感應電動(dong)機又稱“異(yi)步電動(dong)機（asynchronousmotor）”，即(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子置于(yu)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)中，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)的作用下，獲得(de)一個轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)力矩(ju)，因而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)。
轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子是(shi)可轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)導體(ti)，通(tong)常多呈鼠(shu)籠(long)狀(zhuang)。定(ding)子是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)不轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)部分，主(zhu)要(yao)任務是(shi)產生一(yi)個旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)并不是(shi)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械方法(fa)來實現。而是(shi)以(yi)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)于數對電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵中(zhong)，使(shi)其(qi)磁(ci)極性質循環改變(bian)，故相(xiang)(xiang)當于一(yi)個旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)。這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)并不像直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷或(huo)集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)環，依據所(suo)用(yong)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)種類有(you)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)在(zai)如洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)風(feng)扇等(deng)；三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)則作為工廠的(de)動(dong)(dong)力設備。
尼古拉(la)·特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)（Nikola Tesla，1856年(nian)7月(yue)10日~1943年(nian)1月(yue)7日），塞爾維亞裔(yi)美籍發明家、機械工(gong)程師、電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)程師。他(ta)被認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力商(shang)業化(hua)的(de)(de)重要推動(dong)者之一(yi)，并因主持設計(ji)了現代交流電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)而最為人知。在邁克爾·法拉(la)第發現的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁場理論的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，特(te)斯(si)(si)拉(la)在電(dian)(dian)磁場領域(yu)有著多項革命(ming)性的(de)(de)發明。1887年(nian)發明感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，他(ta)的(de)(de)多項相關專(zhuan)利以及電(dian)(dian)磁學(xue)的(de)(de)理論研(yan)究(jiu)工(gong)作是(shi)(shi)現代的(de)(de)無線(xian)通信和無線(xian)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)基(ji)石。
通過定子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生(sheng)的旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)為(wei)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n1）與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)的相對(dui)運動(dong)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)切(qie)割(ge)磁(ci)感線(xian)產生(sheng)感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)勢，從而使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)中產生(sheng)感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)中的感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)與磁(ci)場作(zuo)(zuo)用，產生(sheng)電(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由于當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)逐漸(jian)接近(jin)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)時，感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)小(xiao)，所產生(sheng)的電(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)也相應(ying)減(jian)小(xiao)，當異步電(dian)動(dong)機工作(zuo)(zuo)在電(dian)動(dong)機狀態時，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)小(xiao)于同(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)。為(wei)了描述轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n與同(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n1之間的差(cha)別，引入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)率(lv)（slip）。
單相異步電機(ji)的基本(ben)結構
單相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機就是(shi)只需(xu)單相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。單相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機由(you)定(ding)子、轉(zhuan)子、軸承、機殼(ke)、端(duan)蓋等(deng)構成。定(ding)子由(you)機座(zuo)和(he)帶繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)的(de)鐵(tie)心(xin)組(zu)成。鐵(tie)心(xin)由(you)硅鋼片沖槽疊壓而(er)成，槽內嵌裝兩套空間互隔90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角度的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)（也(ye)稱運行(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)）和(he)輔繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)（也(ye)稱起動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)成副繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)）。主(zhu)(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)接(jie)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輔繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)串接(jie)離心(xin)開關S或起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容、運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容等(deng)之后(hou)，再接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。轉(zhuan)子為籠型鑄鋁(lv)轉(zhuan)子，它是(shi)將鐵(tie)心(xin)疊壓后(hou)用鋁(lv)鑄入鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)槽中，并一起鑄出端(duan)環，使轉(zhuan)子導條短(duan)路成鼠籠型。
單相異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為單相電阻起動(dong)異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，單相電容(rong)起動(dong)異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單相電容(rong)運轉異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)單相雙值(zhi)電容(rong)異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。
三(san)相異(yi)步電(dian)機的基本結構
三相異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸(zhou)承組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)，三相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)一般(ban)由(you)0.35~0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚(hou)表面具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)絕(jue)緣層的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)沖(chong)(chong)制(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而成(cheng)，在鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)沖(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)槽(cao)，用(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)嵌放定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。三相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)三個(ge)在空間互隔120°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角度(du)、隊稱排列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)結構完全相同(tong)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)而成(cheng)，這些(xie)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)線(xian)圈按(an)一定(ding)(ding)規律分(fen)(fen)別嵌放在定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各槽(cao)內(nei)(nei)。其作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)通入三相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場。機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通常(chang)為(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)件，大型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一般(ban)用(yong)鋼(gang)板焊(han)成(cheng)，微型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采用(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁(lv)件，其作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)固定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)前后端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)撐轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并(bing)起(qi)防(fang)護(hu)、散熱(re)等(deng)作(zuo)用(yong)。封閉(bi)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外面有(you)(you)(you)散熱(re)筋(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)增(zeng)加散熱(re)面積(ji)，防(fang)護(hu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩端(duan)(duan)端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)開有(you)(you)(you)通風孔，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)外的(de)(de)(de)空氣可直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)對(dui)(dui)流，以(yi)(yi)(yi)利于(yu)散熱(re)。端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)起(qi)固定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)撐和(he)防(fang)護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)所用(yong)材料與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一樣，由(you)0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)沖(chong)(chong)制(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而成(cheng)，硅鋼(gang)片(pian)外圓(yuan)沖(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)孔，用(yong)來(lai)安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。通常(chang)用(yong)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)沖(chong)(chong)落后的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)來(lai)沖(chong)(chong)制(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)。一般(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)壓(ya)裝在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)，大、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直(zhi)徑在300~400毫(hao)米(mi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)）的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)則借(jie)助與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架壓(ya)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)插入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽(cao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多根導條和(he)兩個(ge)環(huan)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)環(huan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。若去掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)，整個(ge)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)外形像一個(ge)鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)，故稱籠(long)(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁(lv)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)100KW以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)銅條和(he)銅端(duan)(duan)環(huan)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)而成(cheng)。鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：阻(zu)抗(kang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙(shuang)鼠籠(long)(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深(shen)槽(cao)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等(deng)特性各有(you)(you)(you)不同(tong)。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)相似，也是(shi)一個(ge)對(dui)(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)三相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，一般(ban)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)成(cheng)星形，三個(ge)出線(xian)頭接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)集流環(huan)上(shang)(shang)，再通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷與(yu)(yu)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)路聯接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。
1 異步電動機起動方式
1.1 軟起動
隨(sui)著微(wei)型(xing)計算機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)猛發展，在(zai)相關的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)領域中先后(hou)研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功了一(yi)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)，廣泛(fan)應用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)，降壓(ya)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)隨(sui)之被替代。當前電(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)設(she)施都使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)是晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)調壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)路，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)路構成(cheng)如(ru)下所描述：晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)六(liu)(liu)只，兩(liang)兩(liang)反并聯(lian)后(hou)串聯(lian)至三相電(dian)(dian)源上，待系(xi)統發送起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)信號后(hou)，微(wei)機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)系(xi)統立即進行數據計算，令晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)輸送觸發信號，使(shi)晶(jing)(jing)閘管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)導通角得到控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，根據給定的(de)(de)(de)輸出，調節輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，實現電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。該起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)適合(he)各(ge)種(zhong)功率值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)三相交流異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機包括六(liu)(liu)根和三根連接方(fang)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。
1.2 直接起動
此種(zhong)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)是電(dian)機(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)中最基礎最簡單的，首先借助用刀開關使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)與電(dian)網進行連接，此時在(zai)額定電(dian)壓(ya)下電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)并運行起(qi)來，該方式(shi)特點為：投資(zi)少，設(she)備簡單、數量少，雖(sui)然(ran)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間短，但(dan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時的轉矩較小，電(dian)流較大，比較適合應用在(zai)容(rong)量小的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。
1.3 降(jiang)壓起(qi)動
由于直(zhi)接起(qi)動存在(zai)較大的(de)(de)缺點，降壓起(qi)動隨之產生。這種起(qi)動方式適用的(de)(de)起(qi)動環境為空載(zai)和輕載(zai)這兩種情(qing)況，由于降壓起(qi)動方式是在(zai)同時(shi)實現了限制(zhi)起(qi)動轉(zhuan)矩和起(qi)動電流的(de)(de)，因此(ci)起(qi)動工(gong)作結束后需要使工(gong)作的(de)(de)電路恢復到額定(ding)狀態。
三相感應電動機電氣制(zhi)動方(fang)式有：能耗制(zhi)動、反(fan)接制(zhi)動、再(zai)生制(zhi)動三種。
(1)能(neng)耗制動(dong)時切斷電(dian)動(dong)機的三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)，將直流(liu)電(dian)送(song)入(ru)定子繞組。在切斷交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)的瞬間，由于慣(guan)性作用(yong)，電(dian)動(dong)機仍(reng)按(an)原來(lai)方向轉動(dong)，這種(zhong)方式的特點是制動(dong)平穩，但需直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)、大功率電(dian)動(dong)機，所需直流(liu)設備成本大，低速時制動(dong)力小。
(2)反接(jie)制動(dong)又分負載(zai)反接(jie)制動(dong)和電源(yuan)反接(jie)制動(dong)兩(liang)種。
1)負載(zai)反接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)又稱負載(zai)倒拉反接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。此(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩使(shi)重物以穩定的速度(du)緩慢下降(jiang)。這(zhe)種制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的特點是：電(dian)源不用(yong)反接(jie)，不需要專(zhuan)用(yong)的制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)設備，而(er)且還可以調節制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)速度(du)，但(dan)只(zhi)適用(yong)于繞線型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子電(dian)路需串入大(da)電(dian)阻，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差率大(da)于1。
2)電(dian)源反接制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)當電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機需(xu)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時，只要任意對調兩相電(dian)源線，使旋轉(zhuan)磁場相反就能很快(kuai)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。當電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速(su)等于零時，立即切斷電(dian)源。這種制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)特(te)點是：停車快(kuai)，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)較強，無需(xu)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)設備。但制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時由(you)于電(dian)流大，沖擊力(li)(li)也大，易使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機過熱，或損(sun)傷傳動(dong)(dong)部(bu)分的(de)零部(bu)件。
(3)再生制動又(you)稱回饋制動，在重物(wu)的作用下(xia)(當起重機電(dian)動機下(xia)放重物(wu))，電(dian)動機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速高于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速。這(zhe)時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子導體產(chan)(chan)生感應電(dian)流，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的作用下(xia)產(chan)(chan)生反(fan)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，但(dan)電(dian)動機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速高，需用變速裝置減速。
1、一般(ban)來說，小型異步電(dian)機指(zhi)的就是感(gan)應運(yun)轉型異步電(dian)機。這種(zhong)電(dian)機不只在(zai)啟(qi)動時(shi)，在(zai)運(yun)轉時(shi)也(ye)使用輔(fu)助(zhu)線圈(quan)和(he)電(dian)容器。雖然啟(qi)動轉矩不是很大(da)，但其結構(gou)簡(jian)單，信(xin)賴度高，效率也(ye)高。
2、隨(sui)負荷的大小，電(dian)機的額(e)定轉速也(ye)會改變(bian)。
3、可以(yi)連(lian)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)。
4、使用(yong)于不(bu)需要速度制動的應用(yong)場合。
5、用(yong)E種(zhong)絕緣等(deng)級，而UL型電機則用(yong)A種(zhong)。
6、有感應運轉型單相異步(bu)電機(ji)和(he)三相異步(bu)電機(ji)兩(liang)種。
7、單相電機為(wei)感應運轉(zhuan)型(xing)異步電機，效率(lv)高，噪聲低。
8、單相異步電機運轉(zhuan)時(shi)，產(chan)生和旋轉(zhuan)方(fang)向(xiang)相反的轉(zhuan)矩，因(yin)此不可能在(zai)短(duan)時(shi)間內(nei)改變方(fang)向(xiang)。應在(zai)電機完(wan)全(quan)停止以后，再(zai)轉(zhuan)換其旋轉(zhuan)方(fang)向(xiang)。
9、單相電機的電源有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等。
10、三(san)相電機時使用U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電源的異步電機。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在常溫金(jin)屬阻和電(dian)動(dong)機外殼之間的絕緣電(dian)阻超過100M?
絕緣內壓
在常(chang)溫(wen)金屬繞組和電動機箱之間的電壓
溫度上升
以1500V、50/60Hz輸(shu)入1min時沒有任何問題。
絕緣等級
E種（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開放(fang)（120±5℃）；復(fu)歸（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電動機使用溫度(du)為-10~40℃）
（1）電(dian)動機投(tou)入電(dian)源后(hou)不轉(zhuan)的(de)原因檢(jian)查及修理
電動(dong)機投入電源后不轉(zhuan)，一般有下列原因：
1）控制設備的(de)接線錯誤(wu)；
2）過電流繼電器調整(zheng)的整(zheng)定(ding)值偏小；
3）電源未接(jie)通，如熔絲燒斷、開關有故障或觸頭(tou)接(jie)觸不(bu)良、引線斷路等；
4）電(dian)源(yuan)至電(dian)動機之(zhi)間的(de)連接(jie)有故(gu)障；
5）電動機繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)故障，如(ru)相間(jian)短(duan)路、接地、接錯(cuo)線、斷路等(deng)；
6）繞線式轉子異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機起動(dong)(dong)誤操(cao)作或起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻過小；
7）電動機(ji)軸承有故障，被(bei)卡住；
8）定、轉子鐵芯相擦（掃膛），等(deng)于增加(jia)過大的(de)負載；
9）電動機(ji)負載過(guo)大或機(ji)械轉動部分被卡住等。
2）電動機(ji)過熱檢查及修理(li)
發(fa)現正常(chang)運行的電動機過(guo)熱，一般(ban)有下列原因：
1）電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)突然變(bian)高，并于電(dian)(dian)動機銘牌額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不相符(fu)，或者三相電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)嚴(yan)重(zhong)不平衡；
2）電動(dong)機(ji)所拖動(dong)的負載變動(dong)較大，電機(ji)暫時處于(yu)過載狀態；
3）由于軸(zhou)承產生故障或間(jian)隙磨損(sun)超限(xian)、轉軸(zhou)發生彎曲、鐵芯局部過熱變形、轉子軸(zhou)向串動等(deng)原因，使定(ding)、轉子鐵芯掃(sao)膛；
4）環境粉塵(chen)進入電(dian)(dian)動機內(nei)部粘附在絕緣表面上和堵(du)塞冷(leng)卻(que)風(feng)道(dao)、冷(leng)卻(que)風(feng)管等，使電(dian)(dian)動機通風(feng)不(bu)良，冷(leng)卻(que)效果大大降低，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)機過(guo)熱；
5）電動機冷卻裝置失效，調節風溫裝置有故障，造成電機過熱；
6）三(san)相(xiang)電動機單(dan)相(xiang)運行；
7）繞(rao)組有故障(zhang)，如短路(lu)、斷路(lu)、接地、接錯等；
8）氣隙不均勻。
經重(zhong)繞后的電動(dong)機發(fa)生(sheng)過熱(re)，其原因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線圈(quan)匝(za)數過多或過少；
3）線(xian)圈導(dao)線(xian)過細，線(xian)圈節距過小或過大；
4）電(dian)動機(ji)裝配質(zhi)量不(bu)好，鐵芯(xin)未對齊，定(ding)轉子鐵芯(xin)軸向(xiang)有差(cha)距引起軸向(xiang)磁拉力，氣隙裝配和(he)調整(zheng)不(bu)均勻。由于電(dian)動機(ji)絕(jue)緣(yuan)水平不(bu)斷(duan)提高，允許(xu)溫(wen)(wen)升限度(du)也提高，所(suo)以電(dian)機(ji)外殼溫(wen)(wen)升較高可能(neng)屬正常。但要用(yong)酒精溫(wen)(wen)度(du)計(ji)測試部門的(de)(de)外殼溫(wen)(wen)升和(he)軸承(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)升，并和(he)電(dian)動機(ji)的(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)等級所(suo)允許(xu)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升相對照(zhao)比(bi)較后，確認電(dian)動機(ji)是(shi)過(guo)熱，那么可按以下步驟進(jin)行檢查 [9] 。
1）首先檢查三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)源的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是否平(ping)衡(heng)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波動的程度是否大于(yu)制造場廠的保證值（±10[%]）。由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)，產生三(san)相(xiang)不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)流，引起電(dian)(dian)機損耗增大和電(dian)(dian)機發熱，所(suo)以(yi)要及時糾正。電(dian)(dian)源頻率變(bian)動對（±5[%]）電(dian)(dian)機發熱也(ye)有(you)影響，但實際變(bian)化(hua)不(bu)大，所(suo)以(yi)在分析(xi)時一(yi)般可不(bu)考慮。
2）檢查電機是否(fou)(fou)單相(xiang)運轉(zhuan)，三相(xiang)接觸器的觸頭是否(fou)(fou)接觸好，開(kai)關的熔(rong)絲是否(fou)(fou)有一相(xiang)燒斷(duan)(duan)，接線有否(fou)(fou)（單相(xiang)）斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)。故障(zhang)檢查出后(hou)進行處(chu)理。
3）檢查(cha)三(san)相電流是否超(chao)過額定值(zhi)。若超(chao)過額定值(zhi)時(shi)，要(yao)檢查(cha)其原因(yin)。處(chu)理這類故障時(shi)，要(yao)查(cha)清造成掃(sao)膛的原因(yin)：①轉軸彎曲；②軸承故障。輕(qing)(qing)(qing)微的鐵(tie)芯掃(sao)膛不(bu)影響電機正常運(yun)行，掃(sao)膛嚴重時(shi)，可用(yong)車(che)刀將轉子表面輕(qing)(qing)(qing)輕(qing)(qing)(qing)切削(xue)一層（一般(ban)車(che)削(xue)直(zhi)徑為0.2mm左右為宜(yi)）。
4）粉塵敷滿絕緣影響電機散(san)熱(re)(re)，過濾(lv)網堵(du)塞(sai)，通風道(dao)和通風管(guan)堵(du)塞(sai)等，都會引起(qi)電機過熱(re)(re)。因此可采取吹風清掃(sao)措施了(le)消除粉塵，必(bi)要時(shi)電機要解體進(jin)行清洗處(chu)理。
5）如認為(wei)繞(rao)(rao)組有(you)故(gu)障時(shi)，可進行繞(rao)(rao)組短(duan)路(lu)和接(jie)地試(shi)驗(yan)檢查。根據進行經驗(yan)表(biao)明(ming)，電機(ji)繞(rao)(rao)組如有(you)匝間短(duan)路(lu)，電機(ji)則會振動(dong)，動(dong)轉時(shi)間不少就會時(shi)間不長就會冒煙。但是匝間短(duan)路(lu)引起電機(ji)發(fa)熱(re)，并且持續長時(shi)期的(de)機(ji)會，是很少的(de)。
重繞大修后的(de)電機溫升超限，可能(neng)是絕緣處(chu)理工藝不好，線(xian)(xian)圈數據(ju)不對，接線(xian)(xian)錯誤以及裝配質量(liang)等問題引起。這(zhe)時(shi)電機應解(jie)體(ti)對照(zhao)原始記錄(lu)檢查(cha)，以及查(cha)明繞組數據(ju)的(de)正確性。
歲月靜好
】編輯(ji)上傳提(ti)供，詞(ci)條屬于(yu)(yu)開(kai)放詞(ci)條，當前頁面(mian)所(suo)展示的詞(ci)條介(jie)紹涉及宣(xuan)傳內(nei)(nei)容屬于(yu)(yu)注冊用(yong)戶個人(ren)編輯(ji)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，與【感應電動機】的所(suo)屬企(qi)業(ye)/所(suo)有人(ren)/主體(ti)無關，網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)保證內(nei)(nei)容信息(xi)的準確(que)性、真實(shi)性，也(ye)不(bu)代表本(ben)站(zhan)立(li)場，各(ge)項數據信息(xi)存(cun)在更(geng)新(xin)不(bu)及時的情(qing)(qing)況，僅(jin)供參(can)考，請以(yi)官方發布(bu)為(wei)準。如果頁面(mian)內(nei)(nei)容與實(shi)際情(qing)(qing)況不(bu)符，可點擊“反饋”在線向網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)提(ti)出(chu)修改，網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)將核(he)實(shi)后進行(xing)(xing)更(geng)正。
