種(Chóng)師(shi)(shi)道(公(gong)元(yuan)1051年(nian)(nian)(nian)—公(gong)元(yuan)1126年(nian)(nian)(nian)),字彝叔,漢族,原(yuan)名(ming)(ming)建(jian)中(zhong),因(yin)為避諱宋(song)徽(hui)宗建(jian)中(zhong)靖(jing)國的年(nian)(nian)(nian)號,改名(ming)(ming)為師(shi)(shi)極,后(hou)被徽(hui)宗御賜名(ming)(ming)為師(shi)(shi)道。北(bei)宋(song)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)名(ming)(ming)將(jiang)(jiang)。大儒種放從(cong)曾孫、名(ming)(ming)將(jiang)(jiang)種世衡之孫。
種師道初任(ren)文職(zhi),因有謀略,后(hou)改(gai)武職(zhi),抵(di)御(yu)西夏(xia)有功,成為名將,被尊稱為“老種”。靖康(kang)元(yuan)年,金兵(bing)(bing)南下,他(ta)奉(feng)詔(zhao)任(ren)京(jing)畿河北制置使,力主抗金,深得百姓(xing)擁戴,京(jing)師解(jie)圍即被解(jie)除兵(bing)(bing)權。不(bu)久(jiu)種師道病逝,時(shi)年七十六歲,欽宗親臨(lin)祭奠,下詔(zhao)追(zhui)贈(zeng)開府儀同三司。種師道死后(hou)次年,京(jing)師失(shi)守。建炎中,加贈(zeng)少保,謚曰忠(zhong)憲。
種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)幼年(nian),拜思想(xiang)家、哲學家張載為(wei)(wei)師(shi)。因為(wei)(wei)祖上功勛得以補(bu)三班奉職,經考試后改為(wei)(wei)文官(guan),擔任熙州推官(guan)、主管同谷縣。有(you)縣吏(li)打田產官(guan)司(si),歷經兩年(nian)而(er)(er)不(bu)決(jue)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)翻閱冗長(chang)的(de)(de)案卷,從(cong)早看到晚都沒看完。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)沒有(you)糾纏于(yu)這團(tuan)理不(bu)清的(de)(de)亂麻,而(er)(er)是(shi)發現縣吏(li)告的(de)(de)只(zhi)不(bu)過是(shi)母親(qin)和(he)哥(ge)(ge)哥(ge)(ge),這在講孝道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)古代不(bu)能(neng)立(li)案,縣吏(li)為(wei)(wei)了隱瞞這一點(dian)故意設置文字迷宮(gong)。于(yu)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)把那個小吏(li)叫來,詰問道(dao)(dao):“你起訟你母親(qin)和(he)兄長(chang),這沒問題,但(dan)也不(bu)能(neng)長(chang)期騷(sao)擾鄉里呀!”于(yu)是(shi)那小吏(li)叩頭服罪。
種師(shi)道升任原(yuan)州通判(pan)、提舉秦(qin)鳳常平。他因為議論役法忤了(le)蔡(cai)京旨意,改任莊宅使、知(zhi)德(de)順軍。隨即蔡(cai)京同黨誣告他“詆毀先烈(lie)”,將他罷(ba)官并列入“黨籍”。種師(shi)道被(bei)屏廢十年后,才以武功大夫、忠(zhong)州刺史(shi)、涇原(yuan)都鈐轄身份知(zhi)懷德(de)軍。西夏要(yao)求(qiu)劃分邊界,西夏使者焦彥(yan)堅一定要(yao)得到“故(gu)地”,種師(shi)道說(shuo):“如果說(shuo)故(gu)地,當(dang)以漢、唐為正,那貴(gui)國疆土更少了(le)。”焦彥(yan)堅無(wu)言以對。
童貫(guan)掌握兵權后西(xi)征,一(yi)路(lu)作威作福,官員們(men)見到他一(yi)齊跪拜(bai),種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道作長揖而已。宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗召種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道入京咨詢邊境情況,種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道說:“先挑(tiao)起(qi)戰爭(zheng)不(bu)可勝(sheng),敵人來侵(qin)則針鋒相對,妄動生事(shi)不(bu)是好主意。”童貫(guan)打算遷徙內地(di)弓箭手(shou)充實邊防,卻說成(cheng)是新邊疆招募的。宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗又咨詢種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道,種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道說:“臣恐怕弓箭手(shou)還沒(mei)有邊疆在立功,內地(di)已經受到了騷擾。”宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗贊(zan)許他的意見,賜給(gei)他襲衣、金帶,任命他為提(ti)舉秦鳳弓箭手(shou)。當時(shi)五(wu)路(lu)都(dou)設置此官,宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗說:“你是我親自提(ti)拔(ba)的。”童貫(guan)不(bu)悅。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道因此不(bu)敢接受任命,經過(guo)請求得以(yi)提(ti)舉崇福宮。很久以(yi)后改(gai)知西(xi)安州(今寧夏海原縣西(xi)安鄉)。
夏人侵犯(fan)定邊,筑佛口(kou)城,種師道率宋(song)軍前往(wang)夷平。宋(song)軍剛到時非常(chang)口(kou)渴(ke),種師道指山的西麓說:“這里應該有水”,命令工兵挖掘,果然(ran)泉水流溢滿谷。
種(zhong)師道屢次升遷至龍(long)神(shen)衛四廂(xiang)都指揮使(shi)、洺州防御使(shi)、渭州(今甘肅(su)平(ping)(ping)涼)知(zhi)州。當時他(ta)統率(lv)諸道宋(song)軍修筑席葦城(cheng),還(huan)沒有竣工(gong),敵(di)(di)(di)人已經趕(gan)(gan)到(dao),在葫蘆(lu)河筑壘。種(zhong)師道在河邊布陣(zhen),似乎要和敵(di)(di)(di)軍決戰,暗地里派偏將曲克(ke)徑出橫(heng)嶺(ling),揚言是援軍趕(gan)(gan)來了。敵(di)(di)(di)人正震驚注視,楊(yang)可(ke)世已經率(lv)軍悄(qiao)悄(qiao)繞到(dao)敵(di)(di)(di)人后方,姚平(ping)(ping)仲以(yi)精甲部隊(dui)攻擊(ji),敵(di)(di)(di)人大潰。宋(song)軍俘(fu)獲駱駝、牛馬數以(yi)萬(wan)計,敵(di)(di)(di)人酋長只(zhi)身逃脫,宋(song)軍最終完成筑城(cheng)任(ren)務。
朝廷又命(ming)令(ling)種(zhong)師(shi)道統(tong)帥陜西(xi)(xi)、河東七路兵攻(gong)打(da)臧(zang)底城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)志丹縣西(xi)(xi)北),規定十天必(bi)須攻(gong)克(ke)。宋(song)軍兵臨城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)(xia)后發(fa)現敵人守(shou)備非常(chang)堅固,幾天后官兵開始倦(juan)怠。有個列校偷懶,自己坐在胡床上休息,種(zhong)師(shi)道立即(ji)將其斬首于(yu)(yu)軍門示眾(zhong)(zhong),下(xia)(xia)令(ling)說(shuo):“今(jin)日不(bu)攻(gong)下(xia)(xia)此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng),你(ni)們都和他一樣!”眾(zhong)(zhong)人震動,鼓噪登城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)防于(yu)(yu)是崩潰(kui),宋(song)軍八天就攻(gong)下(xia)(xia)了臧(zang)底城(cheng)(cheng)。宋(song)徽宗得到捷報后欣喜不(bu)已,升種(zhong)師(shi)道為侍衛親(qin)軍馬軍副都指揮使(shi)(shi)、應(ying)道軍承宣使(shi)(shi)。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)隨從童(tong)(tong)貫擔(dan)任都統制(zhi),被拜為(wei)保靜軍節度使(shi)。童(tong)(tong)貫聯(lian)金伐遼(liao),讓種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)掩護諸將(jiang)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)進諫(jian)說(shuo):“今日之(zhi)(zhi)舉,譬如強盜入鄰(lin)(lin)家,我(wo)們(men)不(bu)能救(jiu),反而又(you)趁火打劫,與強盜分(fen)贓(zang),怎么可(ke)以(yi)呢?”童(tong)(tong)貫不(bu)聽。宋軍抵達白溝后,遼(liao)人(ren)鼓噪向前,宋軍多(duo)有傷亡(wang),幸(xing)虧種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)先令每人(ren)持一巨棍自防,遼(liao)兵盔(kui)甲(jia)擋(dang)不(bu)住(zhu)鈍器打擊,宋軍才(cai)不(bu)至(zhi)于大(da)(da)敗。遼(liao)國(guo)使(shi)者前來懇求:“女真背叛(pan)本朝的行為(wei),南朝也非常憎惡(指(zhi)西夏叛(pan)宋)。如今貴國(guo)為(wei)獲一時之(zhi)(zhi)利,不(bu)惜(xi)棄百(bai)年之(zhi)(zhi)好,結豺狼之(zhi)(zhi)鄰(lin)(lin),釀他(ta)(ta)日之(zhi)(zhi)禍(huo),這(zhe)可(ke)謂明智嗎(ma)?救(jiu)災恤鄰(lin)(lin),是古今通義,希望大(da)(da)國(guo)思量!”童(tong)(tong)貫無言以(yi)對(dui)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)進諫(jian)說(shuo)應該答應遼(liao)使(shi)退兵,童(tong)(tong)貫又(you)不(bu)聽,秘密(mi)彈劾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)助賊。王黼憤怒,責(ze)令種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)以(yi)右(you)衛將(jiang)軍身份(fen)致仕退休,而用(yong)劉延(yan)(yan)慶代替(ti)他(ta)(ta)。劉延(yan)(yan)慶在盧(lu)溝戰敗后,宋徽(hui)宗又(you)想起種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao),起用(yong)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)憲州刺史、環州知州。他(ta)(ta)不(bu)久歸任保靜軍節度使(shi),又(you)致仕退休。
金(jin)人(ren)(ren)南下,宋徽宗急忙召種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道進京(jing),加封他(ta)檢(jian)校少保、靜難軍(jun)節度使、京(jing)畿河(he)北制置使,有(you)權自行(xing)(xing)征(zheng)兵征(zheng)糧。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道正(zheng)隱居(ju)南山豹林谷,得到命令后(hou)立刻東行(xing)(xing)趕(gan)到姚平仲處(chu),帶上姚平仲的(de)步(bu)騎(qi)七(qi)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)一齊(qi)北行(xing)(xing)。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道抵(di)達洛陽后(hou),得知(zhi)斡離不已(yi)經屯兵京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)下,有(you)人(ren)(ren)勸(quan)他(ta)不要去,說:“賊勢正(zheng)銳,愿您駐軍(jun)汜(si)水稍微停(ting)留,以(yi)謀萬全之策。”種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道說:“我(wo)軍(jun)兵少,如(ru)果遲疑不進,暴(bao)露實(shi)情,只不過自取其辱。如(ru)今(jin)我(wo)軍(jun)大張旗鼓前(qian)進,金(jin)人(ren)(ren)怎(zen)能測我(wo)虛實(shi)?京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)軍(jun)民得知(zhi)我(wo)軍(jun)前(qian)來,士氣自然振奮,還用(yong)怕(pa)金(jin)賊嗎(ma)?”種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道在沿路遍貼告示,宣(xuan)稱種(zhong)少保率領(ling)西(xi)兵百萬前(qian)來。宋軍(jun)進抵(di)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)汴水南岸,直逼敵營(ying)(ying)。金(jin)人(ren)(ren)畏懼,拔營(ying)(ying)遷往稍北處(chu),限制游(you)騎(qi)活(huo)動,一心一意在毛(mao)駝崗(又(you)作牟駝岡)增(zeng)筑(zhu)堡壘自衛。
當時(shi)種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)已(yi)經(jing)高壽,天下稱之(zhi)為“老(lao)種(zhong)”。繼位的宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)聽(ting)說種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)來了(le),非(fei)常(chang)欣喜(xi),開(kai)安(an)上門,命尚(shang)書右丞李(li)綱迎接慰勞。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)入(ru)見(jian),宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)問(wen):“今日之(zhi)事(shi),愛卿(qing)意下如何?”種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)回答說:“女真不懂兵法,豈有孤軍(jun)深入(ru)別人境內而能順利(li)撤退(tui)的道(dao)(dao)(dao)理?”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)說:“已(yi)經(jing)講(jiang)和了(le)。”種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)于是(shi)說:“臣(chen)以軍(jun)旅之(zhi)事(shi)服務(wu)陛下,其它(ta)事(shi)不是(shi)臣(chen)敢明白的。”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)拜(bai)(bai)他(ta)為檢校少傅、同知樞密院、京(jing)畿(ji)兩河宣撫使,諸道(dao)(dao)(dao)兵馬(ma)全部由他(ta)統帥(shuai),以姚平仲為都統制。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)當時(shi)患病,宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)叫他(ta)不用朝拜(bai)(bai),準他(ta)乘轎子入(ru)朝。金國使者(zhe)王汭在宋(song)廷非(fei)常(chang)強硬(ying),見(jian)種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)來了(le),才(cai)拜(bai)(bai)跪(gui)稍(shao)稍(shao)合乎禮儀。宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)笑著對種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)說:“他(ta)因為你才(cai)這樣。”
京城自(zi)(zi)從受圍后,諸門盡閉(bi),百(bai)姓(xing)無(wu)柴(chai)無(wu)菜可買,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)請求開啟西(xi)、南(nan)門,讓百(bai)姓(xing)如同平常(chang)一樣出入。有金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)擅(shan)過偏將馬忠軍,馬忠將其六(liu)人(ren)(ren)斬首,金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)前來投(tou)訴,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)發(fa)給金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)界(jie)旗,讓金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)仿照自(zi)(zi)制,從此(ci)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)畫地為牢,無(wu)人(ren)(ren)敢越界(jie)。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)又請求拖延交納賠款,等金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)懈怠(dai)思歸時(shi),扼阻金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)歸路,在黃河予以殲滅。宰(zai)相李邦彥(yan)主和,自(zi)(zi)然不同意,主戰派從實際行動(dong)看是準(zhun)備麻痹金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)突(tu)然襲擊(ji),當時(shi)也不一定(ding)贊成(cheng)。
種(zhong)氏(shi)、姚(yao)氏(shi)都是(shi)山西大族,姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)父親姚(yao)古這時率熙河兵入援,宋(song)軍(jun)實力增強。姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)擔心功名都被(bei)種(zhong)氏(shi)占去,就報告說將士們都摩(mo)拳(quan)擦掌,種(zhong)師道(dao)卻不(bu)(bu)準打仗。李綱(gang)于(yu)是(shi)命令城下兵馬聽姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)指揮,宋(song)欽宗也(ye)不(bu)(bu)提講和(he)了(le),天天派(pai)(pai)使者催促種(zhong)師道(dao)出(chu)戰(zhan)。種(zhong)師道(dao)準備等(deng)弟弟種(zhong)師中率軍(jun)趕到,認(ren)(ren)為過了(le)春(chun)分才能襲擊(ji)金(jin)人(ren)。宋(song)朝君(jun)臣約(yue)期舉事,當時離春(chun)分只(zhi)有(you)八天。可當初等(deng)不(bu)(bu)及要和(he)的宋(song)欽宗又等(deng)不(bu)(bu)及要戰(zhan),與姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)秘(mi)密(mi)決定半(ban)夜(ye)劫(jie)營(ying)(ying),想(xiang)生擒斡離不(bu)(bu),搶(qiang)回康王。半(ban)夜(ye),太監緊急傳旨李綱(gang)說:“姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)已經(jing)舉事,你馬上去支援。”姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)劫(jie)營(ying)(ying)失利后一走了(le)之,西兵潰散(san)。史書(shu)未提李綱(gang)的夜(ye)間行動,只(zhi)提李綱(gang)早晨率軍(jun)出(chu)城擊(ji)退金(jin)兵,不(bu)(bu)過金(jin)人(ren)和(he)主和(he)派(pai)(pai)認(ren)(ren)為李綱(gang)也(ye)應(ying)對劫(jie)營(ying)(ying)負責。
宋(song)欽宗把責任推到(dao)李(li)綱、姚平仲身上,李(li)邦彥重新(xin)得(de)勢,又主(zhu)(zhu)張割地賠款,種師道力爭無濟(ji)于(yu)事。主(zhu)(zhu)和派罷免李(li)綱討好金人(ren),太(tai)學生們(men)與京城百姓(xing)數十萬人(ren)擔心主(zhu)(zhu)戰派安危,到(dao)皇宮(gong)前(qian)請愿,請求(qiu)見(jian)(jian)種師道、李(li)綱一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)。宋(song)欽宗一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)將(jiang)李(li)綱復職(zhi),一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)詔書催促軍隊鎮壓。種師道乘車趕來,群眾掀開(kai)車簾看見(jian)(jian)了,說:“果然是我的種大人(ren)。”一(yi)(yi)齊致敬后散去。
金人見(jian)(jian)李(li)綱(gang)復職(zhi),也不(bu)敢孤(gu)軍(jun)持久(jiu)深入,得到宋(song)(song)朝(chao)正式(shi)割地承諾并(bing)得到肅王做人質后,退兵(bing)而去。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)再申前議,勸(quan)宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗乘(cheng)金兵(bing)渡黃(huang)河時(shi)襲擊(ji),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗不(bu)從(cong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“他日必(bi)為(wei)國(guo)患。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗隨即(ji)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)罷免為(wei)中(zhong)太(tai)一宮使(shi),可能是(shi)幽禁起來。然而士民對(dui)屈辱和(he)約感(gan)到憤(fen)怒,李(li)綱(gang)叫宋(song)(song)軍(jun)以(yi)護送名義(yi)追(zhui)擊(ji),大臣(chen)扣押前來索要(yao)(yao)金幣(bi)的(de)金國(guo)使(shi)者(zhe),甚至用蠟(la)丸信聯絡遼(liao)國(guo)舊臣(chen)耶律余睹,要(yao)(yao)他叛金復遼(liao)。金兵(bing)于(yu)是(shi)圍攻太(tai)原,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗見(jian)(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)事又起,也感(gan)到和(he)約不(bu)可靠,于(yu)是(shi)又傾向(xiang)主戰(zhan)(zhan)。主戰(zhan)(zhan)派御史中(zhong)丞(cheng)許(xu)翰(han)拜見(jian)(jian)宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗,認為(wei)不(bu)宜解除種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)兵(bing)權,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)老了,難(nan)用,我(wo)讓你見(jian)(jian)見(jian)(jian)他吧。”讓許(xu)翰(han)與種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)在(zai)殿(dian)門外(wai)相見(jian)(jian)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)沉默不(bu)語,許(xu)翰(han)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“國(guo)家有(you)急,皇上下詔允許(xu)我(wo)咨詢您(nin),您(nin)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)因為(wei)我(wo)是(shi)書生的(de)緣故就不(bu)肯(ken)談。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)才說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)眾敵(di)寡,只要(yao)(yao)分(fen)兵(bing)結營,控守要(yao)(yao)地,使(shi)敵(di)糧道(dao)不(bu)通,坐以(yi)持久(jiu),敵(di)人可破。”許(xu)翰(han)感(gan)嘆(tan)其(qi)言(yan),上奏(zou)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)智慮未(wei)衰,尚(shang)可用。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗于(yu)是(shi)加封(feng)(feng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)檢校少師(shi)(shi),進封(feng)(feng)太(tai)尉,換節鎮洮軍(jun),擔(dan)任河北、河東宣撫(fu)使(shi),屯兵(bing)滑州。其(qi)實宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗并(bing)沒給種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)一兵(bing)一卒。
種師道請(qing)求集中關、河兵力在(zai)滄(cang)州、衛(wei)州、孟州、滑(hua)州修筑防(fang)線,以防(fang)金(jin)兵再至。然而主(zhu)(zhu)戰(zhan)派(pai)(pai)先主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)窮(qiong)追東路(lu)撤退金(jin)兵,又(you)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)反(fan)擊(ji)西路(lu)圍困太原的金(jin)兵,主(zhu)(zhu)和派(pai)(pai)更是(shi)不問軍事(shi),朝廷(ting)(ting)議論認(ren)為(wei)大敵剛退,不宜興師動(dong)眾修防(fang)御來(lai)示弱。朝廷(ting)(ting)聽信假(jia)情報逼宋軍速戰(zhan),援救太原的種師中戰(zhan)死、姚古戰(zhan)敗,朝廷(ting)(ting)震(zhen)悚,召回種師道,派(pai)(pai)李(li)綱(gang)前去(qu)。李(li)綱(gang)聲稱不懂軍事(shi),請(qing)求退休不愿去(qu),但宋欽(qin)宗一定要李(li)綱(gang)去(qu),否則(ze)就是(shi)抗命。李(li)綱(gang)和士民都(dou)認(ren)為(wei)這是(shi)借刀殺人的手段,因為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)和派(pai)(pai)極力推薦李(li)綱(gang)去(qu)。
援救太原的宋軍(jun)照樣受(shou)朝廷遙(yao)控,屢屢失利后(hou),宋欽(qin)宗換掉(diao)李綱(gang),由種師道接(jie)任。種師道在(zai)河陽(今河南孟州)遇到(dao)金國(guo)使(shi)者王(wang)汭,察言觀色判斷金兵(bing)一(yi)定(ding)會大舉南下,立即上疏請求皇(huang)帝臨(lin)幸(xing)長(chang)安躲(duo)避敵鋒。大臣認(ren)為這是(shi)怕,宋欽(qin)宗又召回種師道。因為戰事屢敗,宋欽(qin)宗又用(yong)起主和(he)派(pai)。太原最終淪陷,兩路金兵(bing)大舉南下,宋欽(qin)宗決心(xin)議和(he),主和(he)派(pai)命令地(di)方宋軍(jun)不許勤王(wang),專(zhuan)心(xin)專(zhuan)意(yi)罷(ba)戰講(jiang)和(he),李綱(gang)被貶出京城。種師道可能是(shi)悲憤交加,到(dao)京后(hou)已經病得無法(fa)入見,于(yu)十(shi)月份(fen)去世,終年(nian)七十(shi)六(liu)。宋欽(qin)宗親臨(lin)祭(ji)奠,為之(zhi)慟哭,追贈開府儀同(tong)三司。
《宋史》:“種師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)宿將(jiang),有(you)重名,二(er)敵(di)所畏。”“宋懲(cheng)五(wu)季藩鎮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,稍用逢掖(ye)治邊(bian)陲、領介(jie)胄(zhou)。然兵勢(shi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大事,非素(su)明(ming)習,而欲(yu)應變(bian)決策于急遽(ju)危難之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,豈不(bu)仆哉(zai)。種氏自世衡立功青澗,撫循士(shi)卒,威(wei)動羌、夏,諸子俱有(you)將(jiang)材,至(zhi)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)、師(shi)(shi)中已三世,號山西名將(jiang)。徽宗(zong)任(ren)宦豎起邊(bian)釁,師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言不(bu)售,卒基南北之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禍。金(jin)以(yi)孤軍(jun)深入,師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)請遲西師(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)而擊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),長驅上黨;師(shi)(shi)中欲(yu)出(chu)其(qi)背以(yi)掩(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可謂至(zhi)計矣(yi)。李綱、許翰顧以(yi)為怯緩(huan)逗撓,動失機會,遂至(zhi)大衄,而國(guo)隨以(yi)敗,惜哉(zai)!”
劉韐:“師中聞(wen)命即行(xing),奮(fen)不(bu)顧身,雖古忠臣,不(bu)過也。”
黃道周:“老種師(shi)道,宋末主兵。非貫不悅(yue),即忤蔡(cai)京。帝(di)(di)問(wen)邊事,不敗(bai)為(wei)精。來則以應,妄動事生。遼功(gong)未立,近擾先(xian)驚。揚言援至,前(qian)擊后沖。敵漬斬獲,城功(gong)始成。再征臧底,斬惰先(xian)登。師(shi)才八日,敵已削(xue)平(ping)。遼乃鄰也,伐之何名。白溝(gou)戰(zhan)敗(bai),轉(zhuan)互相(xiang)傾。再起(qi)河北(bei),或止勿行。師(shi)道及進,直壓敵營(ying)。帝(di)(di)聞而喜,虜憚(dan)而停。平(ping)仲心忌,戰(zhan)以速爭。種請少緩,帝(di)(di)亦(yi)不聽。既而戰(zhan)敗(bai),功(gong)罪(zui)無憑。大(da)都(dou)亂世,良將空稱。既病而死,方痛撫膺。”
在積極導演的收(shou)燕云之役中,童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)同樣盲目(mu)指(zhi)揮,造成(cheng)慘重失敗的后(hou)果。據記載,宣和(he)四(si)年童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)統(tong)軍(jun)(jun)北(bei)上至雄州(zhou),惘顧軍(jun)(jun)事將(jiang)領的意見(jian),分派軍(jun)(jun)隊行(xing)動。久經沙場的大將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)對草率用(yong)兵提(ti)出(chu)異議,童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)不予理睬。將(jiang)官(guan)楊(yang)可(ke)世再(zai)諫:將(jiang)領事先(xian)并(bing)未參與作戰計劃便倉促臨(lin)陣(zhen),勢必難以應戰。知雄州(zhou)、文官(guan)和(he)詵不考(kao)慮將(jiang)官(guan)的意見(jian),而配合(he)童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)對楊(yang)可(ke)世加(jia)以威脅。楊(yang)氏及其他武將(jiang)只能屈服。于是,在“遵(zun)依圣旨及宣撫司約束諸將(jiang)”的情況下,宋軍(jun)(jun)繼續(xu)北(bei)上。種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)領兵至白溝(gou),“如貫(guan)(guan)(guan)素約指(zhi)揮諸將(jiang)”,執行(xing)童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)不得妄殺的命令。
楊(yang)(yang)(yang)可世領前軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在白溝橋向遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)招降,結果在毫無(wu)(wu)戒備之下遭到遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的進(jin)攻,“矢石如(ru)雨,我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)為備,又拘節制”。面(mian)對如(ru)此戰(zhan)況,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)氏只得要求動武(wu),但宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)已陷入不(bu)利的處(chu)境,“楊(yang)(yang)(yang)可世與遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan),諸(zhu)將不(bu)利”。此時,承擔監(jian)督之責的和詵竟(jing)又勸種師道(dao)殺(sha)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)可世,“號(hao)令諸(zhu)部以明宣撫司出旗榜本意”,“使(shi)虜人知朝廷(ting)無(wu)(wu)意用兵”。
終于,招降遼殘余勢(shi)力(li)的(de)(de)幻想(xiang)破滅,在遼軍的(de)(de)追擊下,種師(shi)(shi)道領軍敗(bai)退。這次所謂的(de)(de)北伐(fa)的(de)(de)失(shi)敗(bai),完全是(shi)童貫(guan)無能指揮的(de)(de)結果,所謂“先是(shi),既以招撫為名,貫(guan)下令中軍不許妄(wang)殺人,及虜騎犯我師(shi)(shi),皆不敢施放矢石,聽其殺戮。故諸將亦憤然”。但童貫(guan)為了逃避(bi)追究,“于是(shi)貫(guan)以契丹尚盛未可圖,奏劾種師(shi)(shi)道”,種師(shi)(shi)道被(bei)迫致(zhi)仕。
據種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)部(bu)下康隨跋種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)責官謝表指出:“此役,初不(bu)(bu)與(yu)謀,中則強委任之,又兵之節制皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)得專,考其行(xing)事,罪(zui)有所歸矣。”可見(jian)無辜(gu)的將領種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)成為此役失敗(bai)的替罪(zui)羊。
姚平(ping)仲偷襲金營(ying)失(shi)敗后。宋欽宗聽信投降派(pai)的話,驚慌失(shi)措,一面派(pai)使(shi)者到(dao)金營(ying)賠禮,一面把李(li)綱、種師(shi)道撤(che)職(zhi)。
這個消(xiao)息(xi)一傳出(chu)來,東京全(quan)城(cheng)騷動,軍民個個氣憤。特別是太(tai)學(xue)里的(de)學(xue)生,群(qun)情激(ji)昂。太(tai)學(xue)生陳東帶(dai)領了幾百名太(tai)學(xue)生,擁到皇宮的(de)宣德門外(wai),上書請(qing)愿,要求朝廷恢復李綱、種師道的(de)原職,懲辦李邦彥(yan)、白時中等奸賊。
東京城(cheng)的(de)軍民(min)聽(ting)說太學(xue)生請(qing)愿(yuan),不約而同(tong)地來到(dao)宣德(de)門(men)前,一(yi)(yi)下子就(jiu)聚集了幾(ji)萬人(ren)。這時候,李(li)(li)邦(bang)彥正好(hao)從宮里(li)退朝出(chu)來,群眾一(yi)(yi)見到(dao)奸(jian)賊,眼都紅了,指著(zhu)李(li)(li)邦(bang)彥的(de)鼻(bi)子痛罵,有(you)的(de)還從地上(shang)撿起瓦片、石頭,向李(li)(li)邦(bang)彥劈頭蓋(gai)腦地扔(reng)去(qu),嚇得(de)李(li)(li)邦(bang)彥抱(bao)頭縮(suo)頸,趕快(kuai)逃(tao)進宮去(qu)。
禁衛軍(jun)將(jiang)領一看(kan)事情(qing)鬧(nao)大(da)(da)了(le)沒法收拾,進宮(gong)勸宋(song)欽宗(zong)答(da)應大(da)(da)家的要(yao)求(qiu)。宋(song)欽宗(zong)沒法,只好派人召李綱進宮(gong),并且(qie)當眾派人宣布,恢(hui)復李綱、種(zhong)師道的職(zhi)務(wu)。群眾還不放(fang)心,這時候,種(zhong)師道正乘(cheng)車(che)趕了(le)來。大(da)(da)家掀開車(che)簾,一看(kan)果然(ran)是(shi)種(zhong)老(lao)將(jiang)軍(jun),爆(bao)發出一陣雷鳴般的歡呼聲,才陸(lu)續散去。
十一月金兵(bing)(bing)已(yi)經兵(bing)(bing)臨城(cheng)(cheng)下。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)既(ji)用(yong)主和派意(yi)見(jian)派使者出城(cheng)(cheng)求和,又用(yong)主戰派意(yi)見(jian)堅守京城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)去,誰知兩樣(yang)都(dou)落空。京城(cheng)(cheng)失守,宋欽(qin)宗(zong)、宋徽宗(zong)被劫(jie)入金營,金兵(bing)(bing)以此為籌碼逼兩河軍民開城(cheng)(cheng)投降、宋朝臣民貢獻金銀珍寶美女、并(bing)保障金兵(bing)(bing)退兵(bing)(bing)安全,因為金兵(bing)(bing)人(ren)數確實不(bu)多。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)捶胸大(da)哭道:“不(bu)用(yong)種師道言,以至于此!”
汴梁城(cheng)破(po)之(zhi)后,金(jin)兵將(jiang)(jiang)領入(ru)城(cheng),很想拜(bai)見一(yi)下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao),惜(xi)乎種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)已死,便找到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)的(de)(de)侄子(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)洌,對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)洌說:“我們過(guo)(guo)去曾在陣前(qian)見過(guo)(guo)你(ni)伯父,真是(shi)一(yi)位好將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)啊!如能采納他的(de)(de)意見,宋(song)朝(chao)不會敗得(de)這樣慘。現在宋(song)朝(chao)應該知道(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)是(shi)個忠義之(zhi)人(ren)了吧。”宋(song)朝(chao)的(de)(de)被俘(fu)官員聽了,皆(jie)仰天長嘆。
種(zhong)師(shi)道死(si)后,其侄子(zi)種(zhong)洌(lie)護種(zhong)師(shi)道的靈(ling)柩西歸時(shi),在路上碰到強盜,強盜聽(ting)說是種(zhong)師(shi)道的靈(ling)柩,都下拜致奠,并且反贈金錢以(yi)致意,其得人(ren)心如此(ci)。
《宋(song)史·卷三(san)三(san)五·列傳第九十四(si)》、《東都事略》卷一(yi)O七有(you)傳。
在(zai)《宋史》中,種(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍(jun)比(bi)楊家(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)名(ming)氣大,比(bi)楊家(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)作(zuo)用大,只(zhi)不(bu)過楊家(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)走(zou)上(shang)了舞臺,被(bei)渲染(ran)得出了彩,而種(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍(jun)卻走(zou)進了線(xian)裝書,被(bei)文(wen)字(zi)湮沒了。北(bei)宋統治的(de)168年間,種(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍(jun)英(ying)雄(xiong)輩出:種(zhong)世衡、種(zhong)詁(gu)、種(zhong)諤、種(zhong)診(zhen)、種(zhong)誼、種(zhong)樸、種(zhong)師道(dao)、種(zhong)師中皆為將(jiang)(jiang)才。種(zhong)家(jia)(jia)子弟五代從軍(jun),數十人(ren)戰死沙場。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道,從曾(ceng)祖(zu)父(fu)(fu)是(shi)宋初(chu)大(da)隱(yin)士種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放兄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)昭衍即種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道之曾(ceng)祖(zu)父(fu)(fu),其(qi)祖(zu)父(fu)(fu)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍的創建(jian)者種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世衡,世衡有八子(古、診、諮、詠(yong)、諤、所、記、誼(yi)),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道的父(fu)(fu)親是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道的弟(di)弟(di)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子,浩(hao)、溪。種浩(hao)官迪功郎,種溪為閣(ge)門(men)祗侯,皆(jie)死(si)于師道之前。孫(sun)彥(yan)崇(chong)、彥(yan)崧,彥(yan)崇(chong)死(si)于兵,而彥(yan)崧則早夭。在紹興年間,朝廷令其(qi)侄種浤(hong)奉祀。
建炎元年六(liu)月十五(wu)日,種師道靈柩歸葬于萬年縣(xian)神禾原(今陜西西安(an)長安(an)區香(xiang)積寺村是種氏的家族墓地)。