胡(hu)應麟,父僖,歷(li)官刑部主(zhu)事、湖廣參議、云南僉事。5歲(sui)讀書成誦(song),9歲(sui)從鄉(xiang)間塾師習(xi)經學,特愛(ai)古(gu)文(wen)辭(ci)。稍長,能(neng)撰各體詩篇(pian)。16歲(sui)入庠為(wei)秀才。明萬(wan)歷(li)四(si)年(nian)(1576)鄉(xiang)試中舉。會(hui)試不第。曾(ceng)隨父北上南下,沿途吟詠,見者激賞。所交皆海(hai)內賢士(shi)豪(hao)杰。大(da)司空朱(zhu)(zhu)衡(heng)過蘭江,求與晤面,泊舟三日以(yi)待(dai)。應麟感而見之,賦《昆侖行》680言答謝。朱(zhu)(zhu)衡(heng)稱之為(wei)“天下奇才”。時(shi)王世貞(zhen)執詞(ci)壇牛耳(er),對其推崇(chong)備至,列為(wei)暮年(nian)所交五子之一。世貞(zhen)卒,乃(nai)入戲曲(qu)家汪道昆主(zhu)持(chi)的白榆社。道昆卒,即(ji)主(zhu)持(chi)詞(ci)壇,大(da)江以(yi)南皆翕然宗之。性孤介,厭(yan)薄榮(rong)利,自負甚高。晚(wan)年(nian)益肆力于學。于縣城(cheng)內思親橋畔(pan)筑室(shi)號“二酉山房”,藏書4萬(wan)余(yu)卷,專事著述。詩文(wen)主(zhu)張復古(gu)模擬,后(hou)由重(zhong)視(shi)格調轉向于神韻。
胡應麟(lin)最為(wei)(wei)著名的(de)著作是(shi)《詩(shi)(shi)藪(sou)》,共20卷,分(fen)內外兩編(bian)。內編(bian)是(shi)分(fen)體總論(lun),外編(bian)(包括雜編(bian)與續(xu)編(bian))則是(shi)自周至明,依時(shi)代為(wei)(wei)序(xu),對作家、作品進行評論(lun)。《詩(shi)(shi)藪(sou)》頗為(wei)(wei)完整(zheng)、系(xi)統地表述(shu)了作者(zhe)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)學(xue)思想(xiang),遠遠超越了詩(shi)(shi)話發展(zhan)前(qian)期的(de)那種隨筆、散論(lun)的(de)性質,是(shi)集本體建構和作家作品批評為(wei)(wei)一體的(de)詩(shi)(shi)學(xue)專論(lun)。胡應麟(lin)篤信嚴羽(yu)之(zhi)主張,卻不墨守嚴氏針對”以議(yi)論(lun)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)”、“以文字為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)”、“以才學(xue)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)”之(zhi)弊病(bing),而把詩(shi)(shi)歌與禪宗聯系(xi)說(shuo)詩(shi)(shi)之(zhi)法,其(qi)(qi)說(shuo)詩(shi)(shi)比(bi)較切實,在于其(qi)(qi)對用(yong)(yong)事(shi)之(zhi)探討,形(xing)獨特且系(xi)統之(zhi)看(kan)法。胡應麟(lin)論(lun)詩(shi)(shi),從方(fang)法論(lun)上受嚴羽(yu)之(zhi)影響。運用(yong)(yong)此種方(fang)法,糾偏黃庭堅之(zhi)“脫胎換骨”、“點鐵成(cheng)金(jin)”,得出全新之(zhi)結論(lun)。綜其(qi)(qi)《詩(shi)(shi)藪(sou)》全篇,可見胡應麟(lin)有關“用(yong)(yong)事(shi)”完整(zheng)理論(lun)體系(xi)由(you)以下三個(ge)方(fang)面構成(cheng):
除(chu)以情(qing)景為(wei)詩歌模(mo)寫(xie)之對(dui)象,用事亦另一之重要手(shou)段。
指出宋、明人在用事上之(zhi)偏差失誤,將情、景、事三者聯系(xi),并統攝在“工”、“巧(qiao)”下論述(shu),以(yi)”風(feng)調”、“神韻”為用事之(zhi)極致標準。
論“用(yong)事(shi)”貴(gui)淺顯、易懂,或(huo)(huo)用(yong)句,或(huo)(huo)用(yong)意,咸臻化(hua)境;或(huo)(huo)減字,或(huo)(huo)添字,并(bing)無礙事(shi)。
其他著(zhu)作有《少(shao)(shao)室山房筆叢正集》《少(shao)(shao)室山房類(lei)稿》等37種(zhong)347卷。
詩論核心
胡氏詩論不(bu)停留(liu)在一般的感(gan)悟式批評上,而(er)是(shi)以(yi)此為基礎(chu),以(yi)周延的理性思辨來(lai)界(jie)定詩的本(ben)體特征。他(ta)的詩學本(ben)體理論建(jian)構中(zhong)最集中(zhong)地(di)體現在“興象風神”之說。
他(ta)認為(wei)(wei):“作詩(shi)(shi)(shi)大要(yao)不(bu)過二(er)端,體格(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)、興(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)神而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。”(《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪·內編(bian)》卷五)此系胡氏論(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌創作本體特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本之(zhi)論(lun)。在他(ta)看來(lai),詩(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本要(yao)素就是“體格(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)”和“興(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)神”,而(er)(er)(er)二(er)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系則是相輔(fu)相成、缺一(yi)(yi)不(bu)可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)又說(shuo):“蓋作詩(shi)(shi)(shi)大法(fa)(fa),不(bu)過興(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)神、格(ge)律(lv)(lv)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)。格(ge)律(lv)(lv)卑陬,音(yin)調(diao)(diao)乖舛,風(feng)(feng)神興(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),無一(yi)(yi)可觀,乃詩(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)大病。“(《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪·外(wai)編(bian)》卷一(yi)(yi))反(fan)復(fu)申明(ming)了他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這一(yi)(yi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)學主(zhu)(zhu)張。“體格(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)”之(zhi)說(shuo),既是對明(ming)代(dai)初期(qi)復(fu)古(gu)派詩(shi)(shi)(shi)論(lun)家如李東陽、李夢陽等(deng)“格(ge)調(diao)(diao)說(shuo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng),同時,又是融匯宋代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)論(lun)家嚴羽(yu)等(deng)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“辨體”觀念(nian)而(er)(er)(er)向前(qian)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命題。“體”可簡言(yan)為(wei)(wei)體裁、體式。格(ge)即格(ge)調(diao)(diao)。聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)即是指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)律(lv)(lv)。“格(ge)調(diao)(diao)”或“體格(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)”,是明(ming)代(dai)從李東陽到“前(qian)后七子”最常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)概(gai)念(nian)。而(er)(er)(er)各人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)又多(duo)有不(bu)同之(zhi)處。歸納(na)而(er)(er)(er)言(yan),則如袁(yuan)震宇、劉明(ming)今先生所指(zhi)出(chu):“若(ruo)細加辨析,大致可分為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)類,其一(yi)(yi)如體格(ge)、句(ju)格(ge)、律(lv)(lv)調(diao)(diao)、聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)等(deng)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體裁、句(ju)法(fa)(fa)、音(yin)韻、聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)律(lv)(lv)等(deng)外(wai)在形式方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題;其二(er)如骨格(ge)、意(yi)格(ge)、氣調(diao)(diao)、風(feng)(feng)調(diao)(diao)等(deng)則主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)來(lai)形容詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌內在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣度、意(yi)蘊。”(《明(ming)代(dai)文學批(pi)評史》18頁,上(shang)海古(gu)籍出(chu)版社1991年版)主(zhu)(zhu)“格(ge)調(diao)(diao)說(shuo)”者,要(yao)求詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌體制上(shang)合乎規格(ge),并強調(diao)(diao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性。
胡氏的“體(ti)(ti)格聲調”與明代(dai)前期的主(zhu)“格調”的李東(dong)陽(yang)、李夢陽(yang)等(deng)(deng)頗(po)有一(yi)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,而(er)(er)(er)(er)又(you)(you)(you)于“辨體(ti)(ti)”更(geng)多發揮了宋人(ren)嚴(yan)羽(yu)的精(jing)髓。嚴(yan)羽(yu)在《滄浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)(hua)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)“妙(miao)悟”,重“興趣”,但又(you)(you)(you)開詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌批評中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“辨體(ti)(ti)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先河(he)。《滄浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)(hua)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“詩(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)”一(yi)篇,即是(shi)(shi)辨體(ti)(ti)專論(lun)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“體(ti)(ti)”,一(yi)指(zhi)體(ti)(ti)式,二指(zhi)風(feng)(feng)格。如其(qi)(qi)云“風(feng)(feng)雅頌既亡,一(yi)變而(er)(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)離(li)騷,再變而(er)(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)西漢(han)五言,三變而(er)(er)(er)(er)歌行雜體(ti)(ti),四變而(er)(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)沈宋律(lv)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)。”(《滄浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)(hua)·詩(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)》)此(ci)處當指(zhi)體(ti)(ti)式。其(qi)(qi)后又(you)(you)(you)有“以(yi)時(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)論(lun)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“建(jian)安體(ti)(ti)”、“正始體(ti)(ti)”、“唐初體(ti)(ti)”、“盛(sheng)唐體(ti)(ti)”、“大歷(li)體(ti)(ti)”、“晚唐體(ti)(ti)”等(deng)(deng),是(shi)(shi)謂時(shi)代(dai)風(feng)(feng)格;又(you)(you)(you)有“以(yi)人(ren)而(er)(er)(er)(er)論(lun)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“少陵(ling)體(ti)(ti)”、“太白體(ti)(ti)”、“李長吉體(ti)(ti)”、“山谷體(ti)(ti)”、“東(dong)坡體(ti)(ti)”、“王荊公體(ti)(ti)”等(deng)(deng),是(shi)(shi)謂作家(jia)風(feng)(feng)格。他自稱(cheng)“辨家(jia)數如辨蒼(cang)白,方可言詩(shi)(shi)(shi)。”(《滄浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)(hua)·詩(shi)(shi)(shi)法》)嚴(yan)羽(yu)明辨詩(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)辟詳審,為(wei)(wei)宋元以(yi)后詩(shi)(shi)(shi)評家(jia)多所取法。方回、胡應(ying)麟、許(xu)學夷、方東(dong)樹等(deng)(deng)都可以(yi)說(shuo)受嚴(yan)羽(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)啟(qi)迪。胡應(ying)麟《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪(sou)》的詩(shi)(shi)(shi)學頗(po)為(wei)(wei)縝密,其(qi)(qi)內編各卷即論(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興替(ti)及(ji)“當行本(ben)色(se)”。如言“辨體(ti)(ti)”,《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪(sou)》可謂典范之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作。
“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)神(shen)”在(zai)(zai)胡(hu)氏詩(shi)(shi)學中亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)基本命題所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。胡(hu)應(ying)麟(lin)屢(lv)屢(lv)以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)價、分(fen)析歷(li)代(dai)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)作。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”作為一(yi)個(ge)詩(shi)(shi)學范疇的(de)提出,當推唐(tang)代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)論家殷璠(fan)。殷璠(fan)在(zai)(zai)其所(suo)編《河岳英靈(ling)集》中以“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”為論詩(shi)(shi)的(de)重(zhong)要標準(zhun)。如評(ping)(ping)孟浩(hao)然詩(shi)(shi):“無論興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),兼復故實。”評(ping)(ping)陶翰詩(shi)(shi)云:“既多興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),復備風(feng)(feng)(feng)骨”。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)人在(zai)(zai)外(wai)界事物的(de)觸發下,因感(gan)生情,所(suo)謂(wei)“觸物以起(qi)情,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。”(宋(song)人李仲蒙語)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)即詩(shi)(shi)的(de)審(shen)美意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)合(he)鑄成一(yi)個(ge)詩(shi)(shi)學概念,則是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)歌創(chuang)作中以自然感(gan)發的(de)方(fang)式來創(chuang)造的(de)審(shen)美意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。胡(hu)應(ying)麟(lin)在(zai)(zai)評(ping)(ping)漢詩(shi)(shi)時屢(lv)用“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)概念,如說(shuo)(shuo):“《十九首(shou)》及諸雜詩(shi)(shi),隨語成韻(yun),隨韻(yun)成趣,辭藻氣骨,略無可(ke)(ke)尋(xun)。而(er)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)玲瓏,意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致深婉,真可(ke)(ke)以泣(qi)鬼(gui)神(shen)、動天地。”(《詩(shi)(shi)藪.內(nei)(nei)(nei)編》卷(juan)三)在(zai)(zai)他看來,漢代(dai)古(gu)詩(shi)(shi),風(feng)(feng)(feng)韻(yun)自然,取(qu)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)時常常得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),如他所(suo)說(shuo)(shuo):“無意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)于工,而(er)無不工也(ye),漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)也(ye)。”(內(nei)(nei)(nei)編,卷(juan)二)“得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”,正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)取(qu)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)方(fang)式。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),胡(hu)氏更重(zhong)“風(feng)(feng)(feng)神(shen)”。如果說(shuo)(shuo)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)更多地以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品評(ping)(ping)漢詩(shi)(shi),那么,“風(feng)(feng)(feng)神(shen)”則更多地用來品評(ping)(ping)盛唐(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)。如他所(suo)說(shuo)(shuo):“盛唐(tang)絕句,興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)玲瓏,句意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)深婉,無工可(ke)(ke)見,無跡(ji)可(ke)(ke)尋(xun)。中唐(tang)遽減風(feng)(feng)(feng)神(shen),晚唐(tang)大露筋骨,可(ke)(ke)并論乎?”(內(nei)(nei)(nei)編,卷(juan)六)“風(feng)(feng)(feng)神(shen)”,指(zhi)一(yi)種好詩(shi)(shi)所(suo)具有的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)華神(shen)韻(yun),類于嚴羽所(suo)謂(wei)“興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)趣”。
那么,“體(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)”和“興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神”的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系如何。胡(hu)(hu)應麟說(shuo):“體(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao),有則(ze)可(ke)循(xun);興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神,無方可(ke)執。故作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)但求體(ti)(ti)(ti)正格(ge)(ge)(ge)高,聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)雄(xiong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)鬯,積習之久,矜持盡化(hua),形跡(ji)俱融,興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神,自爾超邁。譬(pi)則(ze)鏡(jing)(jing)花(hua)水(shui)月,體(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao),水(shui)與鏡(jing)(jing)也;興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神,花(hua)與月也。必水(shui)澄鏡(jing)(jing)明,然后(hou)花(hua)月宛然;詎容昏鑒濁流,求睹兩者(zhe)(zhe)?故法所(suo)當先,而(er)悟不容強(qiang)。”(內編,卷五(wu))大(da)致(zhi)可(ke)以說(shuo),前者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)詩中(zhong),較實;后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)詩外(wai),較虛,兩者(zhe)(zhe)是一種虛實結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。“體(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)”是“興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神”的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎,“興(xing)象(xiang)風(feng)神”是“體(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)華。在(zai)(zai)前者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)必然,在(zai)(zai)后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)自由。胡(hu)(hu)應麟以從嚴羽(yu)那里秉受的(de)(de)(de)(de)“妙悟”“興(xing)趣”,裨補了明代(dai)復古詩論家們“格(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)說(shuo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏頗。