(si)(si)肢厥逆,面赤(chi)煩躁,脈象兩(liang)寸(cun)浮大而散,兩(liang)尺微而無(wu)力。治療(liao)主張用(yong)(yong)八味丸等(deng),以(yi)人(ren)參生(sheng)脈散煎服送下(xia)。總之(zhi)(zhi),對喘(chuan)證屬(shu)虛者(zhe),從腎命水(shui)(shui)(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)治療(liao),亦(yi)可見其重視(shi)(shi)腎命的觀(guan)點。
對于郁證的治療
認為(wei)“凡(fan)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起,多由于郁(yu)(yu)(yu)。郁(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe),抑(yi)而不(bu)通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)。”趙(zhao)氏所論郁(yu)(yu)(yu)證(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)僅包(bao)括各種(zhong)雜證(zheng)(zheng),還包(bao)括一(yi)切外(wai)(wai)感病(bing)。由于多因木(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)導致諸(zhu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu),故可“以一(yi)法代五(wu)法”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)治木(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu),使(shi)肝(gan)膽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)舒展,則(ze)諸(zhu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)解。逍(xiao)遙散(san)(san)是(shi)趙(zhao)氏治療木(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)的主(zhu)劑(ji),并常結(jie)合(he)左金丸和(he)六味地黃丸同用(yong)(yong)。他認為(wei),“世人(ren)因郁(yu)(yu)(yu)而致血(xue)病(bing)者(zhe)多。凡(fan)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)皆(jie)肝(gan)病(bing)也(ye),木(mu)中有火(huo),郁(yu)(yu)(yu)甚則(ze)火(huo)不(bu)得舒,血(xue)不(bu)行(xing)藏而妄行(xing)”。這種(zhong)失血(xue),或因怒郁(yu)(yu)(yu)、憂郁(yu)(yu)(yu),或因陰虛火(huo)旺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)外(wai)(wai)感風寒(han)暑(shu)濕,皮毛(mao)閉塞,火(huo)不(bu)能泄,以致血(xue)隨火(huo)而妄行(xing),出現鼻(bi)衄、吐血(xue)等(deng)證(zheng)(zheng)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)辨證(zheng)(zheng)要點(dian)是(shi):“凡(fan)系郁(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)脈(mo)必(bi)(bi)澀,其(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)必(bi)(bi)惡風惡寒(han)……須視(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)面色(se)必(bi)(bi)滯,必(bi)(bi)喜嘔,或口(kou)苦,或口(kou)酸”。審(shen)有如(ru)是(shi)證(zheng)(zheng),則(ze)當(dang)舒散(san)(san)其(qi)(qi)(qi)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)主(zhu),即(ji)“木(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)達(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”、“火(huo)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)發之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)方用(yong)(yong)逍(xiao)遙散(san)(san)加(jia)丹(dan)皮、茱、連。血(xue)止(zhi)后當(dang)用(yong)(yong)六味地黃丸滋陰善后,否則(ze)多復發。
趙(zhao)獻(xian)可(ke),字(zi)養(yang)葵(kui),號(hao)醫(yi)(yi)巫(wu)閭子。約生(sheng)活于十六世紀后(hou)期(qi)與(yu)(yu)十七世紀初期(qi),雖史料(liao)無詳細記載,但據(ju)黃宗(zong)羲《張(zhang)(zhang)景(jing)岳傳》說:“趙(zhao)養(yang)葵(kui),名獻(xian)可(ke),寧波人,與(yu)(yu)介賓(bin)同時(shi),未嘗相見,而議論(lun)往往有(you)合者。”說明趙(zhao)、張(zhang)(zhang)屬(shu)同時(shi)期(qi)人,而張(zhang)(zhang)景(jing)岳生(sheng)卒年代為公元1563~1640年,故趙(zhao)氏(shi)亦可(ke)能(neng)生(sheng)活年代與(yu)(yu)之相近,屬(shu)明代一(yi)大(da)醫(yi)(yi)家。籍貫(guan)鄞縣,其一(yi)生(sheng)治醫(yi)(yi)學(xue),獨(du)重視腎水命火(huo),對(dui)命門學(xue)說猶有(you)貢獻(xian),是易水學(xue)派的學(xue)術思想(xiang),又由研究后(hou)天脾胃轉向先天腎命,為之一(yi)變。著有(you)《醫(yi)(yi)貫(guan)》一(yi)書,充分反映(ying)其學(xue)術思想(xiang)。