馬寶(bao)(1628-1699年),字(zi)城(cheng)璧,號佩瑗,排行老(lao)三(san),亦(yi)稱三(san)寶(bao),明(ming)末陜西平涼府隆德(de)轉(zhuan)角(jiao)嘴人(ren)(今(jin)寧夏固原市隆德(de)縣沙(sha)塘(tang)鎮(zhen)馬家河村),1628年孟夏出(chu)生,出(chu)生時母逝,被父棄于(yu)山野,三(san)日后其(qi)嫂去看,禽獸不食,且還活著(zhu),帶(dai)回家撫(fu)養,異人(ren),食量(liang)大,年少力抵成人(ren)。魁梧赤眼(yan),擅使(shi)鞣鞭槍,足智(zhi)多謀(mou),英勇善戰。排行老(lao)三(san),又因唐初,有(you)(you)(you)驍騎將馬三(san)寶(bao),人(ren)羨(xian)其(qi)勇,亦(yi)以三(san)寶(bao)呼之。生有(you)(you)(you)五子,次子自援,恂恂儒雅,諳韻學《等(deng)韻》,有(you)(you)(you)詩集行世。
祟楨十六年(nian)(nian)(1643年(nian)(nian)),李(li)(li)自成(cheng)部破(po)隆德,馬寶(bao)(bao)投李(li)(li)自成(cheng)部隊。李(li)(li)自成(cheng)入北京時(shi)(1644年(nian)(nian)),馬寶(bao)(bao)已因(yin)戰(zhan)功(gong)擢升老營副營總。
1645年(nian),李自成歿后,寶(bao)擁護明桂王朱(zhu)由榔(1647年(nian)稱(cheng)永歷帝(di))南(nan)明朝,封安定伯。
順(shun)治(zhi)七年(nian)(1650)二月(yue),平南(nan)(nan)(nan)王尚(shang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)喜圍(wei)攻(gong)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。五(wu)月(yue),永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)遣(qian)寶襲清(qing)遠,以救(jiu)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),被可(ke)(ke)(ke)喜使將擊(ji)敗(bai)。八(ba)年(nian)十月(yue),永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)自南(nan)(nan)(nan)寧退安隆,寶率(lv)(lv)明軍轉(zhuan)戰廣(guang)(guang)西山(shan)(shan)谷間(jian)。九年(nian)五(wu)月(yue),永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)遣(qian)李定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)攻(gong)兩廣(guang)(guang),連陷桂林、柳(liu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),寶率(lv)(lv)兵與定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)聚(ju)。十月(yue),寶率(lv)(lv)廣(guang)(guang)西明軍東(dong)取陽山(shan)(shan)、連州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),占領廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)西北部。十年(nian)四(si)(si)月(yue),攻(gong)肇(zhao)慶兵敗(bai),隨(sui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)走貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。十三年(nian),定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)奉永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)入云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)。十四(si)(si)年(nian),可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)據(ju)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)叛,永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)遣(qian)定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)討之,可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)使寶間(jian)道襲云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan),欲掩執(zhi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。然(ran)可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)拔扈,部下不(bu)執(zhi)其(qi)令。寶得知沐天波守云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan),停兵不(bu)進,暗(an)示定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)襲擊(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),可(ke)(ke)(ke)望(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)敗(bai)逃。寶歸云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan),十四(si)(si)年(nian)十月(yue)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)封寶淮國(guo)(guo)(guo)公。
十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年,南明朝兵敗(bai),永(yong)歷帝自騰越奔(ben)南甸(dian),寶走鶴慶(qing),又至(zhi)麗江、蘭(lan)坪州,十(shi)(shi)月在劍川無(wu)奈剃(ti)發降(jiang)清(qing)。三桂見寶獷猛,厚結之(zhi)。十(shi)(shi)七年,三桂奏請以(yi)降(jiang)兵為十(shi)(shi)營,營千二百(bai)人,以(yi)投誠官(guan)(guan)分統之(zhi)。并擬寶等(deng)為總(zong)兵官(guan)(guan),清(qing)廷部議如所請,封寶為右都督(du)充(chong)中營總(zong)兵官(guan)(guan)。
十八年,三(san)桂遣寶(bao)剿馬(ma)乃(nai)土(tu)司龍兆吉,斬之。康熙五年,寶(bao)調(diao)曲靖(jing)武(wu)營總兵官(guan)。
康熙十二(er)年十一月,三桂復明,改國號為周元(yuan)年,鑄印曰“天下(xia)都招討兵馬大元(yuan)帥之印”,封寶國公,銜為鐵騎總管(guan)將(jiang)軍。
寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自(zi)云南(nan)(nan)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)先(xian)驅(qu)陷貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)提督李本深(shen)于(yu)貴陽率(lv)部歸迎。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)兵(bing)(bing)至(zhi)鎮遠,巡撫曹申(shen)吉(ji)、總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)王(wang)永清(qing)皆降。十(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)至(zhi)湖南(nan)(nan),用奇兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陷沅州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、辰州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),俘清(qing)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)官崔世祿;清(qing)巡撫盧(lu)震棄長(chang)(chang)沙(sha),逃往岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。荊襄(xiang)的清(qing)廷(ting)兵(bing)(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),皆不敢渡江赴援。吳應麟援兵(bing)(bing)繼至(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)先(xian)后攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)常德、岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、衡陽等四(si)(si)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一府.四(si)(si)川(chuan)巡撫盧(lu)森,長(chang)(chang)沙(sha)副(fu)(fu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)黃正卿,岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)參將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)李國棟投降。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占領(ling)(ling)了川(chuan)湘一帶,聲勢日(ri)盛。三(san)(san)桂(gui)(gui)赴常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)督師,令(ling)(ling)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)嚴守(shou)岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),扼(e)洞(dong)庭湖口(kou),布(bu)重兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、石首、花容(rong)、松(song)滋之間.為犄角之勢。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)續(xu)襲(xi)江西。十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue)(yue),康(kang)熙令(ling)(ling)岳(yue)(yue)樂進逼長(chang)(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)據(ju)岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),出沒湖湘間,道路為梗。十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue),清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)令(ling)(ling)所(suo)屬彝陵、南(nan)(nan)漳諸將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)分擾清(qing)營。十(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue),清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)圍(wei)長(chang)(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自(zi)岳(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)馳援,長(chang)(chang)沙(sha)圍(wei)解。十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)九月(yue)(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)萬余攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克韶州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),渡河(he)至(zhi)蓮花山(shan),薄羅江,被清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)內外(wai)夾(jia)擊,失利奔(ben)帽峰山(shan)。十(shi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)赴衡州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue)(yue),又(you)由(you)宜章入(ru)廣西,二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue),復至(zhi)衡州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),營江東岸為聲援。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)初,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)彬州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),率(lv)數萬人馬南(nan)(nan)下(xia)(xia),又(you)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)衡州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)大(da)門(men)永興(xing),清(qing)都統(tong)伊里布(bu),副(fu)(fu)都統(tong)哈克山(shan)相繼戰死。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占領(ling)(ling)清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)河(he)外(wai)營壘,清(qing)統(tong)領(ling)(ling)碩岱城中(zhong)固守(shou)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)三(san)(san)面環(huan)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),晝(zhou)夜不停。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue),永興(xing)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia),三(san)(san)桂(gui)(gui)亡,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)焚兵(bing)(bing)營撤軍(jun)(jun),吳諸將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)立世璠(fan),世璠(fan)拜(bai)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)為少傅兼太子太傅、掛大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)印(yin)總(zong)統(tong),專司(si)閫外(wai),銜為兵(bing)(bing)馬大(da)元(yuan)帥(shuai)。
十八年五月,簡親(qin)王喇布給益陽知縣(xian)徐璫(dang)參議(yi)道銜,齎諭(yu)招撫,寶(bao)殺之。十月,上降敕(chi)諭(yu)寶(bao)曰(yue):“爾等本系吳三桂藩(fan)下人。三桂反叛,爾等率黨抗拒(ju)大兵(bing),或非(fei)本懷(huai)。爾若能悔(hui)罪歸誠,前罪悉赦,仍論功(gong)敘錄。標下將士,概從寬宥,酌量加恩(en)。爾其盡釋(shi)疑衷,勉(mian)圖(tu)后效”。寶(bao)抗拒(ju)如故。清(qing)兵(bing)復(fu)(fu)湖(hu)南(nan)、廣西,寶(bao)退(tui)貴州(zhou),守遵(zun)義。十九年正月,清(qing)兵(bing)攻克四川保(bao)寧,王屏藩(fan)窮(qiong)蹙(cu),自殺。三月,寶(bao)復(fu)(fu)襲四川,攻克瀘州(zhou)、敘州(zhou)。在四川時,曾派人馱貨捎書至故里,感念嫂嫂恩(en)澤.兄長教(jiao)悔(hui),悔(hui)恨不諳時勢(shi),恐招殃及己身。
二(er)十年二(er)月,清將(jiang)彰泰圍吳世(shi)璠于(yu)云南(nan)昆明,世(shi)璠危(wei)迫,趨寶自(zi)四川回援。寶棄敘州,退守遵義(yi),五月癸丑朔,清提(ti)督(du)周卜世(shi)至(zhi),寶曰:“我(wo)(wo)以一(yi)旅頓鎮(zhen)遠,則汝輩安得(de)長驅至(zhi)此!特(te)以天(tian)命(ming)已去,雖竊據一(yi)方,亦復何益?故(gu)不(bu)為(wei)耳。”寶率部棄城走。六月,寶再次(ci)于(yu)烏蒙(meng)山(shan)(shan)佯敗以誘清都督(du)希(xi)福(fu)(fu)攻擊,希(xi)福(fu)(fu)等至(zhi)烏木山(shan)(shan),寶據險(xian)相持(chi),敵強我(wo)(wo)弱(ruo),未(wei)幾,寶越山(shan)(shan)遁,僅以身免。(寶以偽身至(zhi)姚安,偽身與潰(kui)卒百人七(qi)月赴希(xi)福(fu)(fu)軍前降(jiang),九(jiu)月磔(zhe)于(yu)市。)
1681年(nian)6月滇(dian)黔邊(bian)境烏(wu)木山之戰,標致反清(qing)(qing)復明徹底失敗,寶之次子(zi)(zi)自援氓村,三子(zi)(zi)應先遂跡滇(dian)南蒙自;淮(huai)國公與(yu)長子(zi)(zi)、四子(zi)(zi)、季(ji)子(zi)(zi)自奇及家口(kou),在逃避清(qing)(qing)軍圍追阻截的過(guo)程中(zhong),偶(ou)遇貨(huo)郎挑壇子(zi)(zi)過(guo)路,與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)換了著(zhu)裝,接過(guo)壇子(zi)(zi)挑肩上,得以脫身,后(hou)知其人(ren)(ren)(ren)羊(yang)潛虎死(si),淮(huai)國公對家人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰:“不知他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)姓(xing)氏名誰,就(jiu)跟著(zhu)壇子(zi)(zi)姓(xing)吧”,一為紀念他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)救命之恩,二為隱(yin)名埋姓(xing),就(jiu)改姓(xing)譚(取“壇”之音)了,
一代梟雄(xiong),從鄉俚走來,轟轟烈烈半生(sheng),還歸鄉俚,隱姓(xing)埋名,頤養天年,無疾而終(zhong),享(xiang)年七十一歲,葬(zang)于岱(dai)港村的花紅樹包(bao)(bao)包(bao)(bao)。