自漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)武帝(di)時張(zhang)騫(qian)始(shi)通西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu),經(jing)過西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)經(jing)營,至漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)宣(xuan)帝(di)時期(qi)(qi),西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)諸(zhu)國(guo)已經(jing)臣服(fu)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)朝,西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)朝廷任命鄭吉為西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu),漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)之(zhi)號(hao)令頒(ban)行(xing)于西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)。但(dan)到(dao)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)末年(nian)(nian),社(she)會矛盾日益(yi)尖銳,朝政(zheng)(zheng)混亂(luan),中央(yang)政(zheng)(zheng)府對(dui)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營已經(jing)無暇顧及(ji)。王(wang)莽(mang)(mang)當政(zheng)(zheng)和篡位(wei)后,又對(dui)邊疆執(zhi)行(xing)了錯誤的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策,歧(qi)視和苛刻對(dui)待匈奴(nu)和西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)各(ge)(ge)國(guo),如王(wang)莽(mang)(mang)始(shi)建國(guo)元年(nian)(nian)(公元9年(nian)(nian)),王(wang)莽(mang)(mang)將包括(kuo)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)在內的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)少數(shu)民族國(guo)王(wang)稱號(hao)降為侯,引起了各(ge)(ge)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)極大(da)不滿(man)。始(shi)建國(guo)二年(nian)(nian)(公元10年(nian)(nian)),駐(zhu)守車(che)師的(de)(de)(de)反莽(mang)(mang)派陳(chen)良(liang)、終帶(dai),舉兵(bing)(bing)造反,殺(sha)戊(wu)己(ji)校尉刁(diao)護(hu),逃入(ru)匈奴(nu)。始(shi)建國(guo)五年(nian)(nian)(公元13年(nian)(nian)),地近匈奴(nu)的(de)(de)(de)焉耆國(guo)反叛,殺(sha)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)但(dan)欽。天風三年(nian)(nian)(公元16年(nian)(nian)),王(wang)莽(mang)(mang)派五威(wei)將王(wang)駿、新任命的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)李(li)崇、戊(wu)己(ji)校尉郭欽等(deng)率兵(bing)(bing)進入(ru)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)。焉耆伏兵(bing)(bing)截王(wang)駿軍,姑墨、尉犁、危(wei)須等(deng)國(guo)也共擊之(zhi),王(wang)駿大(da)敗,李(li)崇還保(bao)龜茲。王(wang)莽(mang)(mang)政(zheng)(zheng)權被(bei)推翻后,李(li)崇被(bei)殺(sha),西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)從此(ci)與中央(yang)政(zheng)(zheng)府終止聯系。
東漢(han)(han)(han)王(wang)朝(chao)建(jian)(jian)立后,莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)康(kang)派(pai)使者至河西(xi),表(biao)示思(si)慕漢(han)(han)(han)庭。光武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)劉秀(xiu)建(jian)(jian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元29年(nian)(nian)),漢(han)(han)(han)立莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)康(kang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)(wei)。建(jian)(jian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian),莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)賢(xian)(康(kang)之子(zi)(zi))遣(qian)(qian)使至漢(han)(han)(han)請(qing)派(pai)都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu),光武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)開(kai)始從(cong)竇(dou)融建(jian)(jian)議,封莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)賢(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu),后敦煌太守裴遵(zun)勸(quan)阻,光武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)又收回都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu)之印,改授賢(xian)漢(han)(han)(han)大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)印,莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)賢(xian)因此怨恨漢(han)(han)(han)朝(chao),并詐稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)(han)(han)都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu),奴(nu)役西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國。建(jian)(jian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元45年(nian)(nian)),鄯善、車(che)師(shi)、焉耆等(deng)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)國國遣(qian)(qian)子(zi)(zi)入侍,請(qing)東漢(han)(han)(han)王(wang)朝(chao)在西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)設置都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu),但劉秀(xiu)因忙于鞏固(gu)帝(di)位,無暇(xia)顧及(ji)西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu),故遣(qian)(qian)還侍子(zi)(zi)。莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)賢(xian)見(jian)漢(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)不派(pai)都(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)(hu),即攻伐西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國,西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)亂。北匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)趁機介入,西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)部地(di)區遂為(wei)(wei)(wei)北匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)所控制(zhi)。至漢(han)(han)(han)明帝(di)中期,匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)大(da)規模進(jin)攻漢(han)(han)(han)朝(chao),致使“河西(xi)郡縣,城門晝(zhou)閉”。為(wei)(wei)(wei)徹底解(jie)除邊患,明帝(di)永平十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元72年(nian)(nian))十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue),明帝(di)任命耿秉為(wei)(wei)(wei)駙馬都(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)(wei),竇(dou)固(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)奉車(che)都(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)(wei),翌年(nian)(nian)春,二(er)將(jiang)與(yu)太仆祭肜、騎都(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)(wei)來苗,率(lv)漢(han)(han)(han)軍(jun)及(ji)羌(qiang)胡、烏桓、鮮卑、南匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)等(deng)軍(jun),兵分四道(dao)出擊(ji)北匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)。
班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao),字仲(zhong)升,漢扶風平陵(今陜西(xi)咸(xian)陽東北)人。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)是當時儒學大師、史學家(jia)班(ban)(ban)(ban)彪的幼(you)子,其長兄班(ban)(ban)(ban)固(gu)、妹妹班(ban)(ban)(ban)昭(zhao)也是著名的史學家(jia)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)自幼(you)有大志(zhi),不(bu)修(xiu)細節(jie),然而內心(xin)孝(xiao)敬恭謹,能(neng)吃苦(ku)耐(nai)勞。他(ta)也很有口(kou)才,能(neng)言善辯,博學多聞(wen)。
漢明帝(di)永平五(wu)年(公元62年),班(ban)固被(bei)召入京任(ren)校(xiao)書(shu)郎,班(ban)超(chao)和其母(mu)隨之遷居(ju)至(zhi)洛(luo)陽。因家貧,班(ban)超(chao)常(chang)給官府抄寫文書(shu)來供養母(mu)親。班(ban)超(chao)長期伏案揮毫,有(you)一次他曾停下工作投下筆嘆息說:“大(da)丈夫無它志略,猶當效傅(fu)介子、張騫立功(gong)異域,以(yi)取封(feng)侯,安能久事(shi)筆研間(jian)乎?”
旁人聽了(le)都(dou)嘲笑他,班超卻說(shuo):“小(xiao)子安知壯(zhuang)士志哉!”
后(hou)來,他去(qu)找相(xiang)面的人看相(xiang),相(xiang)面的人說:“祭(ji)酒,布衣(yi)諸生耳,而(er)當封(feng)侯萬里(li)之外!”
班超問其故(gu),相面的(de)人說:“生(sheng)燕頷(han)虎頸,飛而食肉(rou),此萬里侯相也(ye)!”
后(hou)來,漢明帝(di)因班固的面子曾任命班超(chao)為(wei)蘭臺(tai)令(ling)史,掌(zhang)管奏章和(he)文書(shu)。然而沒多久,班超(chao)就因為(wei)受一些牽連被(bei)免職(zhi)。
永平十(shi)六年(nian)(公元73年(nian)),漢軍(jun)(jun)分(fen)四道北攻(gong)(gong)北匈(xiong)奴,其中(zhong)奉車(che)都尉竇(dou)固率軍(jun)(jun)出酒泉塞,攻(gong)(gong)擊北匈(xiong)奴王庭所(suo)在(zai)的天山。班超隨從(cong)竇(dou)固北征,在(zai)軍(jun)(jun)中(zhong)任假司馬(ma)(代理司馬(ma))之職。班超一到軍(jun)(jun)旅中(zhong),就初顯軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)才(cai)能(neng)。他率兵進攻(gong)(gong)伊吾(今(jin)新疆(jiang)哈密西四堡),戰于蒲類海(今(jin)新疆(jiang)巴(ba)里(li)昆湖(hu)),小試牛刀,斬俘頗多(duo)。竇(dou)固很賞識(shi)他的軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)(shi)才(cai)干,派他和從(cong)事(shi)(shi)郭恂一起(qi)出使西域。
1,降服鄯善
班超(chao)(chao)和郭(guo)恂率領三十六名部(bu)下(xia)先到鄯善(shan)(shan)(今(jin)新(xin)疆(jiang)羅布泊西南),鄯善(shan)(shan)王廣對班超(chao)(chao)等人先是(shi)禮(li)敬備(bei)致(zhi),但不久后突然改(gai)變(bian)態(tai)度(du),變(bian)得(de)粗(cu)疏怠慢。班超(chao)(chao)估計必有原因,他對部(bu)下(xia)說:“你們不覺得(de)鄯善(shan)(shan)王的(de)禮(li)意淡(dan)薄了嗎?這一(yi)定是(shi)因為有北匈奴的(de)使(shi)臣來,鄯善(shan)(shan)王猶疑不決,不知歸(gui)順哪邊。聰明的(de)人能看到即(ji)將萌發的(de)事(shi)情(qing),何況(kuang)現在已經很明顯了?”
于是班超(chao)便把服侍他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)鄯(shan)善(shan)侍者(zhe)找來,詐(zha)問他(ta)道:“匈奴使(shi)者(zhe)已經(jing)來數日(ri)了(le),現在(zai)(zai)(zai)住在(zai)(zai)(zai)哪(na)里?”侍者(zhe)很惶恐,只(zhi)好把情況照實(shi)說(shuo)了(le)。班超(chao)于是把侍者(zhe)扣押起(qi)來,然(ran)后(hou)召集部(bu)(bu)(bu)下三十六人,飲酒高會。飲到酣處(chu),班超(chao)故(gu)意(yi)用(yong)話激怒大(da)(da)家說(shuo):“你們(men)與我(wo)(wo)一起(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)遙遠的(de)(de)(de)地域(yu),欲立大(da)(da)功,以(yi)求富貴(gui)。現在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)匈奴的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者(zhe)才(cai)到幾天,鄯(shan)善(shan)王(wang)廣就不(bu)(bu)(bu)再禮敬我(wo)(wo)們(men)。假如鄯(shan)善(shan)王(wang)抓(zhua)了(le)我(wo)(wo)們(men)送給北(bei)匈奴,那(nei)我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)尸(shi)骸將長久為(wei)豺狼的(de)(de)(de)吞食了(le)。該怎么辦?”眾部(bu)(bu)(bu)屬都(dou)說(shuo):“現在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)危亡(wang)之地,無論死生都(dou)聽(ting)從司(si)馬。”班超(chao)說(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)入虎(hu)穴(xue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)虎(hu)子。當今之計,唯有趁夜(ye)以(yi)火攻匈奴使(shi)者(zhe),使(shi)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)知我(wo)(wo)有多少兵力,必定(ding)震驚害怕(pa),可以(yi)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)消滅他(ta)們(men)。滅了(le)匈奴使(shi)者(zhe),則鄯(shan)善(shan)破膽,功成(cheng)事(shi)立矣。”有部(bu)(bu)(bu)下說(shuo):“當與從事(shi)議之。”班超(chao)大(da)(da)怒,說(shuo):“吉兇決(jue)于今日(ri)。從事(shi)是個文官俗吏,聽(ting)說(shuo)了(le)此時必定(ding)恐懼而泄密,不(bu)(bu)(bu)明不(bu)(bu)(bu)白(bai)地就死了(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是壯士所為(wei)!”部(bu)(bu)(bu)下一致稱是。
這天(tian)天(tian)剛黑,班(ban)(ban)超率將士直奔匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)者駐(zhu)地。正趕(gan)上天(tian)刮大(da)風(feng),班(ban)(ban)超命令十個人(ren)拿(na)著鼓藏在(zai)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)駐(zhu)地之后,約定說:“一(yi)見(jian)火起,全(quan)部(bu)(bu)都猛敲戰鼓,大(da)聲吶喊”。并命令其他人(ren)拿(na)著兵器弓弩(nu)埋(mai)伏在(zai)營門兩邊。之后班(ban)(ban)超順風(feng)縱火,三十六人(ren)前(qian)后鼓噪(zao)起來(lai)。匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)驚(jing)嚇(xia)之下(xia)亂作一(yi)團。班(ban)(ban)超親(qin)手搏(bo)殺(sha)了三個匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren),他的部(bu)(bu)下(xia)也殺(sha)死了包括匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)者在(zai)內的三十多人(ren),其余的百余匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)都葬身火海。
第二天(tian)返回(hui)后(hou),班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)才(cai)將此事告知郭(guo)恂,郭(guo)恂先是(shi)吃驚,接著(zhu)臉色有(you)(you)所變(bian)化(hua)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)知道(dao)(dao)他(ta)心思,便(bian)舉手(shou)來對(dui)他(ta)說(shuo):“你雖沒去,但班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)怎(zen)么(me)會(hui)獨占功(gong)勞呢?”郭(guo)恂這(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)高(gao)興起來。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)于(yu)是(shi)請(qing)來了(le)(le)鄯善王廣,把匈奴(nu)使者的(de)首(shou)級給他(ta)看,鄯善王大(da)驚失色,舉國震恐。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)講明道(dao)(dao)理好言撫慰,鄯善王表(biao)示愿(yuan)意歸附漢朝,并且派王子作質子。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)完(wan)成使命(ming),返回(hui)后(hou)把情況向竇固(gu)(gu)作了(le)(le)匯報(bao)。竇固(gu)(gu)大(da)喜,上表(biao)奏明班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)出使經過(guo)和(he)所取得的(de)成就(jiu),并請(qing)皇(huang)帝選派使者再度出使西域。皇(huang)帝很欣賞班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)勇敢和(he)韜略,下詔給竇固(gu)(gu)說(shuo):“有(you)(you)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)官吏(li),為(wei)什么(me)不繼續派遣而(er)要更換?現在任命(ming)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)為(wei)軍司令,令他(ta)完(wan)成以前的(de)功(gong)業。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)又(you)接受使命(ming)后(hou),竇固(gu)(gu)認(ren)為(wei)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)手(shou)下的(de)人(ren)太少,想給他(ta)增(zeng)加人(ren)員。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)卻說(shuo):“愿(yuan)率(lv)(lv)領原先所率(lv)(lv)領的(de)三十多(duo)(duo)人(ren)就(jiu)夠了(le)(le)。如果(guo)有(you)(you)不測,人(ren)多(duo)(duo)反而(er)累贅。有(you)(you)不虞,多(duo)(duo)益為(wei)累”。
2,威服于闐
班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)再次(ci)出(chu)使西行(xing)。這時于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)廣德剛(gang)剛(gang)攻破莎車國(今新疆莎車),在(zai)西域南(nan)道稱(cheng)雄,并(bing)且匈(xiong)奴人(ren)派使者駐在(zai)于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)監護其國。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)到于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)后,于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)對他(ta)很不禮遇,而且于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)民(min)俗迷信巫(wu)術,巫(wu)師對于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)說(shuo):“天神發怒了(le)(le)(le),為什么(me)要傾向(xiang)漢(han)朝?漢(han)朝使者有黑嘴的黃(huang)馬,趕快拿過來祭祀我!”于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)廣德于(yu)是派人(ren)到班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)處討要那匹馬,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)暗中早(zao)已清楚事情原委,聲稱(cheng)同意(yi),但說(shuo)要巫(wu)師自己來取。不久,巫(wu)師真(zhen)來取馬,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)就(jiu)殺了(le)(le)(le)他(ta),把首級送給于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang),趁機在(zai)言(yan)辭中責備他(ta)。于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)(wang)早(zao)就(jiu)聽說(shuo)過班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)在(zai)鄯善國誅殺匈(xiong)奴使者之事,大為惶恐,當即攻殺匈(xiong)奴使者,歸降(jiang)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)重賞(shang)了(le)(le)(le)于(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)國王(wang)(wang)及其臣子們,于(yu)是平定(ding)并(bing)安撫(fu)了(le)(le)(le)這一地區(qu)。
3,平定疏勒
當(dang)時(shi),龜茲(zi)(zi)(zi)(今(jin)新(xin)疆庫車市(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)東郊)國(guo)王(wang)建是匈奴(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)立,他(ta)倚(yi)仗(zhang)匈奴(nu)的(de)(de)勢力占(zhan)據(ju)西域北道(dao)。他(ta)派(pai)兵攻(gong)破疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(今(jin)新(xin)疆喀(ka)什市(shi))國(guo),殺(sha)死(si)其國(guo)王(wang),另立龜茲(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)兜題為(wei)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)王(wang),疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)國(guo)實際掌(zhang)握在龜茲(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)手中。第(di)二年(永平十七(qi)年)春,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)率所(suo)(suo)屬從小道(dao)到疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)國(guo)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)行至距離兜題居住的(de)(de)架橐城(cheng)(cheng)九十里的(de)(de)地方,派(pai)手下(xia)吏員田(tian)慮(lv)去(qu)招(zhao)降兜題。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)指示田(tian)慮(lv)說:“兜題本非疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)種,國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必不(bu)(bu)用(yong)命。若不(bu)(bu)即(ji)降,便可執之。”田(tian)慮(lv)到后,兜題見(jian)田(tian)慮(lv)勢單力薄,根本沒有投降的(de)(de)意思。田(tian)慮(lv)乘其不(bu)(bu)備,搶上去(qu)劫持了他(ta)。兜提(ti)的(de)(de)手下(xia)意想不(bu)(bu)到,都驚嚇四(si)處逃(tao)散。田(tian)慮(lv)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)馳馬將情況急報(bao)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)當(dang)即(ji)來(lai)(lai)到架橐城(cheng)(cheng),把疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)文武(wu)官(guan)員全部召(zhao)集來(lai)(lai),向他(ta)們陳說龜茲(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)講(jiang)道(dao)義的(de)(de)行徑,于是立原來(lai)(lai)被殺(sha)掉的(de)(de)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)國(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)哥哥之子(zi)忠為(wei)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)新(xin)王(wang),疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大悅。新(xin)王(wang)和官(guan)員都請求(qiu)殺(sha)死(si)兜題,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)不(bu)(bu)同意,想宣(xuan)示漢王(wang)朝的(de)(de)威德信義,釋放了遣返了兜題。疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)從此和龜茲(zi)(zi)(zi)結怨(yuan)。但班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)平定疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)也達到了。
4,重置都護
永平十七年(公元74年)冬十一月,明帝再命竇(dou)固、耿(geng)秉率騎兵1萬4千人出(chu)敦煌(huang)昆侖(lun)塞(sai),攻西域。漢軍先(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)蒲類海打敗了白(bai)山的(de)匈奴人,然后(hou)進(jin)攻車師(shi)國(guo)。當時車師(shi)分前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)二(er)部(bu)(bu)(bu)二(er)王(wang),前(qian)(qian)(qian)部(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)南、后(hou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)北(bei),兩王(wang)王(wang)庭(ting)相距(ju)500余里,車師(shi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)王(wang)是后(hou)王(wang)之子。耿(geng)秉力排眾(zhong)議,先(xian)(xian)攻位于北(bei)方的(de)車師(shi)后(hou)王(wang)安得,后(hou)王(wang)投(tou)降,前(qian)(qian)(qian)王(wang)聞之震恐,也(ye)歸降,遂平車師(shi)。當時班超已(yi)經平定鄯善(shan)、于闐(tian)、疏勒三國(guo),因此竇(dou)固奏(zou)請天子重設西域都護(hu)和戊己(ji)校尉。明帝準奏(zou),以陳睦為都護(hu);以耿(geng)恭(gong)為戊校尉,駐守(shou)(shou)后(hou)王(wang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)金(jin)蒲城;以關寵為己(ji)校尉,駐守(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)王(wang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)柳中城。駐軍各(ge)設數百人。
1,漢軍東撤
永平(ping)十八年(公元75年)春,北匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)單于派遣(qian)其左鹿蠡王(wang)率軍攻(gong)車師(shi),全殲東漢(han)戊校(xiao)尉耿(geng)恭所(suo)遣(qian)300援(yuan)兵,殺車師(shi)后王(wang)安得;復(fu)又攻(gong)金蒲(pu)城(cheng),耿(geng)恭堅守,匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)不能克,乃退。耿(geng)恭以疏勒城(cheng)(非疏勒國都(dou))有(you)澗水,移守疏勒城(cheng)。秋七月,匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)復(fu)來攻(gong),斷澗水。耿(geng)恭等掘地15丈(zhang)不見水,以馬糞汁止渴,亦誓(shi)死不降。危機(ji)間,掘井終(zhong)于泉水噴涌,漢(han)軍于城(cheng)頭揚水示匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu),匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)大驚,以為漢(han)有(you)神助,遂退。
永平十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元75年(nian)(nian))秋(qiu)八(ba)月,漢(han)(han)明帝(di)(di)駕(jia)崩(beng),太子即位(即漢(han)(han)章(zhang)帝(di)(di))。焉耆(今新疆焉耆回族(zu)自(zi)治縣)國(guo)(guo)與(yu)龜茲國(guo)(guo)乘(cheng)漢(han)(han)王朝(chao)大喪(sang)之機,攻殺漢(han)(han)西(xi)域(yu)都護陳睦;北匈奴(nu)圍(wei)困己校(xiao)尉關(guan)(guan)寵于柳中城;車(che)師國(guo)(guo)亦反叛,與(yu)匈奴(nu)合圍(wei)耿(geng)恭。關(guan)(guan)寵上書求救,漢(han)(han)章(zhang)帝(di)(di)以(yi)酒泉(quan)太守段(duan)彭(peng)、謁(ye)者王蒙(meng)、皇甫援,發張(zhang)掖、酒泉(quan)、敦(dun)煌三郡兵鄯善兵7000人(ren)援耿(geng)恭。段(duan)彭(peng)攻車(che)師,破交河城,斬獲(huo)甚重,北匈奴(nu)驚走(zou),車(che)師復降。時關(guan)(guan)寵已死,王蒙(meng)等欲回師,軍吏范(fan)羌(qiang)自(zi)請率兵2000人(ren)接應耿(geng)恭。至(zhi)疏勒(le)城,耿(geng)恭部僅存(cun)26人(ren)。合兵后耿(geng)恭及(ji)范(fan)羌(qiang)東歸,一路且(qie)戰且(qie)走(zou),至(zhi)玉門關(guan)(guan),耿(geng)恭部僅存(cun)13人(ren)。
2,孤身堅持
班超(chao)孤(gu)立無援,而龜茲、姑墨(今新疆溫宿、阿(a)克蘇一(yi)帶)等國也屢屢發兵(bing),進(jin)攻(gong)疏勒。班超(chao)跟疏勒王(wang)忠互為犄角,首尾呼應(ying),拒守架橐城。雖(sui)然勢單力孤(gu),但仍拒守了一(yi)年多。
朝(chao)廷(ting)認為(wei)陳睦已死(si),西域(yu)大勢已去,遂下(xia)詔罷(ba)都(dou)護官及(ji)戊、己校尉(wei)(wei),放棄西域(yu),并(bing)命(ming)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)回(hui)國。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)受命(ming)將歸,疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)舉(ju)國憂恐。疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)都(dou)尉(wei)(wei)黎弇說:“漢(han)使(shi)棄我,我必復為(wei)龜(gui)茲所滅耳。誠不(bu)忍見(jian)漢(han)使(shi)去”。說罷(ba),拔刀自(zi)刎而死(si)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)率部東行(xing)至(zhi)于(yu)闐,于(yu)闐的王侯百(bai)(bai)姓都(dou)放聲大哭,他們(men)說:“依漢(han)使(shi)如父母,誠不(bu)可去”。抱住班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)的馬腿,班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)不(bu)得(de)前行(xing)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)見(jian)狀,恐怕于(yu)闐父最終不(bu)會讓(rang)他東回(hui),而他也想完成他立功異域(yu)的宏愿(yuan),便毅然決定不(bu)回(hui)漢(han)朝(chao),重返(fan)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)。在班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)走后疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)有兩(liang)座城已經重新(xin)歸降了龜(gui)茲,并(bing)且與尉(wei)(wei)頭(tou)國(今新(xin)疆(jiang)阿合(he)(he)奇)聯(lian)合(he)(he)起來,圖為(wei)大亂(luan)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)捉捕反叛首領殺(sha)掉,擊破(po)尉(wei)(wei)頭(tou)國,殺(sha)六百(bai)(bai)余人,使(shi)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)復安。
漢(han)章帝建(jian)初三(san)年(nian)(78年(nian)),班(ban)超(chao)率疏勒(le)、康居、于闐(tian)、拘彌等國(guo)士兵一萬多人,進攻姑墨石城,并(bing)將其攻破,斬首七(qi)百(bai),孤立了龜(gui)茲。
建初五(wu)年(80年),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)在四面受敵的疏勒孤(gu)守五(wu)年后,上(shang)書給(gei)章(zhang)帝,分(fen)析西域(yu)(yu)各國(guo)形(xing)勢:當(dang)時北(bei)道諸國(guo)多為(wei)匈奴控制,而(er)南道諸國(guo),只(zhi)有龜(gui)茲一國(guo)與漢為(wei)敵。故(gu)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)提出“若得龜(gui)茲,則西域(yu)(yu)未服者(zhe)(zhe)百分(fen)之一耳。”他又(you)分(fen)析西域(yu)(yu)各國(guo)同龜(gui)茲的矛盾(dun),認為(wei)“以(yi)夷(yi)狄攻夷(yi)狄,計之善者(zhe)(zhe)也”。漢章(zhang)帝覽表(biao),知(zhi)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)功(gong)業可成,準備增(zeng)加班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)的力量。平陵人(ren)徐干也有平定西域(yu)(yu)之志(zhi),主動上(shang)書請求奮身異域(yu)(yu),輔佐班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)。朝廷(ting)當(dang)即任命他為(wei)代理司(si)馬,派他帶領解除刑法(fa)的刑徒和志(zhi)愿者(zhe)(zhe)一千人(ren)去增(zeng)援班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)。
1,寬廣心胸
起先(xian),莎車以為漢兵(bing)(bing)不會來,于(yu)是降于(yu)龜(gui)(gui)茲,疏(shu)勒都尉番(fan)辰也又反叛。正好徐干率兵(bing)(bing)到疏(shu)勒,班超就(jiu)與徐干一起,殺掉了番(fan)辰,斬(zhan)首千余級,平息(xi)了叛亂。班超攻破番(fan)辰之后,想進軍龜(gui)(gui)茲。因烏孫國兵(bing)(bing)力強盛(sheng),班超認(ren)為該借(jie)助它的力量,于(yu)是上(shang)書(shu):“烏孫大國,控弦十萬,故武(wu)帝妻以公主,至(zhi)孝宣(xuan)皇帝,卒(zu)得其用。今可遣使招慰,與共(gong)合力”。章帝采納了其建議。
建初八年(83年),天子拜班超為將(jiang)兵長史(shi),借其樂隊(dui)、旗幟(zhi)和(he)儀仗。升(sheng)任徐(xu)干為軍司馬,另外派遣(qian)衛侯李邑護送(song)烏孫使者,賜大小昆彌以下錦帛(bo)。
李(li)邑(yi)初到于闐(tian),正(zheng)趕上龜茲進攻(gong)疏勒,嚇得不敢再(zai)向(xiang)前行(xing)。為了掩飾自(zi)己(ji)的怯懦,他上書(shu)給朝廷,說西域(yu)(yu)之功(gong)不可能(neng)完成,又說班(ban)(ban)超“擁愛妻(qi),抱愛子(zi),安樂外國,無內顧心”。班(ban)(ban)超聞之,嘆(tan)息說:“身非曾參而有(you)三至之讒,恐見(jian)疑于當時矣”。于是他毅(yi)然讓妻(qi)子(zi)離開了自(zi)己(ji)以自(zi)明(ming)。漢章(zhang)帝深知(zhi)班(ban)(ban)超忠誠(cheng),下(xia)詔書(shu)切責李(li)邑(yi)說:“縱(zong)超擁愛妻(qi),抱愛子(zi),思歸之士千余人,何能(neng)盡(jin)與超同(tong)心乎?”還(huan)命(ming)李(li)邑(yi)到班(ban)(ban)超那接受其節制調(diao)度,并讓班(ban)(ban)超根據情況決定是否讓李(li)邑(yi)留在西域(yu)(yu)。
班超當即讓李邑(yi)帶著(zhu)烏孫侍子(zi)回京。徐干勸班超:“邑(yi)前親毀(hui)君,欲(yu)敗西域,今(jin)(jin)何不緣詔書留(liu)之,更(geng)遣它吏送侍子(zi)乎(hu)?”班超說(shuo):“是何言之陋也!以邑(yi)毀(hui)超,故今(jin)(jin)遣之。內省不疚(jiu),何恤人(ren)言!快(kuai)意留(liu)之,非忠臣也。”
2,威震西域
第二年(元和(he)元年,公元84年),漢王(wang)朝又派假司馬(ma)和(he)恭等(deng)四(si)將,率(lv)兵八百,增援(yuan)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)于(yu)是調集疏(shu)勒(le)、于(yu)闐的兵馬(ma)進(jin)攻莎車。莎車派人私下(xia)聯系疏(shu)勒(le)王(wang)忠(zhong),用(yong)重利引(yin)誘他,于(yu)是忠(zhong)背叛班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)歸(gui)順莎車,西(xi)保烏(wu)即(ji)城。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)改立疏(shu)勒(le)府(fu)丞成大為(wei)疏(shu)勒(le)王(wang),調集不反叛的兵力攻忠(zhong)。半年后,康居(ju)(今(jin)巴爾喀什湖和(he)咸海(hai)之間(jian))國(guo)派精兵助忠(zhong),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)久攻不下(xia)。當時月(yue)氏(shi)(shi)剛和(he)康居(ju)通婚,互相親(qin)近(jin),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)便派使(shi)者帶了(le)很多錦帛給月(yue)氏(shi)(shi)王(wang),讓(rang)他對康居(ju)王(wang)曉以利害,康居(ju)王(wang)于(yu)是罷(ba)兵,扣押了(le)忠(zhong)將他也帶回國(guo)中,烏(wu)即(ji)城于(yu)是投降班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)。
元和三年(公元86年),前疏勒王忠(zhong)說服康居王,借了一些(xie)兵馬,回(hui)來占據(ju)損中(zhong),與龜茲勾結(jie)密(mi)謀,派人向班(ban)超(chao)詐(zha)降,班(ban)超(chao)早洞(dong)見其(qi)計,佯裝答應他投降。忠(zhong)大喜,便輕裝簡從來見班(ban)超(chao)。班(ban)超(chao)秘(mi)密(mi)伏兵等待(dai)他們(men),為之(zhi)設宴奏樂。酒宴中(zhong),班(ban)超(chao)喝令屬下綁(bang)縛忠(zhong)斬殺了他,并趁(chen)機進軍擊敗(bai)其(qi)兵眾,殺700余人,南道(dao)遂通。
第二年(章和元年,公(gong)元87年),班超(chao)調發于(yu)闐等國(guo)士兵(bing)二萬五(wu)千人(ren)(ren),再(zai)攻莎車。龜(gui)茲(zi)王(wang)遣(qian)左(zuo)將軍發溫(wen)宿(su)、姑墨(mo)、尉頭合(he)兵(bing)五(wu)萬救援莎車。班超(chao)召集將校和于(yu)闐國(guo)王(wang)商議軍情,故意說:“現在我們(men)兵(bing)力少不(bu)敵,為今之計(ji)不(bu)如(ru)各自散(san)去,于(yu)闐王(wang)從(cong)此東歸,我也西(xi)歸。可等到(dao)夜鼓聲響起就動身。”班超(chao)暗地里故意放松對龜(gui)茲(zi)俘虜(lu)的看管,讓他們(men)逃(tao)回去報(bao)信。龜(gui)茲(zi)王(wang)聞之大(da)(da)喜,自己(ji)率萬騎在西(xi)邊截殺(sha)班超(chao),派溫(wen)宿(su)王(wang)率領八千騎在東邊阻擊于(yu)闐王(wang)。班超(chao)偵知(zhi)他們(men)已經出(chu)兵(bing),迅速命令諸部率領兵(bing)馬,早上雞鳴(ming)時分直撲莎車大(da)(da)本營。胡人(ren)(ren)驚恐四處逃(tao)散(san),班超(chao)追斬五(wu)千余人(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)獲其馬畜財物。莎車國(guo)只(zhi)好投(tou)降,龜(gui)茲(zi)王(wang)等也只(zhi)好各自退散(san)。班超(chao)由此威震西(xi)域。
3,匈奴勢竭
東漢朝(chao)廷最(zui)初(chu)遣使通西(xi)域(yu),目的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是為了對(dui)付經(jing)(jing)常(chang)入寇邊塞的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)匈奴,在(zai)(zai)(zai)戰(zhan)略上(shang)“斷匈奴右臂”。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)西(xi)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)同時,在(zai)(zai)(zai)漢軍的(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji)和饑荒、內亂的(de)(de)(de)紛(fen)擾下,北(bei)(bei)匈奴也(ye)日益衰落,這(zhe)反過來也(ye)從戰(zhan)略環境上(shang)有利于班(ban)(ban)超(chao)平(ping)定(ding)西(xi)域(yu)。
漢(han)章(zhang)帝(di)建(jian)初八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)83年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))夏,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)三木樓訾部(bu)落(luo)首領(ling)稽留(liu)斯等率(lv)領(ling)三人(ren)(ren)(ren)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)至五(wu)原塞(sai)(sai)投降。元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)85年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)頭領(ling)車利涿兵等73批北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)逃到內(nei)地(di),此時北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)衰落(luo)內(nei)耗,眾(zhong)叛(pan)親離(li),“南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu))攻(gong)其(qi)(qi)前,丁零寇其(qi)(qi)后,鮮卑擊(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)左(zuo),西域侵其(qi)(qi)右”,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)難以(yi)立(li)足,于是(shi)率(lv)部(bu)眾(zhong)遠遁。章(zhang)和(he)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)87年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),鮮卑攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu),大(da)破(po)之,斬(zhan)優留(liu)單于而還(huan);旋即北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)大(da)亂,屈蘭(lan)儲等五(wu)十八部(bu)、28萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口分別至云中(zhong)郡(jun)(jun)、五(wu)原郡(jun)(jun)、朔方(fang)郡(jun)(jun)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)郡(jun)(jun)投降。章(zhang)和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)88年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)饑荒混亂,一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)投降南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)數(shu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren);七月(yue)(yue),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)單于上(shang)書漢(han)朝(chao)請(qing)攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu);十月(yue)(yue),漢(han)庭(ting)以(yi)竇憲為(wei)車騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),以(yi)耿(geng)(geng)秉(bing)為(wei)副,發(fa)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)五(wu)校,黎陽、雍營等邊疆十二(er)郡(jun)(jun)騎士及羌、胡兵出(chu)(chu)(chu)塞(sai)(sai)攻(gong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)。漢(han)和(he)帝(di)永元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))六月(yue)(yue),竇憲、耿(geng)(geng)秉(bing)率(lv)兵出(chu)(chu)(chu)朔方(fang)郡(jun)(jun)雞鹿(lu)塞(sai)(sai),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)單于也率(lv)兵配(pei)合,于稽落(luo)山(shan)(今漠北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)的額布根山(shan))大(da)破(po)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單于遁逃。漢(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)及南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)斬(zhan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)名王(wang)(wang)以(yi)下一萬(wan)三千(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren),虜獲甚重,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)八十一部(bu)率(lv)眾(zhong)投降,前后共20余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。漢(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)出(chu)(chu)(chu)塞(sai)(sai)三千(qian)(qian)(qian)余(yu)里,竇憲、耿(geng)(geng)秉(bing)登(deng)燕(yan)然山(shan),命班超之兄班固(gu)作文(wen),刻石勒功而還(huan)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(永元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),竇憲又派副校尉閻礱(long)率(lv)兵兩千(qian)(qian)(qian)余(yu)騎攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)伊吾的匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)守軍(jun)(jun)(jun),取其(qi)(qi)地(di)。車師國(guo)震恐,其(qi)(qi)前后王(wang)(wang)都(dou)遣子(zi)來(lai)朝(chao)入侍。九月(yue)(yue),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)遣使稱(cheng)臣,而南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)單于上(shang)書求滅北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)庭(ting),于是(shi)遣左(zuo)谷(gu)蠡王(wang)(wang)師子(zi)將(jiang)(jiang)八千(qian)(qian)(qian)騎出(chu)(chu)(chu)雞鹿(lu)塞(sai)(sai),中(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)耿(geng)(geng)譚(tan)遣從(cong)事(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)護之,襲(xi)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單于,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單于受傷逃竄(cuan),僅以(yi)身免,俘獲閼氏和(he)男(nan)女五(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),斬(zhan)殺(sha)八千(qian)(qian)(qian),擄其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾(zhong)數(shu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)。班固(gu)追至私渠海而還(huan)。永元(yuan)(yuan)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)91年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))二(er)月(yue)(yue),竇憲再(zai)遣左(zuo)校尉耿(geng)(geng)夔(kui)、司(si)馬(ma)任(ren)尚出(chu)(chu)(chu)居延(yan)塞(sai)(sai),圍(wei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)于金微山(shan)(即阿爾(er)泰山(shan)),虜北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單于母閼氏,殺(sha)其(qi)(qi)名王(wang)(wang)以(yi)下五(wu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單于逃遁,不(bu)知所蹤。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)主力(li)自此西遷。漢(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)出(chu)(chu)(chu)塞(sai)(sai)五(wu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)余(yu)里而還(huan),自漢(han)出(chu)(chu)(chu)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)以(yi)來(lai)從(cong)未至如此遠處。
4,再置都護
當(dang)初,大(da)月氏(shi)(今阿富汗境內)國曾經幫助漢朝(chao)進(jin)攻車師有功(gong)。章和元年(公元87年),國王派遣(qian)使(shi)者,來到班(ban)超(chao)(chao)駐地,向漢朝(chao)進(jin)貢珍寶(bao)、獅子(zi)等物,提出要(yao)娶漢朝(chao)公主(zhu)為妻。班(ban)超(chao)(chao)拒(ju)絕了這要(yao)求,大(da)月氏(shi)王由是怨恨。
永(yong)元二(er)年(90年),大(da)(da)(da)月氏派其副王謝率兵(bing)七萬,東(dong)越蔥嶺(ling)(今帕米爾高原和昆(kun)侖山(shan)脈(mo)西段、喀剌昆(kun)侖山(shan)脈(mo)東(dong)南段),攻(gong)打班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)兵(bing)少(shao),大(da)(da)(da)家都很恐慌(huang)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)卻向(xiang)部下解釋說:“月氏兵(bing)雖(sui)多,但逾蔥嶺(ling)數(shu)千(qian)里遠來(lai),沒有后勤運輸,何足擔憂?只要(yao)我們收藏好糧食堅守住,他(ta)(ta)們饑餓(e)困(kun)苦自會投降,不過數(shu)十日就可以見(jian)分(fen)曉。”大(da)(da)(da)月氏副王謝進(jin)攻(gong)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao),無(wu)法攻(gong)克,搶掠糧草又無(wu)所得。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)估計其糧草將盡,必派人到龜(gui)茲求(qiu)救,預(yu)先命幾百(bai)士兵(bing)在(zai)東(dong)邊(bian)埋(mai)伏(fu)攔截,謝果然派兵(bing)帶(dai)金(jin)銀珠寶去賄賂龜(gui)茲以求(qiu)援。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)伏(fu)兵(bing)大(da)(da)(da)出,殺死了(le)使(shi)者,并派人拿給謝看。謝大(da)(da)(da)驚,進(jin)退無(wu)據,只好遣使(shi)向(xiang)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)請罪,希望能放他(ta)(ta)們一條(tiao)生路,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)放他(ta)(ta)們回國,大(da)(da)(da)月氏由是大(da)(da)(da)震,每年向(xiang)漢朝朝貢。
北匈奴和大月氏的失敗,使(shi)西(xi)(xi)域反漢(han)勢力失去(qu)靠山。第二(er)年(永元三年,91年),龜(gui)茲(zi)、姑墨、溫宿等國(guo)都(dou)向班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)投(tou)降。冬十(shi)二(er)月,朝廷(ting)任命班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)域都(dou)護,徐干為(wei)長(chang)史(shi),拜白(bai)霸為(wei)龜(gui)茲(zi)王,派司馬(ma)姚(yao)(yao)光(guang)(guang)來送(song)他(ta)就國(guo)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)和姚(yao)(yao)光(guang)(guang)脅迫龜(gui)茲(zi)廢掉原來的國(guo)王尤(you)利(li)多而立白(bai)霸為(wei)王,之(zhi)后(hou)姚(yao)(yao)光(guang)(guang)把尤(you)里(li)多帶(dai)回了(le)京師。于是,班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)駐(zhu)(zhu)扎在(zai)龜(gui)茲(zi)它乾城,徐干駐(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)疏勒。又復(fu)戊己(ji)校(xiao)尉,領兵(bing)五百駐(zhu)(zhu)車(che)師前部(bu)高(gao)昌壁;還設(she)置了(le)戊部(bu)侯,駐(zhu)(zhu)守在(zai)車(che)師后(hou)部(bu)的候城,與戊己(ji)校(xiao)尉相距500余里(li)。
此時,西域諸(zhu)國,只(zhi)剩焉(yan)耆、危(wei)須(今新疆焉(yan)耆東北(bei))、尉(wei)犁(今新疆庫爾勒東北(bei))三國,因(yin)為曾(ceng)殺(sha)害西域都護陳(chen)睦,心(xin)懷恐懼,尚未歸漢。其余各國,均已(yi)平定。
5,定遠封侯
漢和(he)帝(di)永元(yuan)六年(公(gong)元(yuan)94年)秋,班超調發龜茲、鄯善等八國的部(bu)隊七(qi)萬人(ren),并漢軍將(jiang)士及商賈(jia)一千四(si)百人(ren),進攻焉耆、危須、尉犁。大軍行到尉犁,班超派使(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)通(tong)告三(san)國國王(wang):“都(dou)護來(lai)者(zhe)(zhe),欲鎮撫三(san)國。即(ji)(ji)欲改過向善,宜遣(qian)大人(ren)來(lai)迎,當賞(shang)賜王(wang)侯已下(xia),事畢即(ji)(ji)還(huan)。今賜王(wang)彩五百匹”。
焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆王(wang)廣便派左(zuo)將(jiang)北(bei)鞬支(zhi)(zhi)送來(lai)牛(niu)酒,迎(ying)接(jie)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)指責他說(shuo):“汝(ru)雖匈奴侍子,而今秉國(guo)(guo)之權。都(dou)護自來(lai),王(wang)不以時迎(ying),皆汝(ru)罪也。”班(ban)(ban)超(chao)部(bu)下有(you)人勸他殺(sha)了北(bei)鞬支(zhi)(zhi),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)說(shuo):“這不是你(ni)們(men)能考慮到(dao)的。此人權重于王(wang),今未入其國(guo)(guo)而殺(sha)之,遂令自疑,設備守險,豈得到(dao)其城下哉?”于是班(ban)(ban)超(chao)送給北(bei)鞬支(zhi)(zhi)不少禮物,放他回國(guo)(guo)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆王(wang)廣見北(bei)鞬支(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)事,就(jiu)親(qin)率高官在(zai)尉(wei)犁迎(ying)接(jie)班(ban)(ban)超(chao),奉獻珍奇禮物。不過,他并(bing)非(fei)真想讓班(ban)(ban)超(chao)進入其國(guo)(guo)境。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆國(guo)(guo)有(you)一(yi)處險要之地叫葦橋,焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆王(wang)一(yi)從(cong)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)那里返(fan)回,立即下令毀掉(diao)葦橋。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)卻從(cong)別(bie)的道路(lu)涉水而進,于七月最(zui)后一(yi)天到(dao)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆,在(zai)距(ju)王(wang)城二十里的大澤中安(an)營。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆王(wang)出(chu)乎意料,大驚(jing),想驅其部(bu)眾(zhong)逃入山中頑抗(kang)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆國(guo)(guo)左(zuo)侯元(yuan)孟,過去曾入質(zhi)京師,悄(qiao)悄(qiao)派使(shi)者(zhe)向班(ban)(ban)超(chao)報信。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)為了穩定(ding)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆國(guo)(guo)貴族,斬殺(sha)了元(yuan)孟的使(shi)者(zhe)。之后班(ban)(ban)超(chao)約定(ding)時間宴(yan)請(qing)諸(zhu)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)王(wang),聲(sheng)言屆時將(jiang)厚加賞(shang)賜(si)。于是焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆王(wang)廣、尉(wei)犁王(wang)泛(fan)及(ji)北(bei)鞬支(zhi)(zhi)等三十多(duo)人信以為真,相機來(lai)到(dao)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)處。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆國(guo)(guo)相腹久等十七人害怕被殺(sha),都(dou)逃到(dao)海(hai)中,危須王(wang)也沒有(you)來(lai)。
宴會開始(shi),大家坐定,班超突(tu)然變了臉色(se),責問(wen)焉(yan)耆王道:“危須王為(wei)何不(bu)到?腹久等為(wei)何逃亡?”喝令武士將廣、泛等抓(zhua)獲,并在(zai)當(dang)年陳睦所(suo)駐的故(gu)城,把他們全部斬殺(sha),傳首京師。接著(zhu)又縱(zong)兵搶掠(lve),斬首五千(qian)余級,俘(fu)獲一萬五千(qian)人,馬(ma)畜牛(niu)羊三十余萬頭。之后班超另立元(yuan)孟為(wei)焉(yan)耆國王,為(wei)穩定局勢,班超在(zai)那里停留了半年安撫之。
至此,西(xi)域五十(shi)多(duo)個國家都遣使送人質歸附了(le)漢(han)王(wang)朝,班(ban)超終(zhong)于實現(xian)了(le)立功(gong)異域的理想。永(yong)元(yuan)七(qi)年(nian)(公元(yuan)95年(nian)),朝廷封班(ban)超定(ding)遠侯(hou),食邑千戶,班(ban)超時年(nian)63歲(sui)。
6,甘英使大秦
西(xi)域(yu)各國(guo)(guo)歸順漢朝后(hou),遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條支國(guo)(guo)(在今伊拉克境內(nei),一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)在今敘利亞(ya)境內(nei))、安息國(guo)(guo)(今伊朗)等各國(guo)(guo)在四萬里(li)之外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)邊(bian)上,都(dou)通過輾轉翻譯來進貢物品。永(yong)和九年(公(gong)元97年),西(xi)域(yu)都(dou)護(hu)班超(chao)派屬吏甘英(ying)(ying)出使大(da)秦(羅(luo)馬),走到條支。甘英(ying)(ying)到大(da)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)邊(bian)(今波斯灣東岸(an),一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)為(wei)地(di)中海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)東岸(an)),想(xiang)渡(du)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),但安息西(xi)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)工對(dui)他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo):“海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)遼(liao)闊,往(wang)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人遇順風需三個(ge)月才能到對(dui)岸(an),若風力不足,也有(you)(you)兩年才到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),所(suo)以航海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人都(dou)準備三年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糧(liang)食(shi)。在海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)上常會使人思戀家鄉故土(tu),經常有(you)(you)人死(si)亡。”甘英(ying)(ying)聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)后(hou)于是作罷。甘英(ying)(ying)這(zhe)次(ci)出使雖(sui)然沒有(you)(you)到達目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)大(da)秦,卻是第一(yi)個(ge)到達波斯灣頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)使者,開創了中西(xi)交通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新記錄。
7,奉獻終身
班(ban)超自明帝永(yong)平十六年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)73年(nian)(nian))初次出使(shi)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)。章帝建初元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)76年(nian)(nian))東(dong)漢(han)主力撤出西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)后,在(zai)四(si)面受敵(di)的情況下,班(ban)超堅持留在(zai)原地,艱苦奮(fen)斗達18年(nian)(nian)之久,終于在(zai)和(he)帝永(yong)元(yuan)六年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)94年(nian)(nian))完(wan)全平定西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)諸國,使(shi)朝廷重設(she)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)都護。之后班(ban)超又繼續(xu)經(jing)營西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)8年(nian)(nian)之久,之至永(yong)元(yuan)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)102年(nian)(nian))八月,已71歲高(gao)齡的班(ban)超才回(hui)到洛(luo)陽(yang),一個月后就病死。班(ban)超在(zai)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)奮(fen)斗經(jing)營達30年(nian)(nian)之久,用勇敢、計謀和(he)外交手段使(shi)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)五十余(yu)國歸附漢(han)朝,為東(dong)漢(han)的統一大業作出了(le)杰出貢(gong)獻,也成為一個彪(biao)炳青(qing)史的傳奇人物(wu)。
班(ban)(ban)超自永元十(shi)四年(公(gong)元102年)東歸(gui)后,朝(chao)廷以(yi)(yi)(yi)戊己校(xiao)(xiao)尉(wei)任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)繼(ji)任(ren)(ren)為西(xi)域(yu)(yu)都護。班(ban)(ban)超臨行前(qian),告誡任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)“水清無大魚(yu)”,為政(zheng)應(ying)松弛(chi)簡易、“寬(kuan)小過總大綱”,但任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)不(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為然。任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)為西(xi)域(yu)(yu)都護才數年,西(xi)域(yu)(yu)相繼(ji)反叛。漢(han)(han)殤(shang)帝延平元年(公(gong)元106年),西(xi)域(yu)(yu)反叛諸國圍(wei)(wei)攻任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)于疏勒,任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang)上書求救。時(shi)(shi)朝(chao)廷以(yi)(yi)(yi)梁慬(jin)為西(xi)域(yu)(yu)副校(xiao)(xiao)尉(wei),將(jiang)河(he)西(xi)四郡羌胡(hu)兵(bing)(bing)五千騎救之(zhi),未至(zhi)而圍(wei)(wei)解(jie)。朝(chao)廷遂罷還(huan)任(ren)(ren)尚(shang)(shang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)禧為西(xi)域(yu)(yu)都護,以(yi)(yi)(yi)趙博(bo)(bo)為西(xi)域(yu)(yu)長史。時(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)禧、趙博(bo)(bo)駐龜(gui)茲(zi)國它乾(qian)城(cheng),梁慬(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為城(cheng)小不(bu)堅,于是(shi)說服了龜(gui)茲(zi)王白霸,允許(xu)他們率(lv)漢(han)(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)駐龜(gui)茲(zi)王城(cheng)。龜(gui)茲(zi)王屬(shu)下(xia)不(bu)滿,于是(shi)叛變,聯合溫宿、姑(gu)墨,合兵(bing)(bing)數萬(wan),圍(wei)(wei)困(kun)漢(han)(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)于龜(gui)茲(zi)王城(cheng)。梁慬(jin)等率(lv)漢(han)(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)八九千人守城(cheng)并出戰(zhan),持續數月,最(zui)后漢(han)(han)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)斬敵萬(wan)余、俘虜(lu)數千,聯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)敗走,龜(gui)茲(zi)乃平。段(duan)(duan)禧等雖保龜(gui)茲(zi),但道路(lu)阻隔,檄(xi)書經年不(bu)通,且朝(chao)臣(chen)多有徒費兵(bing)(bing)餉之(zhi)論。漢(han)(han)安帝永初(chu)元年(公(gong)元107年)六(liu)月,朝(chao)廷下(xia)詔罷西(xi)域(yu)(yu)都護,并罷伊吾、柳中屯田(tian),段(duan)(duan)禧、趙博(bo)(bo)、梁慬(jin)等將(jiang)士(shi)俱還(huan)關內。此時(shi)(shi)距班(ban)(ban)超之(zhi)死,僅(jin)5年。
東(dong)漢(han)勢力(li)撤出西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou),北(bei)匈奴重又收服西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)諸國(guo)(guo),寇(kou)邊十余(yu)年。之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),東(dong)漢(han)再(zai)次(ci)派(pai)人(ren)企圖再(zai)收西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)。安帝延光二年(公(gong)元(yuan)123年),朝廷任班(ban)(ban)超之(zhi)(zhi)子班(ban)(ban)勇(yong)為(wei)西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)長史,復通西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)。班(ban)(ban)超繼(ji)父志,又馳騁于西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu),先(xian)(xian)后(hou)(hou)平定(ding)鄯善、龜茲、溫(wen)宿、姑墨、車師(shi)諸國(guo)(guo),多次(ci)大(da)敗北(bei)匈奴。漢(han)順(shun)帝永建(jian)二年(公(gong)元(yuan)127年),班(ban)(ban)勇(yong)發西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)諸國(guo)(guo)兵4萬余(yu),在敦煌太守張(zhang)朗三千余(yu)人(ren)支援下(xia),進攻焉耆(qi)國(guo)(guo)。班(ban)(ban)勇(yong)走南道(dao),張(zhang)朗走北(bei)道(dao)。張(zhang)朗因之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)犯法,此次(ci)欲戴(dai)罪立功,所以先(xian)(xian)期抵(di)達(da),敗焉耆(qi)王(wang)元(yuan)孟(meng),接受其投(tou)降后(hou)(hou)返回。班(ban)(ban)勇(yong)因后(hou)(hou)期下(xia)獄(yu),又被赦免,后(hou)(hou)死(si)(si)于家中。班(ban)(ban)勇(yong)雖死(si)(si),但焉耆(qi)投(tou)降后(hou)(hou),疏勒、于闐、莎車等國(guo)(guo)又歸附。西(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)各國(guo)(guo)除(chu)北(bei)道(dao)的烏(wu)孫(sun)和蔥嶺以西(xi)的大(da)宛等國(guo)(guo)外,再(zai)次(ci)成為(wei)東(dong)漢(han)屬國(guo)(guo)。