其原理是(shi)使用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)使普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升壓(ya)(ya),然后經由兩極(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan),從放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終端放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備(bei)。特斯拉線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)由兩個(ge)回(hui)路(lu)通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)耦合(he)。首先電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高到一定程度超過(guo)了打火(huo)間(jian)隙(xi)的(de)閾值(zhi),打火(huo)間(jian)隙(xi)擊穿空氣打火(huo),變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)通(tong)路(lu)形成,能(neng)量在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1和(he)初級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)L1之間(jian)振(zhen)蕩,并通(tong)過(guo)耦合(he)傳遞(di)到次(ci)級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。次(ci)級(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)也是(shi)一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感,放(fang)頂罩C2和(he)大(da)地之間(jian)可(ke)以等效為一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong),因此(ci)也會發生(sheng)LC 振(zhen)蕩.當兩級(ji)振(zhen)蕩頻率一樣發生(sheng)諧(xie)振(zhen)的(de)時候,初級(ji)回(hui)路(lu)的(de)能(neng)量會涌(yong)到次(ci)級(ji),放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)峰(feng)值(zhi)會不斷增加,直(zhi)到放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
SGTC(Spark Gap Tesla Coil)=火(huo)花間隙特斯拉線圈
尼古拉(la)(la)·特斯(si)(si)拉(la)(la)先生本人當年(nian)發明(ming)的“特斯(si)(si)拉(la)(la)線(xian)圈(quan)”就屬于SGTC。由(you)于構造、原理(li)較(jiao)為簡(jian)單,所以也是現階段初學者入(ru)門(men)特斯(si)(si)拉(la)(la)線(xian)圈(quan)。
SISGTC(Sidac-IGBT SGTC)=觸(chu)發二極(ji)管特(te)斯拉(la)線圈(quan)
由觸發二極管--IGBT管組(zu)成的(de)(de)電路(lu)組(zu)代替傳統火花(hua)間隙工(gong)作,達(da)到消除打火噪音的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。
SSTC(Solid State Tesla Coil)=固態特斯(si)拉線圈
說通俗(su)些(xie)是個單諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)的電子(zi)開關特斯拉線圈(quan),初級(ji)(ji)不發生(sheng)(sheng)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen),只給次(ci)(ci)級(ji)(ji)提供可以滿足次(ci)(ci)級(ji)(ji)LC發生(sheng)(sheng)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen)的頻率(lv),讓(rang)次(ci)(ci)級(ji)(ji)線圈(quan)發生(sheng)(sheng)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)諧(xie)(xie)振(zhen),初級(ji)(ji)電流為激勵源(yuan)電壓(ya)除以交流阻(zu)抗。
優點(dian):具有低噪音、高效率、壽命長的特點(dian),因而得到了很好的發(fa)展(zhan)。
缺(que)點(dian):初(chu)級(ji)線圈(quan)給(gei)次級(ji)線圈(quan)提供的(de)勵磁(ci)功率(lv)有(you)限(xian),電弧不(bu)長。
ISSTC(Interrupted SSTC)=帶滅弧固(gu)態特斯拉線圈
同輸(shu)出功率下,SSTC的電弧(hu)成簇(cu)狀,且明顯不如SGTC壯觀(guan)。這(zhe)時,可以(yi)加上一(yi)個(ge)滅弧(hu)器來(lai)(lai)模仿SGTC的工作(zuo),電弧(hu)可以(yi)長一(yi)些,還可以(yi)利用音頻(pin)信號滅弧(hu)信號來(lai)(lai)演奏音樂。
DRSSTC(Dual Resonant SSTC)=雙諧振特斯拉線圈
DRSSTC本質屬于(yu)一個串(chuan)聯諧(xie)振(zhen)逆變器,相對于(yu)SSTC來說(shuo),由于(yu)初(chu)(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)發(fa)生了串(chuan)聯諧(xie)振(zhen),初(chu)(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)電(dian)感(gan)兩端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)為激勵(li)(li)源電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Q倍,諧(xie)振(zhen)阻抗(kang)Z(R)因子很低,因此初(chu)(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)流(liu)很大(諧(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)壓(ya)除以(yi)(yi)諧(xie)振(zhen)阻抗(kang)等(deng)于(yu)諧(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)流(liu)),此時給次級(ji)(ji)(ji)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵(li)(li)磁(ci)功率(lv)也會很大,和SSTC可不(bu)(bu)是一個數量級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。相比SSTC來說(shuo),SSTC的(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)給次級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)無法提供足夠大的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵(li)(li)磁(ci)功率(lv),所以(yi)(yi)導(dao)致SSTC產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)閃電(dian)壯觀程度不(bu)(bu)及同功率(lv)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火花(hua)隙特斯拉線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。
DRSSTC的(de)(de)初級(ji)線圈不(bu)僅(jin)滿足(zu)了(le)次級(ji)線圈的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)感和(he)分布(bu)電(dian)(dian)容發生串聯諧振(zhen)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian),也能夠給次級(ji)線圈提(ti)供足(zu)夠大的(de)(de)勵磁功率,所以DRSSTC的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)弧長(chang)度會很長(chang)。
優(you)點:相比SGTC來(lai)說,沒有火(huo)花間隙的聲(sheng)光污(wu)染,可控性強,可以放音樂,效率(lv)高(gao),壽(shou)命長。
QCWDRSSTC(Quasi Continuous Wave DRSSTC)=準連續波雙諧振固態特(te)斯拉(la)線(xian)圈
CWDRSSTC(Continuous Wave DRSSTC)=連(lian)續(xu)波(bo)雙諧振固態特斯拉
實驗證明,連續模式(CW)的特斯(si)拉線圈(quan)由于功率要是在沒有(you)時間限(xian)制情況(kuang)發揮出來弧并不長,且呈簇狀。
VTTC(Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil)=真(zhen)空管(guan)特斯拉(la)線圈
當電(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)逐(zhu)漸退出我(wo)們(men)的視野時,一群(qun)電(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)發燒(shao)友用它們(men)做出了VTTC。電(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)本身有高頻性(xing)能好等等優(you)點,所以做出的VTTC效(xiao)(xiao)果十分(fen)獨特(te)。但是,不(bu)可否認,電(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)本身有造價高、壽命(ming)低(di)、效(xiao)(xiao)率低(di)、發熱嚴重以及極易損壞等缺點,VTTC未能大范圍流行。
基(ji)本原(yuan)理,類似(si)于(yu)晶體管的自(zi)激。
SSVC(Solid State Valve Coil)=固態-真(zhen)空管(guan)特斯拉線圈
OLTC(Off Line Tesla coil)=離(li)線式特(te)斯拉線圈
當我們把SGTC的打火器去掉,換成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)MOSFET或者IGBT來(lai)代替,并在用一(yi)個(ge)(ge)二極(ji)管(guan)反向(xiang)并聯在D極(ji)和S極(ji)(如果是(shi)IGBT,就(jiu)是(shi)C極(ji)和E極(ji))上,并用一(yi)個(ge)(ge)固態(tai)的電路(lu)來(lai)控制這個(ge)(ge)開關(guan)管(guan),再(zai)加以低壓驅(qu)動,就(jiu)成了(le)OLTC。
它的(de)本質原理依然是LC振蕩(dang),且和(he)SGTC幾乎相同,不同的(de)地(di)方,就(jiu)是把打火器換(huan)成了(le)固態開關,并使用了(le)低(di)壓驅動(dong)。其它地(di)方沒(mei)有太(tai)多區別(bie)。
由于(yu)是低(di)壓驅動,無法形成太大的電(dian)流(liu),所以OLTC的電(dian)弧是不如SGTC壯觀(guan)的。
特斯拉線圈(quan)是由一(yi)個感(gan)應圈(quan)、變壓器、打火器、兩(liang)個大(da)電(dian)容器和一(yi)個初級線圈(quan)僅幾圈(quan)的(de)互感(gan)器組成。
2007年,曾經有(you)一篇介紹特斯拉(la)(la)線圈的文章(zhang):《近距(ju)離(li)接觸“死亡之手” 家中制造的人工(gong)閃電(dian)》。其(qi)中大(da)概介紹了特斯拉(la)(la)線圈的大(da)概組成(cheng)部(bu)分和原(yuan)理。
特斯拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(Tesla Coil)是一種(zhong)使用(yong)共振原(yuan)理運作的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)壓器(qi)(共振變(bian)壓器(qi)),由美籍塞爾維亞裔(yi)科學家尼(ni)古拉·特斯拉在1891年發明,主要(yao)用(yong)來生產超高電(dian)(dian)壓但低電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、高頻率的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)力。特斯拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)由兩組(有時用(yong)三組)耦合的(de)(de)(de)共振電(dian)(dian)路組成(cheng)。特斯拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)難以界定(ding),尼(ni)古拉·特斯拉試行了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)配置。特斯拉利(li)用(yong)這些線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)進(jin)行創(chuang)新實驗,如電(dian)(dian)氣照明,熒光光譜,X射(she)線(xian)(xian),高頻率的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)現象,電(dian)(dian)療和無(wu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)能傳輸,發射(she)、接收無(wu)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)信號。
尼古拉(la)·特(te)斯拉(la)是一(yi)(yi)位偉大的科學家。但(dan)值(zhi)得一(yi)(yi)提(ti)的是,這位絕世天才的偉大發(fa)明家幾乎被(bei)(bei)人們遺忘。尼古拉(la)·特(te)斯拉(la)其中之一(yi)(yi)發(fa)明就是特(te)斯拉(la)線(xian)圈(quan) ,原理為(wei)(wei)(wei)把一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)源上,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)發(fa)射器(qi)傳輸(shu)能(neng)(neng)量(liang);另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)連(lian)(lian)著(zhu)燈(deng)泡(pao),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)接(jie)收器(qi)。通電(dian)(dian)后,發(fa)射器(qi)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)以10兆赫茲的頻率振動,另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)連(lian)(lian)著(zhu)的燈(deng)泡(pao)將被(bei)(bei)點亮(liang)。后來,特(te)斯拉(la)試圖利用地球本身和大氣電(dian)(dian)離層為(wei)(wei)(wei)諧振電(dian)(dian)容(rong)來實(shi)現(xian)無(wu)線(xian)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)在紐(niu)約(yue)長島建造了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)29米高的發(fa)射塔(ta)(沃登(deng)(deng)克里(li)弗塔(ta)),但(dan)值(zhi)得一(yi)(yi)提(ti)的是:由于(yu)摩根覺得此(ci)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)與自己(ji)利益毫無(wu)關系決定撤資(zi),實(shi)驗工(gong)地的設(she)備(bei)也被(bei)(bei)法院(yuan)沒收充當抵押,沃登(deng)(deng)克里(li)弗塔(ta)被(bei)(bei)拆除。
特斯(si)(si)拉后來發明(ming)了所謂的“放(fang)大(da)發射(she)機”,稱之為(wei)大(da)功率(lv)高頻傳輸線共(gong)振變(bian)壓器,用于無線輸電(dian)試驗。特斯(si)(si)拉的無線輸電(dian)技術。
特斯(si)拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)不僅僅是被用在游戲(xi)或藝術方面,更(geng)可(ke)貴的是它(ta)擁有重大(da)意義的用途,比如(ru)利(li)用特斯(si)拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)可(ke)以實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的無線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)輸,且(qie)該方式傳(chuan)輸效率高、對生態破壞性小,但是實(shi)際應用中(zhong)還(huan)存在諸多困(kun)難(nan)和(he)障礙,還(huan)無法將其應用到實(shi)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力輸送中(zhong)。閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是一種大(da)氣放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現象,閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)生時(shi)釋放巨大(da)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang),其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高達(da)數(shu)百萬伏(fu),平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流約2×105A。據(ju)估計,地球(qiu)每秒(miao)鐘被閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊中(zhong)的次數(shu)達(da)到45次.一次閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所產生的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)足以讓一輛普通轎車行駛大(da)約290~1450km,相當于30~144L汽(qi)油產生的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)。而(er)對閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的利(li)用卻是相當困(kun)難(nan)的,這是因為(wei)閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)生時(shi)間短(duan)至幾十毫秒(miao),很難(nan)被捕(bu)(bu)捉到。而(er)特斯(si)拉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)則是捕(bu)(bu)捉閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性工(gong)具之(zhi)一。
SGTC,它(ta)是(shi)由(you)一(yi)個感(gan)應(ying)圈(quan)、變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、打(da)火(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和一(yi)個初級線(xian)圈(quan)僅幾圈(quan)的(de)互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組成(cheng)。原(yuan)理是(shi)使用變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使普通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升壓(ya)(ya),然后經由(you)兩極線(xian)圈(quan),從放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終端放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。通(tong)(tong)俗一(yi)點說,它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)個人工閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制造器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),未(wei)打(da)火(huo)時(shi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)由(you)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)遞到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容陣;當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容陣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢,兩極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到(dao)擊(ji)穿打(da)火(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)縫隙的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi),打(da)火(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)打(da)火(huo)。此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容陣與(yu)主線(xian)圈(quan)形成(cheng)回路(lu),完成(cheng)LC振(zhen)蕩(dang),進而將能(neng)量(liang)(liang)傳(chuan)遞到(dao)次級線(xian)圈(quan)。這種(zhong)裝置可以產生頻(pin)率很高(gao)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,有極高(gao)危險。特斯拉(la)(la)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)線(xian)路(lu)和原(yuan)理都非常簡單(dan),但要將它(ta)調整(zheng)到(dao)與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)完美的(de)共振(zhen)很不容易,特斯拉(la)(la)就是(shi)特別擅長這項技藝的(de)人。
工作過程:
首先,交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過(guo)升壓變壓器升至(zhi)2000V以(yi)上(可以(yi)擊穿(chuan)空氣(qi)),然后經過(guo)由(you)(you)(you)四個(ge)(或四組)高(gao)(gao)壓二(er)極管(guan)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全波(bo)整流(liu)橋,給主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(C1)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。打火(huo)(huo)器是(shi)由(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)個(ge)光滑(hua)表面構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它們之(zhi)(zhi)間有幾毫米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間距,具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間距要由(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)壓輸出(chu)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓決定(ding)。當(dang)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)兩(liang)個(ge)極板之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)差(cha)達到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度時(shi),會(hui)擊穿(chuan)打火(huo)(huo)器處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi),和(he)初級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(L1,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感)構成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)LC振(zhen)蕩回(hui)(hui)路(lu)。這時(shi),由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)LC振(zhen)蕩,會(hui)產生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo),通(tong)常在(zai)100kHz到(dao)1.5MHz之(zhi)(zhi)間。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂端(duan)(C2)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)表面積(ji)且導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光滑(hua)物體(ti),它和(he)地(di)面形成(cheng)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)“對(dui)地(di)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)”,對(dui)地(di)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)和(he)次級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈(L2,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感)也會(hui)形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)LC振(zhen)蕩回(hui)(hui)路(lu)。當(dang)初級(ji)(ji)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)和(he)次級(ji)(ji)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)LC振(zhen)蕩頻(pin)率(lv)相等時(shi),在(zai)打火(huo)(huo)器打通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,初級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分會(hui)被次級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)LC振(zhen)蕩回(hui)(hui)路(lu)吸收。從(cong)理論上講,放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂端(duan)和(he)地(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)差(cha)是(shi)無限大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),因此(ci)在(zai)次級(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)里面會(hui)產生(sheng)高(gao)(gao)壓小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(頻(pin)率(lv)和(he)LC振(zhen)蕩頻(pin)率(lv)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致),此(ci)時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂端(duan)會(hui)和(he)附近接地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物體(ti)放(fang)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧。
盡管(guan)從理論上講,放電(dian)頂端和地(di)面(mian)的電(dian)勢差為無(wu)(wu)限(xian)(xian)大(da),但是在實際(ji)上電(dian)弧(hu)的長(chang)度(du)(du)不會無(wu)(wu)限(xian)(xian)大(da),它受到供(gong)電(dian)電(dian)源(升壓(ya)變壓(ya)器(qi))的功率(lv)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi),計算(suan)方式為:電(dian)弧(hu)長(chang)度(du)(du)(單位(wei):厘(li)米)=4.318×根號下P(單位(wei):W),前提是初(chu)級(ji)LC振蕩回(hui)路(lu)和次級(ji)LC振蕩回(hui)路(lu)的LC振蕩頻率(lv)完全(quan)一致(即所謂的“諧(xie)振”狀態,此時電(dian)弧(hu)長(chang)度(du)(du)會達到最長(chang)且效率(lv)最高(gao))。如果不諧(xie)振(初(chu)級(ji)和次級(ji)頻率(lv)不相(xiang)等),電(dian)弧(hu)長(chang)度(du)(du)將無(wu)(wu)法(fa)達到公式計算(suan)的結果。
判斷是否(fou)諧(xie)振(zhen)的(de)方法:1.L1C1=L2C2;2.初級LC振(zhen)蕩(dang)頻率=次(ci)級LC振(zhen)蕩(dang)頻率。達到(dao)兩(liang)個情況(kuang)中的(de)任意一種(zhong),即為諧(xie)振(zhen)。事實上,這兩(liang)種(zhong)情況(kuang)的(de)實質是一樣的(de),即,符合(he)條件1的(de)時候,一定會(hui)符合(he)條件2。
現代的(de)(de)愛(ai)好者們,根據(ju)特斯拉線圈由LC振蕩(dang)接(jie)收能量的(de)(de)原理(li),設計出了極(ji)具現代感的(de)(de)SSTC。早期(qi)的(de)(de)SSTC玩家(jia)大多數都是外國人。
固態特斯拉線圈(quan),是由芯片(pian)振蕩(dang)(dang)代替SGTC的LC振蕩(dang)(dang)并(bing)由放大(da)器放大(da)功率后驅動(dong)次級線圈(quan)部分的特斯拉線圈(quan)。它的原理依舊是LC振蕩(dang)(dang),只是發射端(duan)作了改(gai)動(dong)。
固態特斯拉(la)線圈(quan)還可(ke)以通過音(yin)頻(pin)來控制,使電弧推(tui)動空氣發(fa)聲。
固(gu)態特斯(si)拉線圈(quan)(quan)是(shi)通過芯片的(de)振蕩來(lai)產(chan)生(sheng)高頻交流(liu)電的(de)。由于固(gu)態特斯(si)拉線圈(quan)(quan)的(de)工(gong)作比較好控制,固(gu)態特斯(si)拉線圈(quan)(quan)有兩種:定(ding)頻和追(zhui)頻。定(ding)頻,即初級部分只能發(fa)射出(chu)一個固(gu)定(ding)的(de)頻率(lv)(lv);而追(zhui)頻,就(jiu)是(shi)初級部分會(hui)根據次(ci)級部分的(de)LC振蕩頻率(lv)(lv)自動調整發(fa)射頻率(lv)(lv),從而達到完美的(de)諧振。所以,追(zhui)頻SSTC已經成為固(gu)態特斯(si)拉線圈(quan)(quan)的(de)主流(liu)。
這是(shi)一張(zhang)由555定(ding)時(shi)器(qi)芯片控制的定(ding)頻SSTC電(dian)路圖(tu),來源(yuan)不詳(xiang)(根據(ju)推測,有可能是(shi)貼吧的 Tesla粉絲 的作品)。
其中,NE555是頻率(lv)源,即(ji)產生高頻信(xin)號的(de)芯片。它通過8、7腳上(shang)(shang)的(de)電阻和6腳上(shang)(shang)的(de)電容來(lai)控制輸出頻率(lv),對于(yu)它的(de)原理,在此不作過多(duo)解釋(shi)。
555定時(shi)器由3腳輸出(chu)高(gao)頻(pin)信號(hao)。在(zai)(zai)電路(lu)圖1中,輸出(chu)的信號(hao)經過3個晶體管(guan)的放(fang)大(da)(da),輸入到一(yi)個MOSFET(金屬(shu)氧(yang)化物場效應晶體管(guan))的門(men)極,經過放(fang)大(da)(da),在(zai)(zai)初級(ji)線圈(quan)輸出(chu)強度較高(gao)的高(gao)頻(pin)電磁波,被次級(ji)線圈(quan)接(jie)收,由于LC振蕩(dang),在(zai)(zai)次級(ji)線圈(quan)中產生(sheng)電流,從而產生(sheng)電弧。
制作定頻(pin)(pin)SSTC,需要使芯片(pian)輸出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)和次級(ji)部(bu)分的(de)(de)LC振蕩頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)一(yi)致(zhi),才(cai)能諧振。所以,電(dian)(dian)路圖1中,7腳上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)用一(yi)個(ge)(ge)定值電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)位器代(dai)替,可(ke)以比較方便地調節(jie)輸出(chu)(chu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv),從而(er)諧振。
特別(bie)說(shuo)明,如果(guo)按照這張(zhang)電路(lu)圖(tu)的參數制作,輸出的頻率對于一(yi)般的SSTC來講(jiang)有點低了,所以盡(jin)量不要按照這張(zhang)圖(tu)的數據(ju)來制作。
定(ding)頻電路(lu)有它本身的缺點,于是追頻電路(lu)誕生了(le)。
Steve的追頻SSTC
這是國(guo)外(wai)愛(ai)好者Steve Ward的(de)電(dian)路,是追頻電(dian)路。
首先(xian),對次(ci)級線圈發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)一(yi)些能量(liang),使它(ta)內部(bu)有高(gao)(gao)頻交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(LC振蕩(dang)),然(ran)(ran)后會發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)被天線接收(shou)(圖(tu)2中的(de)(de)Antenna),經(jing)過(guo)兩個邏輯門成為正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)信號,然(ran)(ran)后輸(shu)入(ru)兩枚功(gong)率放大(da)芯片(pian),再通過(guo)GDT(Gate Driver Transformer,門驅動變壓(ya)器)輸(shu)入(ru)到(dao)一(yi)個半橋(功(gong)率放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,后面會詳細(xi)地講)中,產生(sheng)強(qiang)度較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo),被次(ci)級線圈接收(shou)。此時(shi)次(ci)級線圈內再次(ci)有了(le)(le)能量(liang),會以電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)的(de)(de)形(xing)式發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)出來,輸(shu)入(ru)天線,于(yu)是就這(zhe)樣循環下去了(le)(le),這(zhe)種反饋(kui)方式叫天線反饋(kui)。
除了(le)上述的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)方(fang)式,磁(ci)環反(fan)饋(kui)是(shi)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)反(fan)饋(kui)方(fang)式,在一(yi)(yi)個大小合適的(de)磁(ci)環上面繞(rao)上30到50匝的(de)導線,將(jiang)導線的(de)兩端接到圖2中的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)處,然后(hou)將(jiang)次級的(de)地(di)線穿過磁(ci)環繞(rao)一(yi)(yi)匝再接地(di)就可以(yi)了(le)。
天線(xian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)饋的優點是(shi)制作簡(jian)單,原理是(shi)利用電磁波遇(yu)到金屬會產生感生電流的特性;缺點是(shi)驅動電路也(ye)要接地,有時候會出現起振(zhen)困難(nan)的狀況。磁環反(fan)(fan)(fan)饋則正好(hao)與天線(xian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)饋相反(fan)(fan)(fan)。
追(zhui)頻(pin)電(dian)路(lu)是由(you)次(ci)級(ji)LC振(zhen)(zhen)蕩回路(lu)直接采(cai)集頻(pin)率信息(xi),從而發射電(dian)磁波(bo),于是可(ke)以達到完美的諧振(zhen)(zhen)。
信(xin)不信(xin)由你,特(te)斯拉線圈不只(zhi)能夠保護你的筆記本(ben)電腦(nao)、彈奏(zou)美妙的樂(le)曲,還可以(yi)讓一(yi)群(qun)人一(yi)起歡(huan)呼,一(yi)同流口水唷!
這(zhe)場在(zai)加州(zhou)圣馬刁 Maker Faire 2008 會(hui)場內(nei)的(de)表演,炫麗的(de)閃(shan)(shan)光(guang)不(bu)僅讓旁觀(guan)的(de)觀(guan)眾驚呼(hu)連連,而在(zai)嘶嘶作響的(de)閃(shan)(shan)光(guang)聲(sheng)中(zhong),隱約還(huan)能(neng)聽到嘖嘖的(de)口水聲(sheng)。不(bu)過這(zhe)可(ke)不(bu)是觀(guan)眾被閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)電(dian)到臉部抽筋所至亂噴(pen)口水,而是由于在(zai)這(zhe)兩座線圈中(zhong)掛有成打的(de)熱狗,當閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)刷過的(de)時候,陣陣的(de)香味也就(jiu)跟(gen)著飄了出來。