龍是中國(guo)古代傳說中的(de)神異動物。龍是中華民族的(de)象征,中國(guo)人(ren)都以自(zi)己(ji)是“龍的(de)傳人(ren)”而(er)驕傲。亞洲其(qi)他國(guo)家和民族亦有受中華龍文化影(ying)響。
傳說(shuo)多為其能顯(xian)能隱,能細(xi)能巨,能短能長。春(chun)分登天,秋分潛淵,呼風喚雨,而這些已經(jing)是(shi)晚(wan)期發展(zhan)而來的(de)龍(long)的(de)形象,相比(bi)最初(chu)的(de)龍(long)而言(yan)更加復(fu)雜。
《張果星經(jing)》云(yun):“又(you)有(you)輔翼,則為(wei)真龍”,認為(wei)有(you)翼方是(shi)真龍。如西周有(you)大量身負(fu)羽翼龍紋器皿,乃至青龍在先秦(qin)紋飾(shi)中也有(you)羽翼,一說(shuo)應龍、青龍為(wei)祖(zu)龍。封建時代,龍是(shi)皇(huang)權的(de)象征,皇(huang)宮(gong)使用器物也以龍為(wei)裝飾(shi),但(dan)與廣(guang)為(wei)流傳(chuan)的(de)“五爪金龍為(wei)天子(zi)(zi)象征”之(zhi)說(shuo)不同,古(gu)籍中記載有(you)翼飛龍,方為(wei)天子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)像。
龍在中國傳統(tong)的十二(er)生(sheng)肖中排第五,在《禮記·禮運第九(jiu)》中與鳳(feng)、龜、麟(lin)一(yi)起(qi)并(bing)稱“四靈”。而西方神話中的Dragon,也翻譯成龍,但二(er)者并(bing)不相同。
與西方龍一(yi)樣,大眾眼(yan)中神圣的(de)中國龍,也會有(you)邪惡的(de)一(yi)面出現,詳細可見(jian)于本(ben)條目“中外差別”一(yi)欄。
中(zhong)(zhong)國古代(dai)民(min)間神話(hua)傳說中(zhong)(zhong)可見(jian)于中(zhong)(zhong)國經典中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)生物,在現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)無法找到(dao)實(shi)(shi)體,但其形(xing)象的(de)組成物源于現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi),起到(dao)祛(qu)邪、避災、祈福的(de)作(zuo)用。
青(qing)龍(long):為(wei)“四(si)(si)圣”、“四(si)(si)象”(青(qing)龍(long)、白虎、朱雀、玄武)與“天之(zhi)四(si)(si)靈”之(zhi)一(yi),又稱為(wei)蒼龍(long),代表東(dong)方,青(qing)色(se),因此稱為(wei)“東(dong)方青(qing)龍(long)”。
應(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)(long):又名飛龍(long)(long)(long),亦(yi)作黃龍(long)(long)(long)、老龍(long)(long)(long),是神話中的(de)祖(zu)龍(long)(long)(long)、真龍(long)(long)(long)。背生雙翼(yi)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long),關于應(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)文獻(xian)記(ji)載見于《山海經(jing)(jing)》,《山海經(jing)(jing)》中說,應(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)殺蚩尤、夸(kua)父,甚(shen)至開天辟地,創造了(le)世界。在部分盤古神話中,還說她撫(fu)育了(le)盤古。據說當年東皇太一之妃就是應(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)(long),生鳳凰、麒麟(lin),而燭龍(long)(long)(long)之子鼓被戮殺于鐘山之崖。據《山海經(jing)(jing)》、《荊州占》記(ji)載:“應(ying)(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)為黃龍(long)(long)(long),黃龍(long)(long)(long)為軒轅星之神,為天之后妃”。
虺(huǐ):《述異(yi)記》載:“虺五百年化(hua)為蛟,蛟千年化(hua)為龍。”是(shi)龍的幼年期(qi)。
虬(qiu)(qiu)(qiú):虬(qiu)(qiu)龍是古代傳說中(zhong)有角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的小(xiao)龍,一說是無角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的幼龍。《說文解字》:龍無角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者。各本作龍子有角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者。今依(yi)韻(yun)會(hui)所據正。然韻(yun)會(hui)尚(shang)誤多子字。李善注《甘(gan)泉賦(fu)》引(yin)《說文》虬(qiu)(qiu),龍無角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者。
螭(chī):龍屬的蛇狀(zhuang)神(shen)怪之(zhi)物,是(shi)一種沒(mei)有角的類(lei)龍生物。螭若龍而黃北方謂之(zhi)地螻。
蛟(jiāo):一般泛指(zhi)能發(fa)洪水(shui)的(de)(de)有鱗的(de)(de)龍。
角龍(long)(long):指有(you)角的龍(long)(long)。據《述(shu)異記》記述(shu):“蛟千年化為龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)五百(bai)年為角龍(long)(long)”。
火龍(long)(long):《清史稿》載:“浮山有龍(long)(long)飛入民間(jian)樓舍,須臾煙起,樓盡焚”、“二十六年五月二十七(qi)日(ri),葭州赤(chi)龍(long)(long)見(jian)于張體兩川圍中。六月初七(qi)日(ri),高平火龍(long)(long)見(jian)于石末村”、“五十六年六月,莒州赤(chi)龍(long)(long)見(jian)于龍(long)(long)王峪,先(xian)大后(hou)小,長數(shu)丈(zhang),所(suo)過(guo)草木如焚”。
蟠(pan)龍:指蟄伏在(zai)地而未升天之龍,龍的(de)形狀作盤(pan)(pan)曲環(huan)繞。在(zai)中國(guo)古代建筑中,一(yi)般把盤(pan)(pan)繞在(zai)柱上的(de)龍和(he)裝飾莊梁上、天花板上的(de)龍均習(xi)慣地稱(cheng)為蟠(pan)龍。在(zai)《太平御覽(lan)》中,對蟠(pan)龍又有(you)另一(yi)番解釋:“蟠(pan)龍,身長四丈,青黑色,赤帶(dai)如錦文(wen),常隨水(shui)而下,入于海。有(you)毒,傷人即死。”把蟠(pan)龍和(he)蛟、蛇之類(lei)混在(zai)一(yi)起了。
云龍:云霧纏繞(rao)的龍。
望龍:頭部(bu)呈側面的龍。
行(xing)龍(long):傳(chuan)說鯉化蛟,蛟化龍(long),而當龍(long)達到一定境(jing)界時(shi),會化為行(xing)龍(long)。
魚(yu)化(hua)龍:魚(yu)化(hua)龍是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)龍頭魚(yu)身的(de)(de)龍,亦是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)“龍魚(yu)互(hu)變(bian)”的(de)(de)形式,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)形式古代早已有之。《說苑》中就有“昔日白龍下清冷(leng)之淵化(hua)為魚(yu)”的(de)(de)記載(zai),民間流(liu)傳的(de)(de)鯉魚(yu)跳龍門(men),講述(shu)的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)龍魚(yu)互(hu)變(bian)的(de)(de)關系。
蜃龍:蜃棲息在海岸或大河的(de)(de)河口(kou),模樣很像(xiang)蛟,也有可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)其中的(de)(de)一種。蜃具有不可(ke)思議的(de)(de)能(neng)力,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)從口(kou)中吐出(chu)的(de)(de)氣可(ke)以看到各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)(de)幻(huan)影(ying)。這(zhe)些幻(huan)影(ying)大多數是(shi)(shi)亭臺(tai)樓(lou)閣,是(shi)(shi)誰都沒見到過的(de)(de)豪(hao)華,從窗口(kou)里可(ke)以看到穿戴華麗(li)的(de)(de)人們在活動(dong)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)說的(de)(de)海市蜃樓(lou)。
除此(ci)之外,在一些典(dian)籍里還記載了龍的“衍生(sheng)物”,如(ru)《五(wu)雜俎(zu)》:龍性最(zui)淫,故與牛交,則(ze)生(sheng)麟;與豕交,則(ze)生(sheng)象;與馬(ma)交,則(ze)生(sheng)龍馬(ma)……
《荀(xun)子·賦》:“天(tian)下幽險,恐失(shi)世英。螭龍(long)為蝘(yan)蜓,鴟梟(xiao)為鳳凰。”
東漢王充《論衡》曰:“世俗畫龍之(zhi)象,馬(ma)首蛇尾(wei)。”
東漢(han)班固《漢(han)書》:“臣以(yi)為龍又無(wu)角,謂之為蛇又有(you)足,跂跂脈(mo)脈(mo)善(shan)緣壁,是非守宮即蜥蜴。”
東漢許慎(shen)《說文解字(zi)》載:“龍,鱗蟲之長,能(neng)(neng)幽能(neng)(neng)明,能(neng)(neng)細(xi)能(neng)(neng)巨(ju),能(neng)(neng)短能(neng)(neng)長,春分而登天,秋分而潛(qian)淵(yuan)。”
辭書之祖《爾雅》提(ti)到(dao)了鳳凰的(de)形象,關于(yu)龍(long)的(de)形象卻未提(ti)及。宋(song)人羅愿為(wei)爾雅所作的(de)補充《爾雅翼(yi)》中,卻有“釋(shi)龍(long)”:“角似(si)(si)鹿、頭似(si)(si)駝、眼似(si)(si)兔、項似(si)(si)蛇、腹似(si)(si)蜃、鱗似(si)(si)魚、爪似(si)(si)鷹、掌似(si)(si)虎、耳似(si)(si)牛”。同為(wei)宋(song)人的(de)書畫鑒賞家(jia)郭若虛在《圖畫見聞志》中也表(biao)達了類似(si)(si)的(de)觀點。
到了(le)明(ming)代,龍(long)(long)的形象更加具體(ti)豐(feng)滿起來,《本草綱目·翼》云:“龍(long)(long)者鱗蟲之長。王(wang)符言(yan)其(qi)(qi)形有(you)(you)九似(si):頭似(si)駝,角似(si)鹿(lu),眼似(si)兔(tu),耳似(si)牛,項似(si)蛇,腹(fu)似(si)蜃,鱗似(si)鯉(li),爪似(si)鷹(ying),掌(zhang)似(si)虎,是也。其(qi)(qi)背有(you)(you)八十一鱗,具九九陽數。其(qi)(qi)聲如戛銅盤。口旁有(you)(you)須髯,頷下有(you)(you)明(ming)珠,喉下有(you)(you)逆鱗。頭上有(you)(you)博山,又(you)名尺(chi)木,龍(long)(long)無尺(chi)木不能升天。呵氣成云,既能變(bian)水,又(you)能變(bian)火。”
在《三國演義(yi)》中,羅貫中通(tong)過曹操之口,概(gai)述了龍的特點:“龍能(neng)(neng)大能(neng)(neng)小,能(neng)(neng)升能(neng)(neng)隱(yin);大則(ze)興云吐霧,小則(ze)隱(yin)介(jie)藏(zang)形(xing);升則(ze)飛騰于(yu)宇宙之間,隱(yin)則(ze)潛伏(fu)于(yu)波濤之內。方今春(chun)深,龍乘時變”。
清代袁枚則在《子不語(yu)》中寫到“雷雨(yu)晦冥,龍(long)來哀(ai)號(hao),聲若牛吼。”
而宋代畫家董羽(yu)則(ze)認(ren)為龍“角似鹿、頭似牛、眼似蝦(xia)、嘴似驢(lv)、腹似蛇、鱗似魚、足似鳳、須似人、耳似象。”這是21世紀得到(dao)認(ren)可較多的說法。
早期社會生(sheng)產力(li)低下,人們(men)在嚴酷的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然環境里生(sheng)存,還不能(neng)獨立的(de)(de)支配自(zi)(zi)然力(li),也不能(neng)解釋自(zi)(zi)身來源,對自(zi)(zi)然界充(chong)滿幻想、憧憬(jing)乃(nai)至畏懼(ju),崇拜(bai)各種(zhong)比人類更強(qiang)大的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然或超自(zi)(zi)然力(li)量,這就是(shi)圖騰和(he)鬼神產生(sheng)的(de)(de)社會基礎(chu)。
龍圖騰(teng)形成的時(shi)間(jian),可以上溯(su)到上古(gu)伏(fu)(fu)羲時(shi)代(dai),伏(fu)(fu)羲氏(shi)以蛇為(wei)圖騰(teng)。古(gu)書中(zhong)記載,伏(fu)(fu)羲氏(shi)生(sheng)于(yu)成紀(ji),徒治陳(chen)倉,都于(yu)陳(chen),在位一百五十年,傳十五世(shi)。伏(fu)(fu)羲氏(shi)發源于(yu)成紀(ji),發展壯大(da)后,沿著渭河谷地進(jin)入關中(zhong),出潼關,傍崤山(shan)、王(wang)屋山(shan)、太行山(shan)東(dong)遷(qian),而后折向(xiang)東(dong)南,最后都于(yu)陳(chen)。這一活動區大(da)體與仰韶文(wen)化古(gu)遺址的分布區相吻合(he)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰的形成(cheng)(cheng)源于伏羲(xi)(xi),除了(le)聞一(yi)(yi)(yi)多先生論(lun)述外(wai),還有其它證據。司馬貞《補三(san)皇(huang)本紀》前面雖說伏羲(xi)(xi)蛇身人首(shou),但在(zai)最(zui)后卻言(yan)伏羲(xi)(xi)氏“有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)瑞(rui),以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)紀官,號曰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)師”。這種記(ji)載暗示了(le)伏羲(xi)(xi)氏在(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰形成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)所起的主(zhu)導作用。又蛇在(zai)生肖中(zhong)(zhong)叫小龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。蛇如果(guo)有了(le)靈性,就變成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。漢代(dai)(dai)緯書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)講,伏羲(xi)(xi)氏首(shou)德(de)于木,為(wei)(wei)百(bai)王之先。伏羲(xi)(xi)氏即是(shi)(shi)青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),青(qing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。炎帝(di)(di)(di)(di)神農氏以(yi)火(huo)德(de)為(wei)(wei)王,為(wei)(wei)赤龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long);黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)軒轅氏以(yi)土(tu)德(de)為(wei)(wei)王,為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。按照五行始(shi)終說,最(zui)先出現的是(shi)(shi)木,而非(fei)火(huo)、土(tu)。同(tong)理,青(qing)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)也應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)遠古第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帝(di)(di)(di)(di),青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)也是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。伏羲(xi)(xi)氏自(zi)然(ran)也就是(shi)(shi)當之無(wu)愧的龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰的創(chuang)始(shi)者,開創(chuang)了(le)華夏民(min)族的文明。在(zai)敦煌遺書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong),有題為(wei)(wei)《天地開辟以(yi)來帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王紀》的問答體(ti)殘卷四(si)件,伏羲(xi)(xi)、女(nv)媧之所以(yi)能在(zai)洪(hong)災(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)存活,是(shi)(shi)由于他們“衣(yi)(依?)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)上天”(穿龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)衣(yi)或(huo)攀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身上天)的緣(yuan)故。伏羲(xi)(xi)女(nv)媧為(wei)(wei)洪(hong)水(shui)后各(ge)民(min)族的新一(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)共同(tong)始(shi)祖,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)如來麾下(xia)的菩薩。
近代(dai)流(liu)行一種說法,認為源(yuan)自(zi)黃帝的釜山合符(fu)(fu)(fu)。《史記(ji)·五(wu)帝本紀》記(ji)載:黃帝在打敗炎帝和(he)蚩尤(you)后(hou),巡閱(yue)四方,“合符(fu)(fu)(fu)釜山”。這次“合符(fu)(fu)(fu)”,不僅統一了(le)各部(bu)(bu)(bu)軍令的符(fu)(fu)(fu)信,確(que)立了(le)政治上的結盟,還從原來各部(bu)(bu)(bu)落的圖(tu)騰身上各取(qu)一部(bu)(bu)(bu)分元素組合起來,創造(zao)了(le)新(xin)的動物形象-龍。
龍(long)的(de)(de)形(xing)象的(de)(de)來源有多種說法,一說來源于(yu)鱷魚,一說來源于(yu)蛇(she),也有人認(ren)為來源于(yu)豬(zhu),甚至有說法稱最(zui)早的(de)(de)龍(long)就是(shi)下雨時天(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)閃電(dian)。現在多數專家認(ren)為龍(long)是(shi)以(yi)蛇(she)為主(zhu)體的(de)(de)圖(tu)騰綜合物。它有蛇(she)的(de)(de)身、豬(zhu)的(de)(de)頭、鹿的(de)(de)角、牛的(de)(de)耳、羊的(de)(de)須、鷹(ying)的(de)(de)爪、魚的(de)(de)鱗,組(zu)合成龍(long)圖(tu)騰。
聞一(yi)(yi)多先(xian)生(sheng)在他的(de)三篇作品《伏羲考(kao)(kao)》、《龍(long)(long)鳳》、《端午考(kao)(kao)》中(zhong)指(zhi)出,中(zhong)國人被稱為“龍(long)(long)的(de)傳人”來(lai)源于黃帝(di)時(shi)代的(de)傳說。黃帝(di)在戰敗蚩尤統一(yi)(yi)中(zhong)原后,它的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)兼取(qu)了(le)被吞并(bing)的(de)其(qi)它氏族(zu)的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)性圖(tu)案。如鳥的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案、馬的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案、鹿的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案、蛇的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案、牛的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案、魚的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)案等。最后拼合(he)成了(le)“龍(long)(long)”,一(yi)(yi)種虛(xu)擬的(de)綜合(he)性神靈。后來(lai),“龍(long)(long)”的(de)形象開始出現(xian)于各種圖(tu)案之中(zhong),并(bing)逐漸成了(le)帝(di)王的(de)符瑞。相傳炎(yan)帝(di)是一(yi)(yi)位叫登的(de)女(nv)子(zi)感(gan)天上的(de)“神龍(long)(long)”而(er)生(sheng),黃帝(di)是附寶感(gan)“北(bei)斗”而(er)生(sheng),堯帝(di)是慶都感(gan)“赤龍(long)(long)”而(er)生(sheng),始祖是龍(long)(long)繁衍的(de)后代,因(yin)此,中(zhong)華(hua)民族(zu)的(de)子(zi)孫便是“龍(long)(long)的(de)傳人”了(le)。
古生物學家曾(ceng)長期認(ren)為,長角的(de)龍(long)是(shi)上古先(xian)民(min)虛構的(de)形(xing)象,只存于(yu)神話傳說之中。1987年在位于(yu)河南省濮陽縣城西水坡仰韶文化址(zhi)發現”中華第一龍(long)”,此次出土的(de)蚌(bang)龍(long)是(shi)迄(qi)今(jin)為止中國考(kao)古發現的(de)最(zui)早的(de)龍(long)圖案(an),距今(jin)約6600多年。
龍作為(wei)(wei)(wei)一種(zhong)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)和(he)一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),不(bu)(bu)是(shi)單一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)而是(shi)多(duo)種(zhong)動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)合,這(zhe)突出地反映(ying)了中華民(min)族偉大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)族精神(shen)和(he)思想。遠古神(shen)話最早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)人(ren),而是(shi)動物(wu)-圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)。原始(shi)人(ren)分不(bu)(bu)清人(ren)與動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)限,認為(wei)(wei)(wei)某種(zhong)動物(wu)是(shi)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先和(he)保護神(shen),這(zhe)就是(shi)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)。圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏族、部(bu)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先和(he)標志,一般是(shi)單一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某種(zhong)動物(wu),氏族部(bu)落(luo)發生兼(jian)并戰爭,勝(sheng)利者在(zai)俘虜對方(fang)之后(hou),往往同(tong)時消(xiao)滅(mie)其圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng),新(xin)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)族擁有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)單一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)。
中(zhong)國古(gu)人最(zui)早(zao)體悟(wu)到(dao)人性(xing)(xing),舍棄弱肉強食的(de)觀念,在龍圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)的(de)形成過程中(zhong)突出(chu)地表現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)種人性(xing)(xing)。這(zhe)就是:為了(le)(le)(le)團結、親近那些被吞并了(le)(le)(le)的(de)氏族(zu)、部(bu)落(luo)的(de)人,在消(xiao)滅了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)個(ge)氏族(zu)、部(bu)落(luo)之后,并沒有完全消(xiao)滅他(ta)們精(jing)神崇(chong)拜和(he)文化寄托的(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng),而是將失(shi)敗者的(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分加(jia)在了(le)(le)(le)自己圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)身上。所(suo)以龍的(de)形象就是一(yi)種和(he)合團結的(de)象征,表現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)遠古(gu)的(de)祖先的(de)一(yi)種極其(qi)寶貴的(de)和(he)合精(jing)神,是中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)精(jing)神的(de)一(yi)個(ge)源頭(tou)。
龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象包含著多種動物元素,不少人(ren)僅依據某一特征論述其起源,所以產生了(le)(le)(le)多種關于龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法。其中最有(you)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)為蛇說。著名學(xue)者聞(wen)一多在20世紀40年代便(bian)探(tan)討了(le)(le)(le)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing),據其考證,龍(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)是蛇圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng),在消滅了(le)(le)(le)牛(niu)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)、鹿(lu)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氏族之后,就把牛(niu)角(jiao)或(huo)鹿(lu)角(jiao)加在了(le)(le)(le)蛇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭上,后來(lai)又(you)加上了(le)(le)(le)豬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭或(huo)馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭,加上了(le)(le)(le)虎(hu)或(huo)鱷魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腿、鷹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爪子、魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗、花的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾巴(ba),經過長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),眾多圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)合就形(xing)成了(le)(le)(le)中華龍(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象。聞(wen)一多之后,不少學(xue)者也都認為龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)是蛇。
還有(you)認為(wei)龍的(de)原型是鱷魚(yu)的(de)說法,最早提出(chu)龍的(de)原型為(wei)鱷魚(yu)的(de)是中國(guo)(guo)古(gu)史專家衛聚賢(xian)。他在1934年(nian)出(chu)版的(de)著作中便說“龍即鱷魚(yu)”,一(yi)些外(wai)國(guo)(guo)學者也認為(wei)龍是鱷魚(yu)。此外(wai),還有(you)人認為(wei)龍的(de)主(zhu)干的(de)基本(ben)形(xing)態是蛇、蜥蜴和馬,有(you)的(de)則認為(wei)龍是從閃(shan)電或彩虹演化而來的(de)等(deng)。
蘇州(zhou)大學徐山考釋了(le)(le)甲(jia)骨(gu)文“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi),認為(wei)(wei):龍(long)(long)(long),其甲(jia)骨(gu)文字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)”兩字(zi)比較,龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)可視為(wei)(wei)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)”的(de)(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing)(xing)。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)保(bao)留(liu)了(le)(le)閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)彎曲狀(zhuang),又將表(biao)示(shi)雷(lei)(lei)聲的(de)(de)(de)符號“口(kou)(kou)”狀(zhuang)移至彎曲處的(de)(de)(de)終端,表(biao)示(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)部。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)中的(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)開口(kou)(kou)朝下(xia)(xia)(xia),表(biao)示(shi)雨從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)口(kou)(kou)中傾瀉而下(xia)(xia)(xia)。龍(long)(long)(long)觀念的(de)(de)(de)產生,是(shi)原(yuan)始先民對(dui)產生雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因的(de)(de)(de)一種生物化(hua)解釋。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)體(ti)中,字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)在龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)體(ti)上方(fang)(fang)加上“辛(xin)”。辛(xin),甲(jia)骨(gu)文字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)斧劈樹(shu)木狀(zhuang)。從(cong)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)意義中又引申(shen)出刑具(ju)。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)中,“辛(xin)”位于龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)上方(fang)(fang),從(cong)辛(xin)的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)義和造字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)上下(xia)(xia)(xia)結構中可以看(kan)出,這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)反映(ying)了(le)(le)原(yuan)始先民對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)(雷(lei)(lei)神)的(de)(de)(de)恐懼而又企圖征(zheng)服、控制它的(de)(de)(de)心理狀(zhuang)態。《集韻》在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)收錄了(le)(le)“竜(long)”這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)異(yi)體(ti)字(zi)。該字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)上方(fang)(fang)和“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)左上方(fang)(fang)一樣(yang),即甲(jia)骨(gu)文“辛(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)隸定形(xing)(xing)(xing)式。“竜(long)”的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)義正是(shi)對(dui)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)服狀(zhuang)。此字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有力地證實(shi)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)型是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)發音上看(kan),“lóng”正是(shi)記錄了(le)(le)雷(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)隆(long)隆(long)之聲。
龍(long)之所以受(shou)到炎(yan)(yan)黃(huang)子(zi)孫(sun)的尊(zun)崇,是因為與華夏文(wen)明的形成(cheng)進程有著密切的關系。眾(zhong)所周知,“五(wu)帝(di)(di)”第一帝(di)(di)的黃(huang)帝(di)(di)之前(qian),有一位在位120年(nian),傳位8世,共歷530多年(nian)的“神(shen)(shen)農氏(shi)(shi)世”時期。炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)“神(shen)(shen)農氏(shi)(shi),姜姓也”,正是其(qi)母“游華陽,有神(shen)(shen)龍(long)首,感生(sheng)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)”(《初學記》卷九引《帝(di)(di)王世紀》)的。而(er)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農氏(shi)(shi)長得“弘身而(er)牛(niu)顛(dian),龍(long)顏(yan)而(er)大唇”。炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)的神(shen)(shen)農氏(shi)(shi)部(bu)族(zu)與黃(huang)帝(di)(di)部(bu)族(zu)結(jie)成(cheng)炎(yan)(yan)黃(huang)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟以后,做為龍(long)子(zi)的炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農氏(shi)(shi),深刻(ke)地影響了炎(yan)(yan)黃(huang)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟的文(wen)明進程。
在(zai)文明國家形成的(de)(de)前夜(ye),即我(wo)國古史傳說的(de)(de)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”時(shi)(shi)期,那些推動文明因素積聚的(de)(de)“英(ying)雄們”——黃帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、顓頊、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)嚳、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)堯、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)舜、帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)禹等(deng),無一不與龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)著這樣那樣的(de)(de)糾葛。請看下列(lie)史料(liao):“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”之首帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)黃帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),不僅(jin)長得“龍(long)(long)(long)顏(yan)有(you)圣德”(《易·系辭下》正義引(yin)《世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)》),還(huan)“令應龍(long)(long)(long)攻蚩尤”(《史記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)本紀(ji)(ji)》集(ji)解引(yin)《山海經》)。黃帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)不僅(jin)平時(shi)(shi)“乘(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)扆云”(《大(da)(da)戴禮(li)記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)德》),就是(shi)在(zai)他辭世(shi)(shi)升天時(shi)(shi),也是(shi)“有(you)龍(long)(long)(long)垂胡髯而(er)下,迎黃帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”(《御覽》卷九二九引(yin)《帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)》)的(de)(de)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”之二的(de)(de)顓頊,“乘(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)而(er)至四海”,巡行天下,無比威嚴;“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)”之三的(de)(de)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)嚳,“春夏(xia)乘(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)”(《大(da)(da)戴禮(li)記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)德》),也是(shi)離不開龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)。
“五(wu)帝”之(zhi)(zhi)四的(de)帝堯(yao)(yao),把部(bu)落聯盟(meng)議(yi)事會改造(zao)成(cheng)與民眾相對立的(de)“公共權利”,而(er)他(ta)的(de)出生(sheng)與龍(long)(long)有著直(zhi)接的(de)關(guan)系,即其母慶都(dou)(dou)“出以(yi)(yi)觀河,遇赤龍(long)(long)”,一(yi)陣“唵然陰風,而(er)感慶都(dou)(dou)”(《易(yi)·系辭》下引《帝王(wang)(wang)世紀》)以(yi)(yi)致孕的(de)。堯(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)唐地(di)還(huan)曾“夢御龍(long)(long)以(yi)(yi)登天(tian),而(er)有天(tian)下。”(《路史·后記》中(zhong)引《帝王(wang)(wang)世紀》)后來居然夢想成(cheng)真,成(cheng)為(wei)第四任盟(meng)主;“五(wu)帝”之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)的(de)帝舜(shun),也(ye)是生(sheng)成(cheng)一(yi)副“龍(long)(long)顏大口黑毛”(《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》注引《歸藏·開(kai)筮》)的(de)模樣(yang),他(ta)對龍(long)(long)的(de)十分鐘愛,賜姓善于馴養(yang)龍(long)(long)的(de)人(ren)為(wei)“董氏”,專設畜龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)官,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)聯盟(meng)議(yi)事會的(de)“九官”、“十二牧”中(zhong)封龍(long)(long)為(wei)“納言(yan)”之(zhi)(zhi)職。
進入(ru)階(jie)級(ji)社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)第一個(ge)王(wang)(wang)朝——夏代(BC21~BC16世紀)的(de)(de)(de)奠基者(zhe)帝(di)禹(yu)(yu)(yu),則與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有著(zhu)更(geng)為直接的(de)(de)(de)關系。禹(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其父鯀死后,“三歲不腐,剖之(zhi)以(yi)吳刀,化為黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”(《山海(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)內經(jing)》注引《歸藏(zang)·開筮》)的(de)(de)(de),即(ji)“大副(即(ji)剖)之(zhi)吳刀,是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)出禹(yu)(yu)(yu)”,鯀所化之(zhi)黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)即(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)。人們所熟(shu)知的(de)(de)(de)“大禹(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)水(shui)”,也(ye)充(chong)分利用(yong)了龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。“有神(shen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),以(yi)尾畫地,導水(shui)所注,當(dang)決者(zhe)因而注之(zhi)也(ye)”(《楚辭·天(tian)問》王(wang)(wang)逸注)。“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)盡(jin)力溝(gou)洫,導川夷岳,黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曳尾于(yu)(yu)前(qian),玄龜負(fu)青泥(ni)于(yu)(yu)后。”禹(yu)(yu)(yu)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)脾(pi)性(xing)十分熟(shu)悉(xi),有一次“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)省南方,濟乎江,黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)負(fu)舟(zhou)(zhou),舟(zhou)(zhou)中之(zhi)人,五色(se)無主”。但禹(yu)(yu)(yu)鎮定自(zi)若,說:“余何憂于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)焉?”結果是(shi)(shi)(shi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)俯首低尾而逃。”(《呂氏春(chun)秋·知分》)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)做為“夏民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)祖先大禹(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)字,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一條富有生命力的(de)(de)(de)運動中的(de)(de)(de)蛇(she)。”(王(wang)(wang)宇(yu)信(xin):《史(shi)(shi)記》鯀禹(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)失統與鯀禹(yu)(yu)(yu)傳說的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)影》,《歷史(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)》,1988年第6期)而蛇(she)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)構(gou)成龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始素材(cai),也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)說蛇(she)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)一種。如此(ci)等等。
這就是為大家所熟(shu)知的(de)中國(guo)龍的(de)形象:美角(jiao)似(si)麟鹿,迤身似(si)蛇蟒,披鱗似(si)魚(yu),健爪(zhua)似(si)鷹隼的(de)“鱗蟲之長,能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長,春分而登天,秋分能(neng)潛淵”(《說文》卷十一下魚(yu)部(bu))的(de)神奇(qi)動物。
1987年(nian)于河南濮陽西(xi)水坡仰韶文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)六千多(duo)年(nian)前用蚌殼擺的龍(long)(long),此(ci)龍(long)(long)昂首、曲頸(jing)、弓(gong)身(shen)、長尾,前爪(zhua)扒、后爪(zhua)蹬,狀似騰飛(fei),這是(shi)目前我(wo)們見到的最早的龍(long)(long)。1978—1980年(nian),在相當(dang)于“五帝”第四帝陶(tao)(tao)唐氏帝堯時期(qi)的山西(xi)襄汾陶(tao)(tao)寺(si)遺(yi)址(zhi),一(yi)座大墓中出了(le)一(yi)件以(yi)紅(hong)彩、或紅(hong)、白彩繪制蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)圖案的珍貴龍(long)(long)盤。陶(tao)(tao)寺(si)類型(xing)龍(long)(long)山文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)有內城(cheng)、外城(cheng)遺(yi)跡,被(bei)學者推(tui)斷為(wei)帝堯的“龍(long)(long)都(dou)”;而襄汾也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)舉世(shi)聞(wen)名(ming)的“龍(long)(long)鄉”;在我(wo)國第一(yi)個奴隸(li)制夏(xia)王朝都(dou)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)地河南偃師二(er)里(li)頭,也(ye)在一(yi)件殘陶(tao)(tao)器上發(fa)現(xian)了(le)巨眼(yan)、利爪(zhua)、周身(shen)有鱗(lin)的龍(long)(long)紋……自商(shang)周階級(ji)社會以(yi)后,龍(long)(long)的形象更是(shi)屢有出土,不勝枚舉了(le)。
西(xi)漢(包括王莽時期)的(de)龍(long)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)身體(ti)(ti)細(xi)長(chang),似(si)(si)蛇形(xing)(xing),身尾不分(fen)(fen),末尾有(you)(you)鰭(qi)。頭部似(si)(si)鱷魚,整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)較瘦長(chang)。分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)翼(yi)(yi)、無翼(yi)(yi)兩(liang)種。有(you)(you)的(de)角(jiao)似(si)(si)牛角(jiao),細(xi)長(chang),前端略帶(dai)弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)。上(shang)(shang)下顎等長(chang),上(shang)(shang)下唇(chun)分(fen)(fen)別向上(shang)(shang)下翻卷(juan)。分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)無兩(liang)種,翼(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)鳥翅(chi)形(xing)(xing)。獸(shou)腿,短粗(cu)。足部分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)獸(shou)、鷹足兩(liang)種,三趾(zhi)。而到了東(dong)漢,龍(long)體(ti)(ti)粗(cu)壯(zhuang),似(si)(si)虎形(xing)(xing),身尾分(fen)(fen)明,個別有(you)(you)鰭(qi)。角(jiao)似(si)(si)牛角(jiao)。角(jiao)下都(dou)出現突起的(de)棱,頂端前卷(juan),也(ye)有(you)(you)類(lei)似(si)(si)鹿(lu)角(jiao)的(de)。且都(dou)有(you)(you)翼(yi)(yi)。獸(shou)腿較長(chang)。以虎的(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)主,其他動物(wu)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)輔(fu)之。建安(an)至魏晉(十六國時期)的(de)龍(long)體(ti)(ti)較細(xi)長(chang),似(si)(si)虎形(xing)(xing),身尾分(fen)(fen)明。頭角(jiao)略似(si)(si)鹿(lu)角(jiao)。羽翼(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)無兩(liang)種,有(you)(you)翼(yi)(yi)的(de)龍(long)形(xing)(xing)狀仍舊為(wei)(wei)鳥翅(chi)形(xing)(xing)。腿為(wei)(wei)獸(shou)類(lei),長(chang)。
南北朝至隋(sui)時(shi),龍(long)(long)體(ti)(ti)細長,似虎形(xing),身(shen)尾分(fen)明,頸和(he)背(bei)上(shang)出(chu)現(xian)焰環。龍(long)(long)翼(yi)依舊分(fen)有(you)無兩種(zhong),出(chu)現(xian)飄帶形(xing)翼(yi),鳥翅形(xing)尚(shang)存(cun)。四肢上(shang)飄,有(you)長的(de)獸毛。唐宋(song)時(shi)期,體(ti)(ti)粗壯豐(feng)滿,回復到蛇體(ti)(ti),身(shen)尾不分(fen),脊背(bei)至尾都(dou)有(you)鱗,宋(song)代(dai)時(shi)尾上(shang)則有(you)一圈(quan)鰭(qi)。吸取了(le)獅子形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)特點,圓(yuan)而豐(feng)滿,腦后(hou)有(you)鬣(lie)。唐代(dai)時(shi)出(chu)現(xian)分(fen)叉(cha)鹿(lu)角,前期略(lve)似鹿(lu)角尚(shang)存(cun)。上(shang)唇很長,頂端成尖形(xing),下唇短而不再下卷。龍(long)(long)翼(yi)已經都(dou)為(wei)飄帶形(xing)。宋(song)時(shi)出(chu)現(xian)四爪(zhua)的(de)足,后(hou)肢和(he)尾常交叉(cha)盤旋。
在中國(guo),龍(long)經歷了四個較(jiao)大的(de)發展階(jie)段:圖騰崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)階(jie)段、神(shen)靈崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)階(jie)段、龍(long)神(shen)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)與(yu)(yu)帝(di)王崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)相結合的(de)階(jie)段、佛(fo)教娜迦龍(long)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)與(yu)(yu)中國(guo)龍(long)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)相結合的(de)階(jie)段。
在(zai)圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)階段,中(zhong)國遠古的(de)某(mou)些部(bu)(bu)落(luo)把龍視為(wei)(wei)圖騰,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)自己部(bu)(bu)落(luo)的(de)祖(zu)先和(he)標志。根(gen)據歷史文獻資料和(he)有關傳說,龍(原形為(wei)(wei)蛇)原為(wei)(wei)伏羲(xi)氏族的(de)圖騰,后(hou)來成為(wei)(wei)太暤(太昊)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)的(de)圖騰。太暤部(bu)(bu)落(luo)是龍圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)最為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)的(de)起源(yuan)地之(zhi)一。
在神(shen)靈(ling)崇拜(bai)(bai)階段,農牧業逐(zhu)漸形(xing)成(cheng),宗教信仰也得到發(fa)展(zhan),從較為單一的(de)圖騰(teng)崇拜(bai)(bai)過渡(du)到多(duo)神(shen)崇拜(bai)(bai)。龍圖騰(teng)崇拜(bai)(bai)也發(fa)展(zhan)為龍神(shen)崇拜(bai)(bai)。人們把龍神(shen)化,奉龍為水(shui)神(shen)、虹神(shen)。
龍(long)(long)(long)被(bei)神(shen)化后(hou),又與(yu)帝王(wang)崇(chong)拜(bai)結(jie)合(he)在一(yi)(yi)起(qi)。商周時(shi)期(qi),龍(long)(long)(long)紋正(zheng)式作(zuo)為天(tian)子(zi)紋章與(yu)權力象征。這時(shi)候的(de)(de)商周天(tian)子(zi)懸掛九旒龍(long)(long)(long)旗(qi),并且穿著龍(long)(long)(long)袞祭祀先王(wang)。秦漢(han)時(shi)期(qi),中(zhong)國(guo)大統一(yi)(yi),要求(qiu)有一(yi)(yi)個與(yu)之相適應的(de)(de)大神(shen),以整合(he)各(ge)地、各(ge)民族的(de)(de)信仰,龍(long)(long)(long)崇(chong)拜(bai)進一(yi)(yi)步與(yu)帝王(wang)崇(chong)拜(bai)結(jie)合(he)在一(yi)(yi)起(qi)。中(zhong)國(guo)古代帝王(wang)把自(zi)己說成是龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)的(de)(de)化身或龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)之子(zi),或把自(zi)己說成是受龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)保護的(de)(de)人,借助龍(long)(long)(long)樹立威信,獲得人們普遍(bian)的(de)(de)信任和支持。這樣,龍(long)(long)(long)獲得了更(geng)為顯(xian)赫的(de)(de)地位,對中(zhong)國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)文化的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)到(dao)十分(fen)重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
在戰國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi)便(bian)形成了五色龍(long)(long)崇拜,及龍(long)(long)神信仰。在春(chun)秋時(shi)期(qi),有(you)五行(xing)神,分別與五行(xing)之神相(xiang)匹配(pei)的是龍(long)(long)、虎、鳳、龜和(he)麒麟,龍(long)(long)只是其中之一(yi),與木神勾芒相(xiang)搭配(pei),而(er)五龍(long)(long)觀念(nian)尚未形成。到戰國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi),五龍(long)(long)觀念(nian)開(kai)始形成。
最后是(shi)佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)娜迦(jia)龍崇(chong)(chong)拜與中(zhong)國(guo)龍崇(chong)(chong)拜相結(jie)合的(de)(de)階段。隋唐時(shi)代(dai),佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)在中(zhong)國(guo)迅(xun)速傳播,佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)龍王崇(chong)(chong)拜也傳入中(zhong)國(guo)。在中(zhong)國(guo)本(ben)土的(de)(de)龍崇(chong)(chong)拜中(zhong),原來只有龍神崇(chong)(chong)拜,沒有龍王崇(chong)(chong)拜,龍王崇(chong)(chong)拜是(shi)在佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)傳入后引(yin)進的(de)(de)。隨著佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)傳播,龍王、龍宮、龍女(nv)等(deng)也得到(dao)迅(xun)速流傳。道教(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)本(ben)土宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao),是(shi)在原始巫術的(de)(de)基礎上形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。先秦(qin)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)乘龍周游四(si)海、乘龍升天,以及以龍溝(gou)通天人(ren)的(de)(de)信仰,被道教(jiao)(jiao)全(quan)盤繼(ji)承。龍在道教(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)被認為(wei)是(shi)“三(san)(san)(san)轎(jiao)(jiao)”之(zhi)一(yi)。這里所指(zhi)的(de)(de)“三(san)(san)(san)轎(jiao)(jiao)”,一(yi)曰(yue)龍轎(jiao)(jiao),二曰(yue)虎轎(jiao)(jiao),三(san)(san)(san)曰(yue)鹿轎(jiao)(jiao),作上天入地(di)的(de)(de)乘騎(qi)工(gong)具。道教(jiao)(jiao)里有許真君御龍及建(jian)立(li)鎖龍井的(de)(de)著名神話故事(shi),中(zhong)國(guo)各地(di)的(de)(de)鎖龍井故事(shi)的(de)(de)作者(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)巫師即中(zhong)國(guo)道士所為(wei)。
1987年,河南濮陽西水坡遺址,距離今天6000多年仰韶(shao)文(wen)化(hua)早(zao)期的大墓(mu),在男性墓(mu)主人身(shen)邊出土(tu)了一條(tiao)用蚌殼堆(dui)塑的龍,這是(shi)目前發現的最(zui)早(zao)的龍。
1994年,在(zai)湖北黃梅縣白湖鄉(xiang)焦墩(dun)遺址,清理到一條長4.4米(mi)的卵石擺塑龍(long),距(ju)今約六千(qian)年。
新石器時代晚期,玉的(de)(de)神(shen)秘功能(neng)在先(xian)民的(de)(de)眼里愈發(fa)至關重(zhong)要,與天地宗祖鬼神(shen)溝通的(de)(de)琮(cong)、璧、戚等禮(li)器,都(dou)是用(yong)好(hao)玉琢(zhuo)制的(de)(de)。在遼西、內蒙古、徽、湘、鄂、太湖(hu)流(liu)域的(de)(de)發(fa)達(da)地區,人們也用(yong)玉琢(zhuo)出龍(long)形,足見龍(long)在當時非同一般的(de)(de)地位。
安(an)徽凌家(jia)灘白(bai)玉(yu)龍。距今五千年左右(you)。首(shou)尾(wei)相聯(lian)的(de)扁環(huan)形(xing)(xing),雞骨白(bai)色泛(fan)綠斑,此龍除背環(huan)一周明確的(de)脊鬣(lie),尤為形(xing)(xing)象的(de)是龍首(shou)呈牛頭形(xing)(xing),頭上(shang)兩支微翹的(de)彎角(jiao),直觀就是當(dang)地(di)水牛頭上(shang)的(de)雙角(jiao)。
浙(zhe)江(jiang)余(yu)杭瑤山(shan)白玉(yu)龍(long)(long)。良(liang)渚(zhu)文(wen)化。玉(yu)龍(long)(long)組成(cheng)比(bi)較特(te)別,由(you)四個同向龍(long)(long)首圍成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個鐲形(xing)(xing)。龍(long)(long)首分布(bu)均(jun)勻地淺(qian)凸于鐲面(mian)上。嘴、眼、耳(er)淺(qian)浮雕狀,龍(long)(long)角(jiao)、牙齒(chi)等一(yi)(yi)些細部(bu)用陰線勾勒。發掘報告(gao)描(miao)述它“眼和牙近(jin)(jin)似水牛或鹿(lu),鼻(bi)如豬(zhu),角(jiao)與耳(er)非(fei)牛非(fei)鹿(lu),似為各種動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)結合圖形(xing)(xing)。……平(ping)面(mian)加一(yi)(yi)個側面(mian)進(jin)行斜向觀(guan)察,其形(xing)(xing)態和傳統觀(guan)念(nian)龍(long)(long)形(xing)(xing)頗為近(jin)(jin)似,……環曲(qu)的(de)(de)鐲身,或可(ke)視作龍(long)(long)體(ti)的(de)(de)象征”。此類龍(long)(long)形(xing)(xing),在浙(zhe)江(jiang)反山(shan)、瑤山(shan)等遺址出(chu)土的(de)(de)璜(huang)、柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)器、山(shan)字形(xing)(xing)器管和小玉(yu)璧(bi)上多(duo)有發現。扁(bian)長吻,縮頸俯伏,面(mian)額(e)仰天的(de)(de)身姿酷似一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)淺(qian)潛水下(xia),僅(jin)浮露(lu)鼻(bi)眼,隨(sui)時準備獵(lie)(lie)取小動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)鱷魚的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象。一(yi)(yi)排整齊犀利的(de)(de)牙齒(chi),更(geng)是(shi)這一(yi)(yi)水中獵(lie)(lie)手的(de)(de)生動(dong)(dong)寫(xie)照(zhao)。
湖(hu)南澧縣孫家崗的玉龍。龍山(shan)文化(hua)。扁簿(bu)狀(zhuang),鏤刻透雕(diao)而(er)成(cheng)。頭頂有(you)(you)高(gao)聳華麗(li)的角狀(zhuang)裝飾,腹(fu)下(xia)有(you)(you)雕(diao)鏤逼(bi)真的龍腳(這恐怕是已知玉龍中最早發現龍腳的例子)。但蜷曲的主(zhu)體,仍隱(yin)約能見“C”字形(xing)狀(zhuang)。長吻、圓眼等獨(du)特(te)的造型,同樣具有(you)(you)鱷(e)魚的體態特(te)征(zheng)。
湖北(bei)天(tian)門肖家屋脊玦(jue)形(xing)玉龍(long)石家河文(wen)化(hua)。外(wai)形(xing)極似紅(hong)山文(wen)化(hua)“C”字形(xing)玉龍(long),只是頭形(xing)不似紅(hong)山豬、熊(xiong)、馬首形(xing),而略與鱷接近。
以上諸(zhu)玉(yu)(yu)龍,都是新(xin)石器時代(dai)晚(wan)期距今五千年左(zuo)右的典型玉(yu)(yu)龍。從動物學角度分析,主要是馬(ma)、熊、牛、鱷(e)幾種,特征清(qing)晰,種類明確。
至于(yu)安徽(hui)凌家(jia)灘玉(yu)龍為(wei)牛(niu)首形,據了解,水牛(niu)在(zai)這一(yi)帶,不(bu)久前還是農家(jia)的主要(yao)畜力,也(ye)是當(dang)地農民(min)幾千(qian)年(nian)賴(lai)以生(sheng)(sheng)存的動物,即使(shi)是上世(shi)紀五十年(nian)代(dai)的人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府,也(ye)曾多次(ci)發(fa)布公告,嚴禁宰(zai)割耕牛(niu),足見牛(niu)在(zai)當(dang)地人(ren)(ren)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活中占據過多么重要(yao)的地位(wei)。凌家(jia)灘先民(min)把這一(yi)具有(you)神奇(qi)般力量,對農業豐產作(zuo)出極(ji)大貢獻(xian)的水牛(niu),虛幻神化為(wei)龍的形象,順理(li)成(cheng)章(zhang)。
浙江余(yu)杭瑤山白玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)、湖南澧縣(xian)孫(sun)家崗(gang)白玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)、湖北天(tian)門(men)肖家屋(wu)脊玦形(xing)龍(long)(long)(long),頭(tou)形(xing)都似鱷(e)(e)(e)魚,而(er)鱷(e)(e)(e)魚也正(zheng)是(shi)長(chang)江流域及江南水鄉地(di)帶常見的、令(ling)人印(yin)象深刻的動物。有人分(fen)析(xi)認為,鱷(e)(e)(e)魚總是(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)眠之后在(zai)春天(tian)破穴決堤造成水災,人們(men)(men)也往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)這個時候看到了鱷(e)(e)(e)魚出沒在(zai)波濤滾(gun)滾(gun)之中,便以為鱷(e)(e)(e)魚有一種超自然的力量,使人們(men)(men)逐漸(jian)由鱷(e)(e)(e)產(chan)生了龍(long)(long)(long)神的形(xing)象和(he)崇拜(bai)。
繁(fan)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)型(xing),特別是(shi)新石器時代晚(wan)期玉龍(long)各有(you)祖形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象,說(shuo)明龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生其(qi)(qi)實(shi)是(shi)與新石器時代晚(wan)期當(dang)時當(dang)地氏族先民所尊崇、敬(jing)畏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)直接相關,與當(dang)時當(dang)地生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)群(qun)有(you)關。如鱷應該(gai)在江(jiang)(jiang)河沼澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)浙湘鄂地區(qu),而不應該(gai)出遼西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山區(qu)和茫(mang)茫(mang)無際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大草原上;馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡在太湖流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新石器時代古文化遺(yi)址中沒有(you)發現(xian)……這種(zhong)與當(dang)時當(dang)地先民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊重(zhong)物(wu)緊密相連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造龍(long)現(xian)象,直至以(yi)(yi)后仍會導致另類新龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生。如商代人首雙角龍(long)紋青銅盉,漢(han)代馬(ma)王堆帛畫上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人形(xing)(xing)龍(long),江(jiang)(jiang)蘇丹徒丁卯橋唐(tang)代鎏金(jin)銀盆上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚龍(long)等等。其(qi)(qi)中人形(xing)(xing)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian),說(shuo)明受到尊崇、仰(yang)慕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首領、英雄(xiong)人物(wu)等,同樣可(ke)以(yi)(yi)成龍(long)。這一現(xian)象即使(shi)在科學發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2019年,仍能產生其(qi)(qi)不可(ke)思議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。總而言之,這種(zhong)奇妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、唯“龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳人”獨(du)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)”化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識行為,實(shi)質就是(shi)將這種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)或(huo)人予以(yi)(yi)“神”化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。
《竹書紀年》載(zai):伏羲氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族中有飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、潛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、居龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、降龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、土(tu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、水龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、赤龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、白龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、黑(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
古籍說帝舜和(he)夏(xia)代有(you)(you)飼養龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的活動,以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)作氏族的族名。《路史(shi)·后(hou)紀》卷十一:“當舜之時,人來效(xiao)獻(獻也)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),求能(neng)(neng)食(shi)(shi)之。高陽之后(hou),有(you)(you)董(dong)父能(neng)(neng)求其(qi)欲,使(shi)豢(huan)之。賜之氏白豢(huan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。封于(yu)(yu)鬷川,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)始有(you)(you)豢(huan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之官。”《左傳》昭公(gong)二十九年云:“帝舜氏世有(you)(you)畜龍(long)(long)(long)(long),及(有(you)(you))夏(xia)孔(kong)甲,擾于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)帝。帝賜之乘龍(long)(long)(long)(long),河漢各(ge)二,各(ge)有(you)(you)雌(ci)雄(xiong)。孔(kong)甲不能(neng)(neng)食(shi)(shi),而(er)未獲(huo)豢(huan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏。陶唐(tang)氏既衰,其(qi)后(hou)有(you)(you)劉累學擾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)于(yu)(yu)豢(huan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)氏,以(yi)(yi)事孔(kong)甲,能(neng)(neng)飲食(shi)(shi)之,夏(xia)后(hou)嘉(jia)之,賜姓(xing)(氏)曰(yue)御龍(long)(long)(long)(long),以(yi)(yi)更豕韋之后(hou)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)一雌(ci)死,潛(qian)醢以(yi)(yi)食(shi)(shi)夏(xia)后(hou)。夏(xia)后(hou)飧(sun)之,既而(er)使(shi)求之,懼(ju)而(er)遷于(yu)(yu)魯縣,范氏其(qi)后(hou)也。”
到了商及西周時期,龍的(de)形(xing)象(xiang)出現(xian)了兩極(ji)分化(hua)(hua):一種(zhong)無(wu)比猙獰,最有(you)名的(de)是山西石樓縣桃花莊(zhuang)出土的(de)商代晚期銅(tong)(tong)(tong)龍形(xing)觥,張開大嘴露出利齒,兩角(jiao)高聳恐怖懾(she)人,就(jiu)是鱷魚的(de)形(xing)象(xiang);一種(zhong)十(shi)分溫(wen)順,比如商代晚期河南(nan)安陽殷墟婦(fu)好(hao)墓(mu)(mu)出土的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)蟠龍盤(pan),其他(ta)殷墟墓(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)也(ye)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)。商周時期,龍文化(hua)(hua)更得到廣泛的(de)傳播。龍由圖(tu)騰時代原始的(de)龍形(xing)象(xiang)變成真正的(de)龍紋(wen)(wen),約在(zai)商代。商王(wang)朝(chao)非(fei)常(chang)重視宗(zong)教(jiao)與巫術,也(ye)就(jiu)十(shi)分重視宗(zong)教(jiao)活動中(zhong)必不可少的(de)禮(li)器-青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器的(de)鑄造。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器上的(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)濃郁的(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)色彩,即通(tong)過(guo)各(ge)種(zhong)象(xiang)征性的(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi),向人們展示應(ying)崇拜(bai)的(de)神靈,求其保護,免(mian)受(shou)怪物的(de)侵害。這種(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)中(zhong),原龍紋(wen)(wen)成為主要的(de)部分。
商周(zhou)(zhou)時期,龍紋已經正式成為(wei)天子紋章和(he)權力象征(zheng)(zheng)。除了(le)將龍紋刻畫在(zai)青(qing)銅(tong)器上,商周(zhou)(zhou)的統治者還把(ba)龍紋畫在(zai)旗幟和(he)衣服(fu)上,以作為(wei)身(shen)份的象征(zheng)(zheng)。
《商頌·玄鳥》:“龍旂(qi)十(shi)乘,大糦是乘。”
《荀(xun)子(zi)·禮(li)論》:“天子(zi)大路越席,所以養體也;龍旂九斿,所以養信也。”
《周禮·春官》:“享先王,則袞冕。”
《晏子春秋(qiu)》:“昔者秦繆公乘龍舟而理天下。”
《史(shi)記·封禪書》載(zai):“昔秦文公出獵(lie),獲黑龍”。
龍(long)(long)原本(ben)是中華(hua)先民(min)崇拜對(dui)象,但隨著專制程度(du)的(de)不斷加深,君權之日(ri)益膨(peng)脹,帝王(wang)之家憑借政治優勢,將龍(long)(long)據為己有(you)(you)。《呂氏(shi)春秋》中,便有(you)(you)將晉(jin)文(wen)公“喻(yu)之為龍(long)(long)”的(de)記載。其(qi)后有(you)(you)秦始皇稱“祖(zu)龍(long)(long)”之說。秦漢以后,龍(long)(long)已定(ding)型(xing)為帝王(wang)化身,皇室專利。皇帝為“真龍(long)(long)天子(zi)”,出生曰“真龍(long)(long)天降”,駕崩稱“龍(long)(long)御上賓”;所居者(zhe)龍(long)(long)庭,臥(wo)者(zhe)龍(long)(long)床,座者(zhe)龍(long)(long)椅,穿者(zhe)龍(long)(long)袍。
西(xi)漢董仲舒(shu)所撰的(de)《春秋(qiu)繁露》中,記有(you)民間祈(qi)求龍降(jiang)(jiang)雨以保(bao)豐收的(de)祀龍降(jiang)(jiang)雨活動。在長沙馬王堆(dui)西(xi)漢墓出(chu)土的(de)著名帛(bo)畫(hua)上(shang),也有(you)龍的(de)形象。這表明在西(xi)漢時期,龍已經(jing)是社會生活中流傳相當廣泛的(de)一種文化(hua)意識了(le)。
《新唐書(shu)·五行志三》載:“貞(zhen)元末(805年),資江得龍(long)丈(zhang)余,西川節度使韋皋匣而(er)(er)獻之,老姓縱觀(guan)。三日,為(wei)煙所熏(xun)而(er)(er)死”。該事(shi),《太平廣(guang)記》卷四二二引牛肅(su)《紀聞》談的比較詳(xiang)細。
《唐年補(bu)錄》載:唐咸通末,舒州刺史孔(kong)威進龍(long)骨一(yi)具,因有(you)表(biao)錄其事(shi)狀云(yun):“州之桐城縣善政鄉百姓胡舉,有(you)青龍(long)斗死于庭中(zhong)(zhong)。時四月,尚有(you)繭(jian)箔在庭。忽(hu)云(yun)雷暴起,聞云(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)擊觸聲,血如釃雨,灑繭(jian)箔上(shang),血不氵于箔,漸(jian)旋結聚,可(ke)拾置掌上(shang)。須臾,令人冷痛入(ru)骨。初龍(long)拖(tuo)尾及地,繞一(yi)泔桶,即騰身入(ru)云(yun)。及雨,悉是(shi)泔也。龍(long)既死,剖之,喉中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)大瘡。凡長十(shi)余丈。鱗鬣(lie)皆魚(yu)。唯有(you)須長二丈。其足(zu)有(you)赤膜翳之。雙角各(ge)長二丈。時遣大云(yun)倉使督(du)而送州。以(yi)肉重不能全舉,乃剸(tuan)之為數十(shi)段,載之赴官(guan)。”
《遼史·太祖本紀下》記:“神冊五年(nian)(920年(nian))夏五月庚辰,有龍(long)見于拽刺山陽水上(shang)。上(shang)射獲之,藏其骨內府”。北宋沈括《夢溪筆(bi)談(tan)·雜志(zhi)一》介紹過他出使契丹(dan)時所聞該事(shi),元好問《續(xu)夷堅志(zhi)》對該事(shi)談(tan)的較詳細(xi),是(shi)條(tiao)五尺小龍(long)。
明朝(chao)洪武(wu)時(shi)期,龍紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型基(ji)本上(shang)保(bao)持著元代龍紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀。其特征(zheng)概括為頭(tou)小(xiao)、頸(jing)細、身體細長(chang)、少毛發、三四(si)爪。永(yong)樂、宣德時(shi)期,改變了前(qian)朝(chao)那(nei)種身細、頭(tou)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)稚龍形態,龍形變得形體高(gao)(gao)大(da)粗(cu)壯,威(wei)武(wu)兇猛。那(nei)時(shi),龍首(shou)較元代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da),上(shang)顎比下顎長(chang)而高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)突(tu)起,有張口和閉(bi)嘴之分。張口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸舌(早期較長(chang)如(ru)戟狀,后(hou)期略短微微上(shang)翹),閉(bi)嘴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)唇似如(ru)意狀,鼻(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)側有對稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)曲須,下顎多(duo)有兩(liang)束(shu)或(huo)三束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疏須,頭(tou)毛是一束(shu)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疏毛,前(qian)期發少,后(hou)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發多(duo)。
到了(le)成化、弘治、正德年(nian)間,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)型失(shi)去了(le)前朝張牙舞爪、叱咤風(feng)云的(de)(de)雄姿,表現出(chu)一副(fu)性情溫順的(de)(de)神(shen)態。常見的(de)(de)一種閉(bi)嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long),多(duo)在(zai)花(hua)間、蓮池、海水彩云中(zhong)出(chu)現。除了(le)閉(bi)嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long),也(ye)有(you)(you)少量張口(kou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、螭(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。而(er)嘉靖、隆慶、萬(wan)歷年(nian)間,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋則以行(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為多(duo)。有(you)(you)雙龍(long)(long)(long)(long)相對的(de)(de),有(you)(you)張牙舞爪的(de)(de),有(you)(you)兩龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爭珠(zhu)、回首而(er)望的(de)(de),也(ye)有(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鳳對舞的(de)(de)。有(you)(you)行(xing)于花(hua)間、舞于彩云的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)形(xing),也(ye)有(you)(you)游(you)于海濤(tao)之中(zhong)的(de)(de)蛟(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。此時的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋,亦(yi)分張口(kou)和閉(bi)嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。在(zai)工藝上(shang),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋大不如前。常見畫工簡單(dan)草率,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗畫成簡單(dan)的(de)(de)網(wang)格紋,神(shen)氣也(ye)差。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)顯得(de)瘦弱,失(shi)去駕云行(xing)海叱咤風(feng)云的(de)(de)神(shen)威。
雍正、乾隆年間,龍(long)(long)型的(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)叉成山(shan)字形,龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)眼(yan)睛顯(xian)(xian)圓,龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)爪已不似明代鷹爪,五趾相靠成“風車(che)”狀。這時(shi)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)爪拇趾與(yu)食(shi)趾相距(ju)較大,趾甲(jia)顯(xian)(xian)得細小,沒有(you)(you)了元(yuan)、明時(shi)期三角(jiao)(jiao)形的(de)(de)那種鋒利感(gan)(gan)。所以(yi),清(qing)代龍(long)(long)爪給人以(yi)有(you)(you)形無(wu)(wu)力(li)之(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)(gan)。清(qing)末的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)紋,其精神大不如之(zhi)(zhi)前的(de)(de)威武、健(jian)壯(zhuang),顯(xian)(xian)得腰(yao)硬,老態龍(long)(long)鐘,四(si)肢(zhi)無(wu)(wu)力(li)。對比發(fa)現,之(zhi)(zhi)前的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)體盤(pan)(pan)曲度大,有(you)(you)三波九(jiu)折(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)。而清(qing)末時(shi)盤(pan)(pan)曲少了,故顯(xian)(xian)腰(yao)體硬直之(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)(gan)。
概(gai)括起(qi)(qi)來(lai),明代(dai)龍紋(wen)及造型粗壯,威(wei)武生(sheng)猛,龍首魁梧,有怒(nu)發沖冠之(zhi)(zhi)氣勢。龍趾(zhi)呈三(san)角形,略(lve)微內彎,鋒利剛勁。明中期時龍首扁長,上唇呈如(ru)意狀,龍爪緊靠呈風車狀。明晚期時,仍以(yi)游龍居(ju)多,龍的(de)頭部略(lve)圓(yuan),鬃(zong)毛成蓬,有上沖之(zhi)(zhi)勢。這時的(de)龍型上顎端(duan)肌肉(rou)高高突起(qi)(qi),呈如(ru)意狀,形如(ru)豬嘴,人稱“豬嘴龍”。而清代(dai)龍紋(wen)顯得華貴精巧,富麗堂皇。
在中(zhong)華,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文化、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)蘊(yun)涵(han)著中(zhong)國人(ren)所重視的(de)(de)(de)(de)天人(ren)合(he)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)宇宙觀(guan);仁者愛(ai)人(ren)互主體觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)訴求;陰陽交合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)觀(guan);兼容并包的(de)(de)(de)(de)多元文化觀(guan)。中(zhong)國龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文化內(nei)涵(han)豐富(fu),從性質(zhi)和(he)內(nei)涵(han)來看,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文化可分為三(san)大類型:宗教龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、政(zheng)治(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)藝術(shu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。宗教龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)即把龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)當作圣物或神(shen)(shen)靈來崇(chong)拜,把龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)視為主宰雨(yu)水之神(shen)(shen)或保護(hu)(hu)神(shen)(shen)等。政(zheng)治(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)統治(zhi)階級利用人(ren)們普遍崇(chong)拜龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理,把帝王(wang)說(shuo)成是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化身(shen),是(shi)神(shen)(shen)圣不可侵(qin)犯的(de)(de)(de)(de),用以(yi)維護(hu)(hu)統治(zhi)。藝術(shu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)就是(shi)以(yi)藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式表現(xian)對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)敬仰和(he)崇(chong)拜,即以(yi)雕刻(ke)、塑造、繪畫、舞蹈、神(shen)(shen)話傳說(shuo)、競技活(huo)動(dong)等方(fang)式表現(xian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。
中國龍文(wen)化具有鮮(xian)明(ming)特(te)色。
1.悠久性。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)龍(long)(long)崇拜歷史在世界上最(zui)為久遠。據(ju)考古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)資料,最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)形(xing)象(xiang)是在1994年發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)遼(liao)寧(ning)阜新查海遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現的(de)(de),這一遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)有一條距今七八千年的(de)(de)興隆(long)洼文化石(shi)塊堆(dui)塑龍(long)(long)。在新石(shi)器遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),還發(fa)現了眾多(duo)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)形(xing)象(xiang)。至(zhi)于玉(yu)龍(long)(long)和龍(long)(long)紋就更(geng)多(duo)。
2.延(yan)續性。龍文(wen)化(hua)在中國歷(li)久不衰(shuai),歷(li)朝歷(li)代延(yan)續不斷,可以說是延(yan)續時間最長、生(sheng)命力最強的文(wen)化(hua)現象之一(yi)。
3.多(duo)樣性(xing)。中國(guo)龍(long)(long)文化豐富(fu)多(duo)樣。龍(long)(long)的(de)形(xing)象變化多(duo)樣,中國(guo)各(ge)朝代的(de)龍(long)(long)形(xing)象均(jun)有(you)所不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。各(ge)地與龍(long)(long)有(you)關的(de)民俗活(huo)動也各(ge)不(bu)相同(tong)(tong),龍(long)(long)的(de)神(shen)話傳說豐富(fu)多(duo)彩,祭龍(long)(long)儀式紛繁復雜。
4.普(pu)遍性(xing)。中國大多數民(min)族都崇拜(bai)龍(long),有龍(long)抬頭節習(xi)俗,帶有“龍(long)”字的地名、物名、人名遍布全(quan)國各地。
5.整合(he)性(xing)。自秦漢之后(hou),龍神崇拜與(yu)帝王(wang)崇拜結合(he)在一起,龍獲得(de)了更為顯赫的(de)地(di)位,這使各地(di)區、各民(min)族本(ben)來不同的(de)龍文(wen)化(hua)得(de)到整合(he)。中(zhong)國龍文(wen)化(hua)經過整合(he),具有(you)更強(qiang)的(de)生命力和傳播力。
龍(long)生(sheng)九(jiu)子:據明人(ren)李東陽(yang)《懷麓(lu)堂集》載(zai),龍(long)生(sheng)九(jiu)子不成龍(long),各有(you)所好。囚牛(niu):性喜音(yin)樂(le),舊(jiu)時多(duo)刻(ke)于胡(hu)琴(qin)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)。睚眥(yá zì):平(ping)生(sheng)好殺,喜血腥之氣。樣子像長了龍(long)角(jiao)的豺狼,怒目而視,雙角(jiao)向后(hou)緊貼背(bei)部。常(chang)被(bei)雕飾在刀柄(bing)劍(jian)鞘上(shang)(shang)。嘲(chao)風(cháo fēng):喜好冒(mao)險(xian),常(chang)用(yong)其(qi)形(xing)狀在殿角(jiao)上(shang)(shang)作為裝飾,具有(you)威(wei)懾(she)妖魔(mo)、清除災禍的含義。蒲牢(pú láo):喜歡(huan)(huan)吼叫(jiao),人(ren)們常(chang)把它安在鐘上(shang)(shang)。狻猊(suān ní):形(xing)如(ru)獅,喜歡(huan)(huan)蹲坐(zuo)。佛祖(zu)見(jian)它有(you)耐心,便收在胯下當了坐(zuo)騎。赑(bi)屃(xi)(bì xì):似(si)龜,好負重。各地的宮(gong)殿、祠堂、陵墓中均可見(jian)到其(qi)背(bei)負石(shi)碑的樣子。狴犴(bì àn):平(ping)生(sheng)好訟(song),其(qi)形(xing)似(si)虎,往(wang)往(wang)刻(ke)于獄門(men)之上(shang)(shang)。負屃(xi)(fù xì):平(ping)生(sheng)好文,常(chang)盤繞(rao)在石(shi)碑碑文頭(tou)頂。螭(chi)吻(chī wěn):喜歡(huan)(huan)東張西望,經常(chang)被(bei)安排(pai)在建筑(zhu)物的屋脊上(shang)(shang),作建筑(zhu)物上(shang)(shang)的吻獸。不過民間傳說(shuo)中之龍(long)子遠不止上(shang)(shang)述九(jiu)位,九(jiu)乃虛指,以示數量(liang)之多(duo);又是(shi)陽(yang)極(ji)之貴數,以示地位尊崇。折射出我(wo)中華(hua)先人(ren)對子孫眾多(duo)的期盼(pan)、對變(bian)異性的破(po)解以及對后(hou)來(lai)習(xi)得的肯(ken)定的文化(hua)理念。
龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang):唐玄(xuan)宗時,詘祠龍(long)池,設壇官(guan)致(zhi)祭(ji),以祭(ji)雨師之儀祭(ji)龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。宋(song)太(tai)祖沿用唐代祭(ji)五龍(long)之制。宋(song)徽宗大(da)觀二(er)年(1108 年)詘天下五龍(long)皆(jie)封王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)爵(jue)。封青龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廣(guang)仁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),赤龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)嘉澤王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),黃(huang)龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)孚應王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),白龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)義濟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),黑龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)靈澤王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。清同(tong)治二(er)年(1863年)又封運河(he)龍(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“延庥(xiu)顯應分水龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之神(shen)(shen)”,令(ling)河(he)道(dao)總督以時致(zhi)祭(ji)。在(zai)《西游記》中(zhong),龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分別是(shi)∶東(dong)海(hai)(hai)敖(ao)(ao)廣(guang)、南海(hai)(hai)敖(ao)(ao)欽、西海(hai)(hai)敖(ao)(ao)閏、北海(hai)(hai)敖(ao)(ao)順,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)四海(hai)(hai)龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(如四海(hai)(hai)龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),五方龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang))是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)國古(gu)代龍(long)神(shen)(shen)信(xin)仰及(ji)佛教(jiao)龍(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)信(xin)仰的基礎(chu)上(shang)形成(cheng)的。
龍(long)脈(mo)(mo)(mo):風(feng)水學把起伏的(de)山脈(mo)(mo)(mo)稱為龍(long)脈(mo)(mo)(mo),古(gu)代“風(feng)水術(shu)”首推“地理五訣”,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“覓龍(long)、察砂、觀水、點穴、立向”。龍(long)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地理脈(mo)(mo)(mo)絡,土是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)的(de)肉、石是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)的(de)骨(gu)、草木(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)的(de)毛(mao)發。尋龍(long)首先應該先尋祖(zu)宗父母山脈(mo)(mo)(mo),審氣脈(mo)(mo)(mo)別生氣,分陰(yin)陽。最著名的(de)龍(long)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)為昆侖(lun)山和秦嶺。
龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)傳人(ren):所(suo)謂龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)傳人(ren),主要(yao)意思是(shi)說龍(long)(long)之(zhi)血緣的(de)(de)傳承(cheng)人(ren),說遠(yuan)古的(de)(de)先祖是(shi)人(ren)和龍(long)(long)交(jiao)合的(de)(de)產物(wu),次(ci)要(yao)意思是(shi)說龍(long)(long)之(zhi)澤物(wu)無畏(wei)精神的(de)(de)傳承(cheng)人(ren)。
生肖(xiao):龍(long)在中國(guo)傳統的十二(er)生肖(xiao)中排(pai)列第五(wu)位,對應的地支是(shi)辰,所以有辰龍(long)一說。龍(long)與(yu)鳳凰、麒(qi)麟、玄武一起(qi)并稱“四(si)靈”。
元宵(xiao)節舞(wu)龍:舞(wu)龍俗稱玩龍燈,是(shi)一種(zhong)中國(guo)傳統民俗文化(hua)活動之一,每逢喜慶節日(ri)都會(hui)舞(wu)龍,以舞(wu)龍的方式來(lai)祈求平安和(he)豐(feng)收。舞(wu)龍時(shi),龍跟(gen)著繡球(qiu)做(zuo)各種(zhong)動,穿(chuan)插,不斷地展示扭、揮、仰(yang)、跪、跳(tiao)、搖等多種(zhong)姿(zi)勢。
二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),龍(long)(long)抬頭:農歷二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er),俗稱(cheng)青龍(long)(long)節,傳說是龍(long)(long)抬頭的日子。據易(yi)經中的說法(fa),這一(yi)天之(zhi)(zhi)前,雖(sui)然(ran)已屬(shu)春天,但(dan)還蟄伏著,稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為“潛龍(long)(long)在淵”。這一(yi)天之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),陽氣(qi)上升,春意隱約可見,故曰“見龍(long)(long)在田(tian)”。顧名思(si)義,龍(long)(long)出現了,一(yi)切(qie)都開始嶄露頭角。起(qi)初為“龍(long)(long)頭節”,敬龍(long)(long)祈雨,讓(rang)老天佑(you)保農業(ye)豐收(shou)。更為普遍的說法(fa)是二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬頭,所以每個人都要(yao)去理發,以沾染“龍(long)(long)”氣(qi),迎(ying)取(qu)吉利。
端午(wu)節賽(sai)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou):龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)賽(sai)是一(yi)種(zhong)古老民(min)俗活動。端午(wu)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)競渡(du)的(de)(de)習俗,早在屈原之(zhi)前已經(jing)(jing)存在。長江(jiang)中(zhong)下游廣大地(di)區,在新(xin)石器時(shi)代,有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)幾何印紋(wen)陶(tao)為(wei)(wei)特征的(de)(de)文化遺存。該(gai)遺存的(de)(de)族(zu)屬,據專家推斷是一(yi)個崇拜龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)騰的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)族(zu)——史(shi)稱百越(yue)族(zu)。出土(tu)陶(tao)器上的(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)和歷(li)史(shi)傳說示明,他(ta)們有(you)斷發紋(wen)身的(de)(de)習俗,生活于水鄉,自(zi)比(bi)是龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)子孫。最(zui)早是古越(yue)祖先(xian)將部(bu)(bu)落圖(tu)(tu)騰繪制在獨木(mu)舟(zhou)上,又(you)劃著這種(zhong)舟(zhou)去探親訪(fang)友,有(you)時(shi)大家遇到一(yi)起,便會趁興比(bi)賽(sai)誰劃得快(kuai)。在數千年的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)發展中(zhong),大部(bu)(bu)分百越(yue)人(ren)已經(jing)(jing)融合到漢(han)族(zu)中(zhong)了,其(qi)余(yu)部(bu)(bu)分則演變(bian)為(wei)(wei)南方許多少數民(min)族(zu)。隨(sui)著龍(long)(long)神(shen)觀念逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)炎黃子孫共同的(de)(de)意識后(hou),圖(tu)(tu)騰舟(zhou)也就演變(bian)成(cheng)了各式各樣的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou),并從(cong)中(zhong)產生出競渡(du)的(de)(de)游藝形(xing)式,此(ci)后(hou)漸漸形(xing)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國各地(di)的(de)(de)傳統風俗。
龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)呈祥:典出《孔叢子(zi)·記(ji)問》:“天子(zi)布德,將(jiang)致太平,則(ze)麟鳳(feng)龜龍(long)(long)先(xian)為(wei)之呈祥。”在中國傳統理念(nian)里,龍(long)(long)和(he)鳳(feng)代表著吉祥如意,龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)一起使用多表示喜慶之事。傳說中秦穆公的(de)女兒弄(nong)玉和(he)駙馬蕭(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)在華山(shan)隱居修煉,得道乘龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)而去,后來(lai)(lai)人們為(wei)紀(ji)念(nian)弄(nong)玉和(he)蕭(xiao)(xiao)史(shi)(shi)的(de)動人故事,就用“龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)呈祥”來(lai)(lai)形容夫妻(qi)間比(bi)翼雙飛、恩愛相隨、相濡以(yi)沫、怡合百(bai)年的(de)忠貞愛情。
隨(sui)(sui)著中(zhong)國人移民海外(wai),中(zhong)國的龍文(wen)化(hua)也隨(sui)(sui)之流傳到(dao)世界各地(di)。
一兩(liang)千年以(yi)來,日本(ben)農民(min)(min)和漁民(min)(min)就一直祭(ji)祀和崇拜龍,以(yi)求風調雨順(shun)五谷豐登(deng)。在高松冢(zhong)古(gu)(gu)墳中(zhong)有一幅七世紀的(de)(de)壁畫《青龍圖(tu)》,其形態與中(zhong)國龍相差無幾。日本(ben)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑中(zhong),中(zhong)國漢唐明(ming)清時期龍的(de)(de)形態較多見(jian),先秦時期的(de)(de)龍則少見(jian)。可見(jian)中(zhong)國龍的(de)(de)藝術是從漢代(dai)開始大量傳(chuan)入日本(ben)的(de)(de)。
中國龍(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)傳入東南亞要比(bi)日本(ben)早(zao)的(de)(de)多(duo),因而顯得更具原始文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)特性。龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)頭大,有些像獅子(zi)或牛,腹(fu)粗(cu),尾大,足小。這種龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)形象在這一地(di)區的(de)(de)建(jian)筑、服飾、雕刻,以(yi)及龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)、龍(long)(long)(long)舞和龍(long)(long)(long)燈等民俗活(huo)動中,隨處可(ke)見。長江(jiang)以(yi)南有星羅棋布(bu)的(de)(de)江(jiang)河(he)湖泊。龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)甚(shen)為發達。指揮龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)競渡的(de)(de)銅(tong)鼓飾有龍(long)(long)(long)鳳等吉(ji)祥動物(wu)圖案。
日(ri)本(ben)在(zai)(zai)唐代時與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)頻繁往來(lai),大量學習中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文化,促進(jin)(jin)了其社會(hui)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)。如日(ri)本(ben)的傳統(tong)建筑和傳統(tong)服飾其實完(wan)全就是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)唐代時的樣子。而在(zai)(zai)那(nei)個時候(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的龍(long)都(dou)(dou)是三爪(zhua),日(ri)本(ben)也(ye)就只(zhi)能從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)引進(jin)(jin)三爪(zhua)的龍(long)。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出現四(si)爪(zhua)龍(long)后,已經開(kai)始閉關鎖國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),與(yu)日(ri)本(ben)斷了往來(lai)。而韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一直到清末前(qian)都(dou)(dou)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的附屬國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)明代統(tong)治者開(kai)始用五(wu)爪(zhua)龍(long)圖案的時候(hou),自然不可能讓屬國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和自己平起平坐,於是韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的龍(long)就只(zhi)能是四(si)爪(zhua)了。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)是(shi)指龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個兒(er)子(zi),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個兒(er)子(zi)都不成(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),各有(you)(you)(you)不同。所謂“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)”,并非龍(long)(long)(long)(long)恰好(hao)生(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)。中國傳(chuan)統文化中,以(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)來表示(shi)極多,有(you)(you)(you)至高無(wu)上地位,九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)個虛數,也是(shi)貴數,所以(yi)用來描(miao)述龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)這(zhe)個說法由來已久,但(dan)是(shi)究竟是(shi)哪九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)種(zhong)動物一(yi)直沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)說法,直到明(ming)朝才(cai)出現了各種(zhong)說法。明(ming)代一(yi)些學人筆(bi)記(ji),如陸(lu)容(rong)的(de)(de)《菽園雜記(ji)》、李(li)東陽的(de)(de)《懷(huai)麓(lu)堂集》、楊慎的(de)(de)《升庵(an)集》、李(li)詡的(de)(de)《戒庵(an)老(lao)人漫筆(bi)》、徐應秋的(de)(de)《玉芝堂談蕓》等,對(dui)諸(zhu)位龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)均有(you)(you)(you)記(ji)載,但(dan)不統一(yi)。
龍(long)(long)生九子(zi)古時(shi)民間有(you)“龍(long)(long)生九子(zi),不成龍(long)(long),各有(you)所(suo)好”的(de)傳說(shuo)。但九子(zi)是(shi)什么(me),說(shuo)法也(ye)不同(tong)。我們主(zhu)要以(yi)年(nian)份偏老并已(yi)經(jing)被后人(ren)整理成書的(de)《中國吉祥圖說(shuo)》來(lai)了解(jie)具體是(shi)哪九子(zi)。
1.老大囚(qiu)牛(niu),喜音樂,蹲立(li)于琴頭;
2.老二睚眥(zi)(yázì),嗜殺喜斗,刻鏤于刀環、劍柄吞口;
3.老(lao)三嘲(chao)風,形(xing)似獸(shou),平生好(hao)險又好(hao)望,殿臺角(jiao)上的走獸(shou)是(shi)它的遺像。也有(you)人一直(zhi)認為它是(shi)有(you)著龍(long)脈的鳳;
4.四子蒲牢(lao)(pú láo),受擊就大聲吼叫,充作洪鐘提梁的獸鈕,助其鳴聲遠揚;
5.五子狻猊(suān ní),形(xing)如獅(shi),喜煙(yan)好坐,所以形(xing)象一般出現于香爐上,隨(sui)之吞煙(yan)吐霧
6.六子霸下(xia),又名赑屃(bì xì),似(si)龜有齒,喜歡負重,是碑(bei)下(xia)龜;
7.七子(zi)狴犴(bì àn),形(xing)似虎,好訟,獄門或官衙正堂兩側(ce)有其像;
8.八子負屃(fù xì),身似龍,雅好斯文,盤繞在石碑頭頂;
9.老九螭(chi)吻(chī wěn),又名鴟(chī)尾或(huo)鴟吻,口潤嗓粗而好吞,遂成殿脊(ji)(ji)兩端(duan)的(de)吞脊(ji)(ji)獸,取其滅火消災。
其他:
饕(tao)餮:四兇之(zhi)一,原(yuan)為(wei)縉(jin)云(yun)氏之(zhi)子(zi)。
貔貅:帶(dai)有祥(xiang)瑞(rui)之(zhi)氣的一種神(shen)獸。
龍(long)(long)為(wei)文化本源(yuan)。《易(yi)》乃群經之(zhi)(zhi)首,大(da)道之(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)。而《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),則可追溯至龍(long)(long)書。《易(yi)》中,主卦(gua)為(wei)乾、坤(kun)二(er)卦(gua)。乾卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)中,《易(yi)·乾·爻辭(ci)》則按(an)六(liu)爻之(zhi)(zhi)順序揭示(shi)了事物包括人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)成(cheng)長的(de)(de)(de)普遍規律,以龍(long)(long)成(cheng)長于(yu)水中為(wei)喻,提(ti)煉(lian)、總結出(chu)(chu)成(cheng)長為(wei)遨(ao)游天地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)六(liu)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。如(ru)初(chu)九(jiu):潛龍(long)(long),勿用。指(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)初(chu)期,象(xiang)征人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)學習階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。九(jiu)二(er):見(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian),利(li)見(jian)(jian)大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。指(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)羽翼初(chu)豐,象(xiang)征人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實習階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。九(jiu)三(san):君子終(zhong)日乾乾,夕惕若(ruo),厲無咎。指(zhi)(zhi)閱歷經驗均已具備(bei)(bei),象(xiang)征人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)創業階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。九(jiu)四:或躍(yue)在(zai)淵,無咎。指(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)已達(da)到德(de)才兼備(bei)(bei),象(xiang)征人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。九(jiu)五(wu):飛(fei)龍(long)(long)在(zai)天,利(li)見(jian)(jian)大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。指(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)騰出(chu)(chu)江河,飛(fei)離陸地(di),象(xiang)征人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)追求與成(cheng)就已到極致。上九(jiu):亢龍(long)(long)有(you)悔,揭示(shi)出(chu)(chu)物極必反,盛(sheng)極而衰的(de)(de)(de)鐵律。《易(yi)·坤(kun)·爻辭(ci)》,則是(shi)對處于(yu)從(cong)(cong)屬地(di)位者(zhe)成(cheng)長階(jie)段(duan)(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)歸(gui)納、提(ti)煉(lian)與詮釋。其(qi)最后階(jie)段(duan)(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)上六(liu),則有(you)“戰龍(long)(long)于(yu)野,其(qi)血玄黃”之(zhi)(zhi)句,意為(wei)陰盛(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)極,從(cong)(cong)屬者(zhe)轉變為(wei)主導者(zhe),難(nan)度很(hen)大(da),代價亦大(da),要有(you)充分的(de)(de)(de)心理與應變準備(bei)(bei)。
民(min)間層(ceng)面,龍(long)的影響更大,以(yi)龍(long)為(wei)姓分布甚廣(guang);龍(long)王廟遍布神(shen)州,地名中(zhong)多有以(yi)龍(long)為(wei)名;動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有地龍(long)、變色龍(long)等;植物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)之龍(long)眼、龍(long)膽(dan)等。鄉(xiang)間廟會舞(wu)龍(long)燈,江南水鄉(xiang)賽(sai)龍(long)舟,皆源遠流(liu)長。
龍(long)(long)是正(zheng)義化身,炎黃子孫賦予龍(long)(long)諸多美好善良之(zhi)(zhi)心性。民間(jian)有“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)(long)抬頭”之(zhi)(zhi)說,傳說小白(bai)龍(long)(long)曾因行雨(yu)(yu)救民而(er)得罪玉帝,為(wei)懷念小白(bai)龍(long)(long)的恩德,民間(jian)將二(er)月二(er)定(ding)為(wei)春(chun)龍(long)(long)節,焚(fen)香禱告,祈(qi)求來年(nian)風調雨(yu)(yu)順,五谷豐登。而(er)傳統的春(chun)節,也于此日正(zheng)式結束。龍(long)(long)可代表英雄(xiong)。龍(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)形象幾乎活躍于各(ge)個層面和領域,具有強大的生命力(li)(li)與感召力(li)(li),是理想中英雄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)典型。
一個民族的(de)文化是這個民族精神的(de)載體,多(duo)姿多(duo)彩的(de)龍文化中(zhong),從中(zhong)也可看出古(gu)代中(zhong)國人的(de)人文精神。
創新(xin)(xin)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)。龍(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)歷(li)久不(bu)(bu)衰,與古(gu)代中(zhong)國人(ren)的(de)(de)創新(xin)(xin)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)分不(bu)(bu)開。龍(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)經(jing)歷(li)了若干(gan)發展(zhan)階段(duan),每一個發展(zhan)階段(duan)主要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)內部(bu)創新(xin)(xin)完成的(de)(de)。觀(guan)察各(ge)個歷(li)史時期不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)龍(long)藝術形態,從無角到有(you)角,從無翼到有(you)翼,從無足(zu)到有(you)足(zu),可看出龍(long)形象(xiang)是(shi)經(jing)過(guo)不(bu)(bu)斷創新(xin)(xin)而形成的(de)(de)。
綜合(he)精神。龍(long)的(de)形象是古代(dai)中(zhong)國人綜合(he)了(le)走獸(shou)、飛(fei)禽、水(shui)中(zhong)動物(wu)和爬行動物(wu)的(de)優(you)長(chang)而(er)形成的(de)。龍(long)文(wen)化的(de)綜合(he)性還(huan)表現于長(chang)期的(de)發展(zhan)過程中(zhong),龍(long)不斷吸收(shou)外(wai)來(lai)的(de)優(you)秀(xiu)藝術元素(su),從而(er)使其形象更為完整。比如,唐宋時期龍(long)吸收(shou)了(le)印(yin)度佛教中(zhong)獅(shi)子(zi)的(de)形象,頭圓而(er)豐滿(man),腦后(hou)披鬣,鼻子(zi)也近似(si)獅(shi)鼻,增加(jia)了(le)龍(long)的(de)威(wei)信感。
包容精(jing)(jing)神(shen)。古代龍(long)(long)(long)文化(hua)(hua)豐富多彩,與古代中國人的(de)(de)(de)(de)包容精(jing)(jing)神(shen)分(fen)不開。中國龍(long)(long)(long)文化(hua)(hua)在(zai)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中,曾受到(dao)來自(zi)印(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)王信仰(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊,但中國人并(bing)沒有將(jiang)其拒之門外,而是包容與改(gai)造,形成(cheng)了(le)中國化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)王,豐富了(le)中國龍(long)(long)(long)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。
進取精神(shen)(shen)。從(cong)古代(dai)中國人描述的龍(long)(long)(long)形象來(lai)看(kan),龍(long)(long)(long)具(ju)有很強的進取精神(shen)(shen)。龍(long)(long)(long)的活動空間十(shi)分廣闊,能(neng)上九(jiu)天,能(neng)潛深(shen)淵(yuan)。各種藝(yi)術中的龍(long)(long)(long)形象,大(da)(da)多(duo)是(shi)飛龍(long)(long)(long)、騰龍(long)(long)(long)或奔龍(long)(long)(long),朝氣蓬勃,奮發(fa)向上,威(wei)武不(bu)(bu)屈。神(shen)(shen)話傳說(shuo)中的龍(long)(long)(long),大(da)(da)多(duo)是(shi)一往(wang)無(wu)前、勢不(bu)(bu)可擋、無(wu)所畏懼的。這些都(dou)是(shi)古代(dai)龍(long)(long)(long)開拓進取精神(shen)(shen)的表現。
獨立精神(shen)。中國龍的藝術(shu)形象,與龍有(you)關的種種文化(hua)現(xian)象也自成一(yi)體、獨具一(yi)格。在中國傳(chuan)統文化(hua)中,龍文化(hua)雖與儒教(jiao)、佛(fo)教(jiao)和道(dao)教(jiao)有(you)著(zhu)密不可分的關系,但始終保持著(zhu)相對的獨立性,不附(fu)屬于任何(he)一(yi)種宗教(jiao)。
龍(long)(long)文(wen)化是(shi)中國傳統文(wen)化的(de)典(dian)型代表。這其中既有糟粕,也有精(jing)華。歷史上宗(zong)教性和政治(zhi)性的(de)龍(long)(long)崇(chong)拜(bai),如(ru)祭龍(long)(long)求雨、祭龍(long)(long)求子(zi)、祭龍(long)(long)求平(ping)安和“真龍(long)(long)天(tian)子(zi)”等觀念,應予(yu)以(yi)(yi)拋棄。但(dan)藝術性和民間性的(de)龍(long)(long)文(wen)化具有很強(qiang)的(de)生命力,如(ru)舞龍(long)(long)燈(deng)、賽龍(long)(long)舟等與龍(long)(long)有關(guan)的(de)民俗活動,應作為(wei)非物質文(wen)化遺產予(yu)以(yi)(yi)保護。
在(zai)(zai)當代,還應當發揮(hui)龍文化(hua)的(de)凝(ning)聚作用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)歷史上,無(wu)論朝代怎(zen)樣(yang)更迭,龍文化(hua)的(de)傳(chuan)承始終如一。海(hai)內外華人均以“龍”為中(zhong)華民族的(de)象征(zheng)。因此,在(zai)(zai)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)和弘(hong)揚龍文化(hua)的(de)過程中(zhong),應充(chong)分發揮(hui)其(qi)具有的(de)凝(ning)聚力和向心力作用(yong)。
“龍(long)”雖然在英文中一般(ban)翻(fan)譯為“dragon”,而歐美西方文化中的“dragon”與中國傳統的龍(long)除(chu)了外觀容貌上有一些相似外,背(bei)景(jing)和象征意義都分別甚(shen)大。
在基(ji)督教流行(xing)之前,西方的(de)“dragon”一直是(shi)維(wei)京(jing)人、塞爾(er)特人和撒克遜(xun)人的(de)民族象征,這點和東(dong)方龍無異。隨著基(ji)督教勢力(li)的(de)壯大,龍和蛇(she)的(de)負面涵義被(bei)放大,其在《新約(yue)全(quan)書》的(de)啟示(shi)錄中被(bei)描繪為邪惡(e)的(de)“古(gu)蛇(she)”、“魔(mo)鬼”、“撒旦”,從此西方龍就常與邪惡(e)畫上等號。
但是(shi)西(xi)方(fang)龍與(yu)東方(fang)龍的(de)區(qu)別并不是(shi)簡單的(de)“善與(yu)惡(e)”的(de)區(qu)別。就(jiu)如同(tong)(tong)毛(mao)主席和其(qi)他偉人所說的(de):“好與(yu)壞,善與(yu)惡(e),在(zai)任(ren)何事物身上都是(shi)同(tong)(tong)時存在(zai)的(de),就(jiu)像一枚(mei)硬(ying)幣的(de)正(zheng)反兩面。”
就像(xiang)在(zai)大(da)多(duo)人(ren)眼里,邪惡(e)的(de)(de)西方龍(long)(dragon)中,也(ye)(ye)有作為護國(guo)神龍(long)的(de)(de)威爾士紅龍(long),作為圖騰守(shou)護神的(de)(de)北歐維(wei)京海龍(long);而在(zai)普遍(bian)寓意吉祥的(de)(de)中國(guo)龍(long)中,也(ye)(ye)有惡(e)龍(long)的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)。
如《漢(han)書》記載有“盛冬(dong)雷電,潛龍為孽。繼以隕星(xing)流(liu)彗,維、填上見,日(ri)蝕有背(bei)鄉”,《論衡》有“洪水滔天,蛇、龍為害(hai),堯遂使禹(yu)治水”,明代(dai)《萬歷野獲編》:“漢(han)世謂滇(dian)池(chi)為邪(xie)龍,云(yun)南蓋苦龍為孽也,今乃以震表異”,清代(dai)古籍(ji)《陔余叢(cong)考》:“灌口二郎神,乃祠李冰父子也。冰,秦時守其地,有龍為孽,冰鎖之于離堆之下”。
歷(li)代都有龍(long)作(zuo)惡為(wei)孽的記載,說到底,無論(lun)西方龍(long)或是中(zhong)國神(shen)龍(long),都是一個極為(wei)龐大的族群,不能(neng)以單純的善惡概括之。
21世紀全世界更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)人也已經意識到了這一點,所以世界上不存(cun)在絕對好和(he)絕對壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東西,而且好壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評判(pan)往往還(huan)與(yu)評判(pan)者(zhe)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)立場有關——這就是辯證的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)。雖然還(huan)沒有確切(qie)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)證據(ju)能證明龍是真實存(cun)在于客觀世界的(de)(de)(de)(de),但它在人類所留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)中顯然也同(tong)樣(yang)符合辯證法(fa)。