龍卷(juan)風是(shi)一種少見的(de)(de)(de)局地性、小尺(chi)度、突發性的(de)(de)(de)強對流(liu)天(tian)氣(qi),是(shi)在(zai)強烈的(de)(de)(de)不穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)氣(qi)狀況(kuang)下由(you)空氣(qi)對流(liu)運動造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)、強烈的(de)(de)(de)、小范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)渦(wo)旋。
從積(ji)(ji)雨云(yun)(yun)中(zhong)伸(shen)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猛(meng)烈(lie)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)斗狀云(yun)(yun)樓。它(ta)有(you)時(shi)稍(shao)伸(shen)即隱,有(you)時(shi)懸(xuan)掛空中(zhong)或(huo)(huo)觸(chu)及地面(mian)。龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)漏(lou)斗云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)垂直(zhi)(zhi)于地面(mian),在發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后期,當上(shang)下(xia)層風(feng)(feng)速(su)相差較大(da)(da)時(shi),可(ke)(ke)成(cheng)傾斜(xie)狀或(huo)(huo)彎曲狀。其下(xia)部(bu)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)最小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只有(you)幾(ji)(ji)米(mi)(mi)(mi),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)數百米(mi)(mi)(mi),最大(da)(da)可(ke)(ke)達千(qian)米(mi)(mi)(mi)以上(shang),上(shang)部(bu)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)數千(qian)米(mi)(mi)(mi),最大(da)(da)可(ke)(ke)達10公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)很(hen)(hen)小,中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)氣(qi)(qi)壓很(hen)(hen)低,造成(cheng)很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平氣(qi)(qi)壓梯度(du),從而導(dao)致強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)速(su),中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)風(feng)(feng)速(su)可(ke)(ke)達100-200米(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒。由于氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)力很(hen)(hen)強,常將地面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水、塵土(tu)、泥(ni)沙挾卷(juan)(juan)(juan)而起,其破壞(huai)力變動(dong)(dong)范圍(wei)很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da),弱者(zhe)僅能(neng)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)起稻草捆和(he)(he)(或(huo)(huo))衣物(wu)強者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)按樹倒屋,至把人、畜(chu)也(ye)一(yi)(yi)并升(sheng)起,經過(guo)水面(mian)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)吸水上(shang)升(sheng)如柱,(這(zhe)時(shi)稱水龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)),所以龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)范圍(wei)雖小,但造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災情卻很(hen)(hen)嚴重。龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移(yi)向、移(yi)速(su)是由其母云(yun)(yun)(產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)雨云(yun)(yun))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),母云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移(yi)速(su)通常為(wei)每小時(shi)40-50公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),最快可(ke)(ke)達90-100公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。其移(yi)動(dong)(dong)路(lu)徑(jing)多呈直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)只有(you)幾(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),個(ge)別可(ke)(ke)達數十(shi)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)是強對流(liu)(liu)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu),常發生(sheng)(sheng)于北緯20-50度(du)地帶(dai)低層大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)層結具有(you)很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)對流(liu)(liu)不(bu)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu),往往與(yu)鋒面(mian)、氣(qi)(qi)旋(xuan)或(huo)(huo)非(fei)熱帶(dai)性雷暴相伴隨。登陸后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱帶(dai)氣(qi)(qi)旋(xuan)移(yi)到中(zhong)緯趨向衰亡時(shi),也(ye)很(hen)(hen)易出現龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng),有(you)時(shi)還可(ke)(ke)出現在熱帶(dai)地區(qu)。根據龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)陸龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)在陸地上(shang)空)和(he)(he)水龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)在海面(mian)或(huo)(huo)水面(mian)上(shang)空)。龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)很(hen)(hen)難預報(bao),測(ce)雨雷達也(ye)未曾直(zhi)(zhi)接觀測(ce)到過(guo)。
龍(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng),是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)具(ju)有一(yi)定破壞力(li)的(de)自(zi)然現象。一(yi)般情況(kuang)下(xia),龍(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)氣旋。它在接觸地面時,直徑(jing)從幾米(mi)到(dao)幾百米(mi),平(ping)均為250米(mi)左右,最(zui)大(da)為1000米(mi)左右。在空(kong)中(zhong)直徑(jing)可(ke)有幾千(qian)(qian)米(mi),最(zui)大(da)有10千(qian)(qian)米(mi)。極大(da)風(feng)(feng)速每小(xiao)時可(ke)達150千(qian)(qian)米(mi)至(zhi)450千(qian)(qian)米(mi),龍(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)持續時間,一(yi)般僅幾分(fen)鐘(zhong),最(zui)長不過幾小(xiao)時。所到(dao)之(zhi)處(chu)萬物遭(zao)劫。龍(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)漏斗(dou)狀(zhuang)中(zhong)心由吸(xi)起的(de)塵(chen)土和凝(ning)聚的(de)水氣組成(cheng)可(ke)見的(de)“龍(long)嘴”。在海(hai)洋上(shang),尤(you)其是(shi)在熱帶,類似的(de)景象在發生稱為海(hai)上(shang)龍(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)。
龍(long)卷風(feng)(feng)(feng)通常是(shi)極其快速(su)的(de)(de),每秒(miao)鐘100米的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)不(bu)足為奇,甚至達到(dao)(dao)(dao)每秒(miao)鐘175米以(yi)(yi)上,比12級(ji)臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)還要(yao)大五、六倍。風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)范圍很小(xiao)(xiao),一(yi)般直(zhi)(zhi)徑只(zhi)有25~100米,只(zhi)在極少數的(de)(de)情況下直(zhi)(zhi)徑才(cai)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)公里以(yi)(yi)上;從發生到(dao)(dao)(dao)消失只(zhi)有幾分種,最(zui)多(duo)幾個小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)。
大多數龍卷風在北(bei)半球是逆時(shi)針旋(xuan)轉,在南半球是順時(shi)針,也有(you)例外(wai)情況(kuang)。卷風形(xing)成的確切機(ji)理仍(reng)在研(yan)究中(zhong),一(yi)般認為是與大氣(qi)的劇烈活動(dong)有(you)關。
從19世紀以(yi)來,天氣預報的準確(que)性(xing)大(da)大(da)提高,氣象(xiang)雷達能夠(gou)監測到龍卷風(feng)、颶風(feng)等各種災害(hai)風(feng)暴。
龍卷風經過之(zhi)處(chu),常(chang)會發生(sheng)拔起大樹(shu)、掀翻(fan)車輛、摧毀建筑(zhu)物等(deng)現(xian)象(xiang),它往往使成(cheng)片莊稼、成(cheng)萬(wan)株果木(mu)瞬間被毀,令交通中斷,房屋倒(dao)塌,人畜生(sheng)命和經濟遭受損失。
龍卷風這種(zhong)自然(ran)現象(xiang)是云層中(zhong)雷暴(bao)的(de)(de)產(chan)物,具體的(de)(de)說(shuo),龍卷風就是雷暴(bao)巨(ju)大能(neng)量(liang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一小部分在很小的(de)(de)區域內集中(zhong)釋放的(de)(de)一種(zhong)形式。
龍卷風(feng)的(de)形(xing)成可以分為四個階段:
(1)大氣(qi)的(de)(de)不穩定(ding)性(xing)產生強烈的(de)(de)上(shang)升氣(qi)流,由(you)于(yu)急(ji)流中的(de)(de)最大過境氣(qi)流的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),它被進一步(bu)加強。
(2)由于與在垂(chui)直方向上速(su)度和方向均有(you)切變的風相互(hu)作用,上升氣流在對流層的中部開(kai)始旋轉,形(xing)成中尺(chi)度氣旋。
(3)隨著中尺度氣(qi)(qi)旋向地面(mian)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)向上(shang)伸展(zhan),它本身變細并增強(qiang)。同時,一個小面(mian)積的(de)增強(qiang)輔(fu)合,即初(chu)生的(de)龍卷在氣(qi)(qi)旋內部(bu)形(xing)成(cheng),產生氣(qi)(qi)旋的(de)同樣過程,形(xing)成(cheng)龍卷核心。
(4)龍卷(juan)核(he)心(xin)中的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)與(yu)氣旋中的(de)(de)不同,它的(de)(de)強度足以(yi)使龍卷(juan)一直伸展到(dao)地(di)面(mian)。當發展的(de)(de)渦旋到(dao)達(da)地(di)面(mian)高度時(shi),地(di)面(mian)氣壓(ya)急劇(ju)下降(jiang),地(di)面(mian)風(feng)速急劇(ju)上升,形成龍卷(juan)風(feng)。
龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)發(fa)生至消散的(de)(de)(de)時間短,作(zuo)用面積很小,以至于現有的(de)(de)(de)探測儀器(qi)沒有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)靈敏度(du)來對龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)進行準確的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)測。相對來說,多(duo)(duo)普勒雷(lei)達(da)是比較(jiao)有效和(he)常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)一種觀(guan)測儀器(qi)。多(duo)(duo)普勒雷(lei)達(da)對準龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)微波束(shu),微波信號(hao)(hao)被(bei)龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)中的(de)(de)(de)碎屑和(he)雨點反射后(hou)重被(bei)雷(lei)達(da)接(jie)收。如果(guo)龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)遠離雷(lei)達(da)而去(qu),反射回的(de)(de)(de)微波信號(hao)(hao)頻(pin)率將向低(di)頻(pin)方向移(yi)(yi)動(dong);反之,如果(guo)龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)越(yue)來越(yue)接(jie)近雷(lei)達(da),則反射回的(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)(hao)將向高頻(pin)方向移(yi)(yi)動(dong)。這種現象被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)多(duo)(duo)普勒頻(pin)移(yi)(yi)。接(jie)收到(dao)信號(hao)(hao)后(hou),雷(lei)達(da)操作(zuo)人(ren)員就可(ke)以通過(guo)分析頻(pin)移(yi)(yi)數據,計算出(chu)龍卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)和(he)移(yi)(yi)動(dong)方向。
雙(shuang)極(ji)化(hua)技術的出現對多普勒天氣(qi)(qi)雷(lei)達探(tan)測(ce)中氣(qi)(qi)旋和龍(long)(long)卷進行了(le)有(you)(you)力的補充(chong),全(quan)面提(ti)升了(le)對龍(long)(long)卷微物(wu)理特(te)征分析與(yu)預警預報水(shui)平。①由(you)于(yu)多普勒天氣(qi)(qi)雷(lei)達對較小尺度(du)的龍(long)(long)卷渦旋探(tan)測(ce)需(xu)要(yao)具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的空間(jian)分辨率,然而對雙(shuang)極(ji)化(hua)探(tan)測(ce)而言并(bing)(bing)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)太高(gao)的精(jing)度(du)。②雙(shuang)極(ji)化(hua)特(te)征信號(hao)不(bu)同于(yu)多普勒特(te)征信號(hao),由(you)于(yu)其是“各向同性”的,所(suo)以并(bing)(bing)不(bu)依賴(lai)于(yu)觀(guan)測(ce)角度(du)的變化(hua)。③當龍(long)(long)卷在夜(ye)間(jian)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)或(huo)被(bei)大量降(jiang)水(shui)包裹(guo)著難以通過多普勒雷(lei)達觀(guan)測(ce)發(fa)(fa)現時,雙(shuang)極(ji)化(hua)信息更能(neng)有(you)(you)效地將(jiang)其識別(bie)。
Wurman設計(ji)開(kai)發(fa)了第一(yi)部X波(bo)段移(yi)動式快速(su)掃描(miao)雷(lei)達(da) Rapid DOW,該(gai)(gai)雷(lei)達(da)每7秒可以(yi)完成一(yi)次360°的體掃,在14秒的時(shi)間(jian)里可以(yi)探(tan)測(ce)到 12個(ge)波(bo)束范圍的數據(ju),并(bing)且其距離分(fen)辨率(lv)達(da)到11米(mi),更(geng)易于(yu)對龍卷三維結構進行研究。從當前對龍卷的探(tan)測(ce)技術來看,快速(su)掃描(miao)雷(lei)達(da)在時(shi)空尺(chi)度上對龍卷觀(guan)測(ce)獨特(te)優勢。而美國計(ji)劃的下一(yi)代天氣雷(lei)達(da)網絡(luo)也定位為多(duo)功能相控陣雷(lei)達(da)。所(suo)以(yi)可見該(gai)(gai)技術未(wei)來必將成為研究該(gai)(gai)類天氣的主要(yao)手段。
多漩渦(wo)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(Multiple vortex)指帶有兩股以上圍繞同(tong)一個中心旋轉的(de)(de)漩渦(wo)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風。多漩渦(wo)結構經(jing)常出現在(zai)劇烈的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風上,并且這(zhe)些小漩渦(wo)在(zai)主(zhu)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風經(jing)過的(de)(de)地區(qu)上往(wang)往(wang)會造成更大的(de)(de)破壞。
水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(或(huo)稱海(hai)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan),英文:waterspout)可以簡單地定(ding)義(yi)為水(shui)(shui)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng),通(tong)(tong)常(chang)意思是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非超級單體龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)。世界(jie)各地的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)洋和湖泊等都可能出現水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)發生在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)東南(nan)部海(hai)岸,尤其(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)佛羅里達南(nan)部和墨西哥灣。水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)雖在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)義(yi)上(shang)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種,不過其(qi)破壞(huai)性要比最強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)大草原(yuan)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)小(xiao),但(dan)是(shi)它們仍然是(shi)相(xiang)當危險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)能吹翻小(xiao)船(chuan)(chuan),毀壞(huai)船(chuan)(chuan)只,當吹襲陸(lu)地時就(jiu)有更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai),并(bing)奪去生命。當水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)很(hen)可能產生或(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)海(hai)岸水(shui)(shui)域上(shang)已(yi)經(jing)看得見的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)氣(qi)象(xiang)局將(jiang)會(hui)經(jing)常(chang)發出特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)上(shang)警(jing)告,或(huo)者(zhe)當水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)會(hui)向(xiang)陸(lu)地移動時發出龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)警(jing)告。
陸龍(long)卷(英文:landspout,美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家氣象局稱(cheng)dust-tube tornado)用以描述一種和(he)中(zhong)尺度(du)氣旋沒(mei)有(you)關(guan)聯(lian)的龍(long)卷風(feng)(feng)。陸龍(long)卷和(he)水龍(long)卷有(you)一些相同的特點,例(li)如強度(du)相對(dui)較弱(ruo)、持續時(shi)間短、冷凝(ning)形(xing)成(cheng)的漏斗云較小(xiao)且經(jing)常不接觸(chu)地(di)面等。雖然強度(du)相對(dui)較弱(ruo),但陸龍(long)卷依然會帶來強風(feng)(feng)和(he)嚴重破(po)壞。
火(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)卷(juan),非常罕見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)形態,由陸龍(long)(long)卷(juan)與火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)的(de)(de)(de)結合。2010年,位于南半球(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)巴西遭遇罕見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)干旱少雨天(tian)氣,全國多地(di)燃(ran)起(qi)了(le)(le)山(shan)火(huo)(huo)。8月24日,巴西圣保羅市(shi)一(yi)處火(huo)(huo)點刮起(qi)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng),形成了(le)(le)罕見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)景觀。龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)夾起(qi)火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)高達數(shu)(shu)米,像一(yi)條巨大的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)旋轉前進。這條“火(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)風(feng)”于24日被拍攝到(dao)。“火(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)”在燃(ran)燒的(de)(de)(de)田野上飛舞高約(yue)數(shu)(shu)米高,阻斷了(le)(le)一(yi)條公路。為了(le)(le)熄滅這條“火(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)”,當地(di)出(chu)動了(le)(le)直升機。
出現“火(huo)龍風”的地(di)區(qu)已經有3個月(yue)沒有下雨。異常干(gan)旱(han)的天氣和強勁的風勢助長了此(ci)處的火(huo)勢。巴西全(quan)球電視臺報道稱(cheng),圣保羅(luo)地(di)區(qu)的空氣干(gan)燥程度已趕上了撒哈拉沙漠(mo)。
龍(long)卷(juan)風按它的破壞程度不(bu)同,分(fen)為0-5增(zeng)強藤(teng)田(tian)級(ji)數,簡單來說就(jiu)稱為EF級(ji),由1971年芝加哥大(da)學的藤(teng)田(tian)哲也博士所提(ti)出。
EF0級:風(feng)速在65-85英里每(mei)小時,約合(he)105-137公里每(mei)小時,雖然較(jiao)弱,但還是(shi)足(zu)以把(ba)(ba)樹(shu)枝(zhi)吹斷,把(ba)(ba)較(jiao)輕的(de)碎片卷起來擊碎玻(bo)璃,一些煙囪會被(bei)吹斷。(出現幾(ji)率極高(gao),53.5%)
EF1級:風(feng)速在(zai)每(mei)(mei)(mei)小時(shi)86-110英里(li)每(mei)(mei)(mei)小時(shi),約合138-177公里(li)每(mei)(mei)(mei)小時(shi),它們可以(yi)把屋頂(ding)吹走(zou),把活動板房(fang)給吹翻,一些較(jiao)輕的汽車會(hui)被吹翻或刮離路面。(出現幾率較(jiao)高(gao),31.6%)
EF2級:風速在111-135英里每小(xiao)時(shi),約合178-217公里每小(xiao)時(shi),它們(men)可以把沉重的甘草包吹出(chu)去(qu)幾百米遠,把一棵大樹連根拔(ba)起,貨車(che)可以刮離路面。(出(chu)現幾率中(zhong)等偏(pian)低(di),10.7%)
EF3級:風速在(zai)136-165英里每(mei)小時,約合218-266公里每(mei)小時,它們(men)可以把一輛較(jiao)重汽車吹翻(fan),樹木被(bei)吹離地(di)面,房(fang)屋一大半(ban)被(bei)毀,火車脫離軌(gui)道。(出現幾(ji)率(lv)低,3.4%)
EF4級:風速在(zai)166-200英里每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi),約合267-322公里每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi),它們可以(yi)把(ba)一輛汽(qi)車刮(gua)飛(fei),把(ba)一幢牢固的(de)房屋夷為平(ping)地,樹木被刮(gua)到幾百米高空(kong)。(出現(xian)幾率很(hen)低,0.7%)
EF5級:EF5級風速超(chao)過每(mei)小(xiao)時200英里每(mei)小(xiao)時,也(ye)就是超(chao)過了322公里每(mei)小(xiao)時,房(fang)屋完全(quan)(quan)(quan)吹毀,汽車(che)(che)完全(quan)(quan)(quan)刮飛,路面(mian)上的瀝青也(ye)會被刮走,貨車(che)(che)、火車(che)(che)、列(lie)車(che)(che)全(quan)(quan)(quan)部脫離地面(mian)。(出現(xian)幾率較低偏高,20%—45%)
龍卷(juan)風并(bing)沒(mei)有EF6級(ji)。那是(shi)絕(jue)對(dui)不(bu)可能的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)是(shi)根據物理和(he)氣(qi)象學推算出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de),所以,1999年5月3日(ri)俄克拉荷馬城的(de)(de)(de)龍卷(juan)風不(bu)是(shi)EF6級(ji),而(er)是(shi)EF5級(ji),但是(shi)電視臺(tai)也報道過當天超過每小時512公里的(de)(de)(de)風速,而(er)且在一(yi)個(ge)雷達(da)上估測到了318英(ying)里每小時的(de)(de)(de)大風,這(zhe)就表明(ming)龍卷(juan)風的(de)(de)(de)破壞力量很大,不(bu)要相信有EF6級(ji)龍卷(juan)風,那是(shi)虛構。
除此(ci)之外,龍卷(juan)風還可以(yi)分為4個(ge)形狀(zhuang):
煙囪龍(long)卷風(feng):輪廓直(zhi),比較粗(cu)壯,強度中等(deng),一般在EF2—EF4級左右。
繩(sheng)形龍卷風:纖細,輪廓教彎,強度弱,一般在EF0—EF2左(zuo)右。
楔(xie)形龍卷風:長度較寬,可達(da)1.5公里,寬度超過高(gao)度,強度強,一般在EF4—EF5左右。
雙(shuang)胞胎龍卷風(feng):兩個龍卷風(feng),有的粗,有的細,強度不定(ding)。
全球(qiu)除(chu)南極洲以外的(de)大(da)(da)洲都有龍卷風記錄,龍卷風主要發生在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)緯(wei)度地區(qu),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)美國(guo)發生最為(wei)(wei)頻繁,堪稱“龍卷王國(guo)”,被稱為(wei)(wei)“龍卷風之鄉”,其發生的(de)龍卷風約占全球(qiu)龍卷風總數的(de)75%;其次為(wei)(wei)加拿大(da)(da);歐洲西部和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)、孟(meng)加拉國(guo)、日本、澳大(da)(da)利亞、新西蘭、南非和阿根廷等國(guo)家或(huo)地區(qu)龍卷風發生也較為(wei)(wei)頻繁。
年(nian)(nian)(nian)尺度(du)特征美國龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)1000多個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(1991—2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為1253個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)/年(nian)(nian)(nian))。其(qi)(qi)次為加拿大(da)(da)(da),記(ji)錄(lu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)約(yue)(yue)70個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)/年(nian)(nian)(nian),估計實際(ji)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)約(yue)(yue)150個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)。歐洲(zhou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)觀測到的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)(da)約(yue)(yue)有(you)330個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)/年(nian)(nian)(nian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)陸(lu)(lu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)170個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)160個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),而實際(ji)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)(da)約(yue)(yue)有(you)700個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)/年(nian)(nian)(nian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)陸(lu)(lu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)300個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)390個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。歐洲(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)多發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于英國、德國、法國和西(xi)班牙:英國(1981—2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian))平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)大(da)(da)(da)約(yue)(yue)有(you) (47.2±10.5)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)陸(lu)(lu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(36.5±10.1)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(12.7±2.8)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge);法國平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)15~20個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)。亞洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)主要(yao)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在中(zhong)國、日(ri)本、印(yin)度(du)和孟加拉國:中(zhong)國平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)有(you)73個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge);日(ri)本平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)20.5個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)陸(lu)(lu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)和4.5個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan);孟加拉國平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)有(you)2個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。大(da)(da)(da)洋(yang)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)主要(yao)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在澳大(da)(da)(da)利亞和新西(xi)蘭:澳大(da)(da)(da)利亞平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)有(you)29個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),新西(xi)蘭平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)有(you)17個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。南(nan)美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)多發(fa)于阿(a)根廷(ting)中(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)潘(pan)帕(pa)斯草原(yuan):阿(a)根廷(ting)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)記(ji)錄(lu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)(da)概有(you)10個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge);巴(ba)西(xi)、智利和烏拉圭也有(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄(lu),巴(ba)西(xi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)記(ji)錄(lu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)有(you)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。
美國(guo)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風多(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于春季(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)次(ci)(ci)為(wei)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji),冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)最(zui)(zui)少(shao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生。歐洲的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生在(zai)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)次(ci)(ci)為(wei)秋季(ji)(ji)(ji):英國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生在(zai)秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)(9—11月(yue)),其(qi)次(ci)(ci)為(wei)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)(6—8月(yue)),11月(yue)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風發(fa)(fa)(fa)生最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)月(yue);德國(guo)2/3的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風發(fa)(fa)(fa)生在(zai)6—8月(yue),其(qi)中7月(yue)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風發(fa)(fa)(fa)生頻率達27%;法國(guo)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風多(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于春季(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji),8月(yue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo);西班(ban)牙的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風多(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于暖(nuan)季(ji)(ji)(ji),明顯的(de)(de)趨向于秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)。澳(ao)大利亞的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風多(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于初春和(he)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)次(ci)(ci)為(wei)初冬。中國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)風發(fa)(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節變化特征明顯,主(zhu)要(yao)集中在(zai)春夏兩季(ji)(ji)(ji),尤以7月(yue)和(he)8月(yue)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo),兩月(yue)約(yue)占全年總數(shu)的(de)(de)50%以上(shang)。日本56%的(de)(de)陸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生在(zai)7—10月(yue),其(qi)中9月(yue)最(zui)(zui)為(wei)頻繁,3月(yue)最(zui)(zui)少(shao);水龍(long)(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生在(zai)9—10月(yue),10月(yue)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)。
美國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佛羅里達州(zhou)和(he)中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平原(yuan)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高發(fa)(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu),中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平原(yuan)稱(cheng)為“龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)走廊”,其(qi)范圍一(yi)般(ban)(ban)指從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)德克薩(sa)斯(si)(si)州(zhou)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)向北(bei)到(dao)愛荷華(hua)州(zhou)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),以及(ji)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)堪(kan)薩(sa)斯(si)(si)州(zhou)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)內布拉斯(si)(si)加東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)俄亥(hai)俄西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)。英國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)英格蘭(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以及(ji)海(hai)(hai)峽群島(dao)周邊(bian)。德國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)沿海(hai)(hai)和(he)丘陵地(di)區(qu)(qu)。法國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。西(xi)(xi)班牙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)地(di)中(zhong)海(hai)(hai)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)和(he)加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斯(si)(si)灣附近省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)。中(zhong)國龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在中(zhong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)形(xing)相對平坦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)(qu),平原(yuan)多(duo)于(yu)山區(qu)(qu);從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)尺度來看,長江(jiang)三(san)角洲、蘇北(bei)、魯西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、豫東(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)平原(yuan)、湖沼區(qu)(qu)以及(ji)雷(lei)州(zhou)半島(dao)等(deng)地(di)都是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)易發(fa)(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu);從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)省(sheng)級行(xing)政單元尺度來看,江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)、廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)省(sheng)、河南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)、湖北(bei)省(sheng)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen),黑(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)江(jiang)省(sheng)、河北(bei)省(sheng)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)、江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)和(he)湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)等(deng)省(sheng)份(fen)(fen)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)次較高。1961—1993年間(jian)日(ri)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)和(he)水龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在沿海(hai)(hai)地(di)區(qu)(qu),而關東(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)區(qu)(qu)大量龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)遠離(li)沿海(hai)(hai)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)。大洋洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在澳大利(li)亞和(he)新西(xi)(xi)蘭(lan)。澳大利(li)亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)阿根廷(ting)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潘帕斯(si)(si)草(cao)原(yuan)。巴西(xi)(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)多(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。
我(wo)國(guo)大部(bu)分省(區(qu)、市)都(dou)有龍卷風(feng)(feng)的(de)蹤跡,主要(yao)發生在我(wo)國(guo)東部(bu)平原地區(qu),1991年-2014年,我(wo)國(guo)平均(jun)每年有43個(ge)龍卷風(feng)(feng),其中江(jiang)蘇和(he)廣東最多(duo),年均(jun)龍卷風(feng)(feng)分別為(wei)5.5個(ge)和(he)4.8個(ge)。春季、夏季是龍卷風(feng)(feng)的(de)多(duo)發季節,4-8月龍卷風(feng)(feng)占全年的(de)92%。
龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)是(shi)一種破壞力極(ji)強的小(xiao)尺度天氣(qi)(qi)現(xian)象(xiang),直徑(jing)一般在100米(mi)(mi)以(yi)下,強龍(long)(long)卷(juan)可達幾百米(mi)(mi)到1千米(mi)(mi)左右。相比(bi)于臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)、副高這些天氣(qi)(qi)系統中的“大(da)塊頭”,龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)絕對屬(shu)于“小(xiao)個子”。而當前我們的氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)臺(tai)站不夠密集(ji),以(yi)至于龍(long)(long)卷(juan)風(feng)(feng)經常躲過氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)監測(ce)的“法(fa)眼”。
龍卷風強對流天氣往(wang)往(wang)生成很突然,對某一地區的影(ying)響時(shi)間也相對較(jiao)短,“生命史(shi)”只(zhi)有十幾分鐘到個把小時(shi)。因此,要提前(qian)24小時(shi)或是(shi)48小時(shi)預報局部(bu)地區的強對流天氣也就非常困(kun)難了(le)。
龍卷風等強對流天氣的生成和發展(zhan)需要衡量綜合大氣條件,而這(zhe)些條件往往是難以預(yu)料、不確切的,再加(jia)上不同地(di)區之間各(ge)不相同的地(di)形因素(su),也進一步(bu)增加(jia)了準確監測(ce)、預(yu)報的難度。
(1)龍卷(juan)風(feng)發(fa)生是和強烈發(fa)展的(de)積(ji)雨云聯(lian)系在(zai)(zai)一起的(de),也就是通常(chang)所(suo)說的(de)雷雨云。龍卷(juan)風(feng)出(chu)現時(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)空往往烏天(tian)(tian)黑地(di)(云層低(di)而深厚(hou)、亮度差(cha))、電(dian)閃雷鳴、風(feng)雨交加。以春未(wei)到秋初最(zui)常(chang)見(jian),在(zai)(zai)一天(tian)(tian)中以下午(wu)至傍晚(wan)和凌晨至早晨出(chu)現最(zui)多。當看到天(tian)(tian)空有類似的(de)癥兆就要引起注意(yi)。人群(qun)應立刻離開危險房屋(wu)(wu)、活動場(chang)所(suo)或(huo)其他(ta)簡易(yi)臨時(shi)(shi)住處,到附近(jin)比較堅固的(de)房屋(wu)(wu)內躲(duo)避。在(zai)(zai)公共場(chang)所(suo),要服從指(zhi)揮,有秩(zhi)序地(di)向指(zhi)定地(di)點疏(shu)散(san)。躲(duo)避龍卷(juan)風(feng)最(zui)為安(an)全的(de)地(di)方是位于地(di)下的(de)空間或(huo)場(chang)所(suo)(如地(di)下室(shi)或(huo)半地(di)下室(shi)),地(di)面上所(suo)有建(jian)筑物此時(shi)(shi)都不(bu)是安(an)全躲(duo)避的(de)場(chang)所(suo)。
(2)在野外(wai)遇到(dao)龍卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)襲擊(ji)時,不必驚(jing)慌(huang)失措(cuo),應(ying)(ying)迅速朝龍卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)移動(dong)方向(xiang)的垂(chui)直方向(xiang)跑動(dong),伏(fu)于低(di)洼(wa)地面(mian)、溝渠等,但要遠離(li)大(da)樹、電(dian)線桿、廣告牌、圍墻等,以免被砸、被壓或發(fa)生觸(chu)電(dian)事故(gu)。如(ru)在汽(qi)(qi)車中,應(ying)(ying)及時離(li)開,到(dao)低(di)洼(wa)地躲避,因為汽(qi)(qi)車本身沒有(you)防(fang)御龍卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)能力,一旦汽(qi)(qi)車和(he)人同(tong)時被龍卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)(feng)卷(juan)(juan)起,危害更大(da)。
(3)在家遇到(dao)龍(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)時,遠(yuan)離(li)和龍(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)同方向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)窗、門、房(fang)屋的(de)(de)(de)外圍墻壁,盡可(ke)能在龍(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)相(xiang)反方向(xiang)角落或比較堅(jian)固的(de)(de)(de)小房(fang)間抱頭(tou)蹲下(xia),保護好自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)。在樓上,特別是(shi)農村的(de)(de)(de)樓房(fang)內,應立即暫(zan)避到(dao)一樓比較堅(jian)固的(de)(de)(de)桌(zhuo)子底下(xia)或廁所、儲物(wu)間內。這是(shi)因為(wei)龍(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)中心的(de)(de)(de)氣壓(ya)極低,容易被(bei)龍(long)卷(juan)(juan)風(feng)外吸、房(fang)屋倒(dao)塌而殃及(ji)室內人員安全。
(4)在(zai)遭(zao)遇龍卷風和(he)發生房屋倒塌(ta)、電(dian)桿折斷的情況下,應及時切斷電(dian)源(yuan),以防觸(chu)電(dian)和(he)引發火災事(shi)故(gu)。如果是化(hua)工生產企業遭(zao)受龍卷風襲擊,應及時關閉有毒(du)化(hua)學物品閥門,控制化(hua)學物品泄(xie)漏(lou),防止污染(ran)源(yuan)向土壤和(he)水面擴散,必要時組織附近市(shi)(村)民緊急轉移(yi)。
(5)龍卷風后自(zi)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)互救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。由(you)于(yu)龍卷風的風力特(te)別大(da),具有巨大(da)的破壞(huai)作用(yong),龍卷經過的區域內,房(fang)屋(wu)等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)物常會遭受不(bu)同(tong)程度的破壞(huai),甚(shen)至發生倒(dao)塌。因此,受龍卷影響地區的群眾(zhong),尤其是家庭(ting)、鄰里之間(jian)在災后第一時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的自(zi)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)互救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)最(zui)大(da)限度減少人員(yuan)傷(shang)(shang)亡。被埋(mai)壓人員(yuan)要保(bao)持清(qing)醒頭腦,盡快想法脫離險境,如(ru)果不(bu)能自(zi)我脫險時(shi)(shi),應(ying)盡量創造和擴大(da)安全生存空間(jian),減少對(dui)身體(ti)(ti)的擠壓,特(te)別是對(dui)腹部(bu)以上身體(ti)(ti)部(bu)位的壓物要清(qing)除(chu)或移開,加強對(dui)頭部(bu)及口、鼻等(deng)器官的自(zi)我保(bao)護(hu),等(deng)待救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援。救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援時(shi)(shi)要講究方法,首(shou)先應(ying)使(shi)被救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者暴露頭部(bu),保(bao)持呼(hu)吸暢通,如(ru)有窒息,應(ying)立(li)即進行人工呼(hu)吸。其次不(bu)可(ke)生拉硬扯或使(shi)用(yong)利器硬挖被埋(mai)者,以免(mian)造成進一步的損傷(shang)(shang),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)對(dui)傷(shang)(shang)重(zhong)者及時(shi)(shi)送醫院搶(qiang)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。