種植傳統
昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)植始于清代,1809年(nian)(nian)(nian)(清嘉慶十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian))版《昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志》即(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植記載,歷史悠(you)久。民國(guo)(guo)(guo)版《昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志續(xu)》即(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)“北(bei)鄉(xiang)所產,最多且佳,每歲(sui)運銷青島甚多”的(de)(de)記載。建國(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian),主(zhu)要分布在(zai)昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)南部鄌(tang)郚金山(shan)一(yi)(yi)帶和(he)北(bei)部朱(zhu)劉都昌一(yi)(yi)帶,即(ji)(ji)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)“南鄌(tang)北(bei)都”。1969年(nian)(nian)(nian)被列(lie)(lie)為山(shan)東省(sheng)名(ming)特(te)(te)產瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)果(guo)之一(yi)(yi)。1969年(nian)(nian)(nian)引進(jin)推廣(guang)“蜜寶”西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)后,昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)即(ji)(ji)以早熟、皮薄(bo)、沙(sha)瓤、脆甜而弛(chi)名(ming)省(sheng)內外(wai),遠銷香港,被列(lie)(lie)為山(shan)東省(sheng)名(ming)特(te)(te)產瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)果(guo)之一(yi)(yi)。20世紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代初,昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)無籽西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)生產填補(bu)了(le)山(shan)東省(sheng)空白,1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)被列(lie)(lie)為中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)特(te)(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)生產基地(di)(di)(di)。1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)通過了(le)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)綠(lv)色食品(pin)認證(zheng)。1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)、2001年(nian)(nian)(nian),昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)連續(xu)兩屆被評為中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際農業博覽會名(ming)牌產品(pin)。鄌(tang)郚鎮(zhen)是(shi)昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)最早的(de)(de)發源地(di)(di)(di),也是(shi)中央特(te)(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)無籽西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)培育基地(di)(di)(di),又是(shi)綠(lv)色食品(pin)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)生產基地(di)(di)(di)。堯(yao)溝鎮(zhen)4.1萬畝耕地(di)(di)(di)全部進(jin)行西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)保護地(di)(di)(di)栽培,擁有(you)(you)江北(bei)最大的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)市場和(he)代表昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)最高技術(shu)水平、主(zhu)要工(gong)作(zuo)成績的(de)(de)中華西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)科技園(yuan)。堯(yao)溝鎮(zhen)被中國(guo)(guo)(guo)“特(te)(te)產之鄉(xiang)”推薦(jian)暨(ji)宣傳活動組織委員會命名(ming)為“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)第一(yi)(yi)鎮(zhen)”,昌樂(le)(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)被譽(yu)為“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)之鄉(xiang)”。
生產情況
到2008年,昌樂(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)基本上穩(wen)定在(zai)10000h㎡左右(you),年總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)量(liang)45萬(wan)噸,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)(zhan)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)25-30%左右(you),是經(jing)濟收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)最大(da)的(de)作物。優勢種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)帶已經(jing)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)最大(da)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)為(wei)堯溝(gou)、城(cheng)南種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu),2007年西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)4333.3h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)量(liang)18.2萬(wan)噸,總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)4.1億元(yuan),分別(bie)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)44.1%、40.6%和56.2%。第二大(da)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)為(wei)高崖、鄌(tang)郚種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu),2007年總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)1666.7h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)量(liang)7.7萬(wan)噸,總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)0.65億元(yuan),分別(bie)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)17.0%、17.2%和8.9%。三是西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)村迅(xun)速發展。堯溝(gou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)耕地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)4.1萬(wan)畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)部進行(xing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)栽培,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)家家戶(hu)戶(hu)種(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)局面(mian)(mian),是多年的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。城(cheng)南街(jie)道2007年西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)1656h㎡,占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)耕地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)63%,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)后起的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。除(chu)堯溝(gou)、城(cheng)南以外,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)村已達47個,其中高崖鎮(zhen)(zhen)已有西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)村20多個。
昌(chang)樂西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)已成(cheng)為(wei)全縣(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的第一(yi)支柱(zhu)產業(ye),年平均播(bo)種面積(ji)15萬(wan)畝,總產量60萬(wan)噸,形成(cheng)一(yi)個專(zhuan)業(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、47個專(zhuan)業(ye)村(cun),注冊了鄌郚、樂寶(bao)、藝林、太合等(deng)10多個商標,其中鄌郚無(wu)籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)被(bei)(bei)評為(wei)山東省(sheng)名牌農(nong)(nong)產品。西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)之鄉堯溝(gou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)被(bei)(bei)命(ming)名為(wei)“中國西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)第一(yi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”,堯溝(gou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)市(shi)場(chang)被(bei)(bei)確定為(wei)中國“全國定點市(shi)場(chang)”。昌(chang)樂縣(xian)先后實(shi)施了農(nong)(nong)業(ye)部農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科技示(shi)范場(chang)、國家級(ji)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)標準化示(shi)范區、西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)良種工廠化育(yu)苗基地(di)建(jian)設等(deng)項目。
栽培技術
一是(shi)全部進行設施栽(zai)(zai)培。昌(chang)樂縣1982年(nian)開(kai)始引(yin)進推(tui)廣西瓜雙(shuang)膜(mo)覆蓋栽(zai)(zai)培技術,后經陽(yang)畦(qi)育苗、地膜(mo)覆蓋,發展為陽(yang)畦(qi)嫁(jia)接育苗,以高(gao)溫棚(peng)、大拱棚(peng)為主的(de)雙(shuang)膜(mo)或多膜(mo)栽(zai)(zai)培。到2008年(nian),10000h㎡昌(chang)樂西瓜全部實行保護栽(zai)(zai)培。
二是(shi)西瓜栽培(pei)技(ji)術全面普及。包(bao)括嫁接、點花、授粉在內(nei)的一系列(lie)西瓜優質、早熟栽培(pei)技(ji)術,在全縣幾(ji)乎家(jia)喻戶曉,有的村甚(shen)至(zhi)是(shi)婦孺皆(jie)知(zhi)。還推廣了反(fan)光幕增(zeng)光、機械(xie)化(hua)卷簾、彌(mi)霧機防治病蟲害等(deng)先進技(ji)術和產品。
三是春(chun)秋兩(liang)季上市,品種全(quan),花(hua)色多。昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)大(da)部分為春(chun)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua),集中在“五一(yi)”前后(hou)上市。秋西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)占總播種面積的10%左右(you),一(yi)般在“十(shi)一(yi)”前后(hou)上市。全(quan)縣已推廣無籽(zi)、有(you)籽(zi)兩(liang)個(ge)系列,紅瓤、黃瓤兩(liang)種類型,大(da)、中、小三種規格的西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)品種120多個(ge),西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)良(liang)種覆蓋率早已達(da)到100%。特型西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)、圖(tu)形(xing)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)和富(fu)硒保健西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)等特色西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)的生產(chan)技術(shu)也已逐(zhu)步成熟。
四是全面實施標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產。2003年(nian)春,昌(chang)樂西(xi)瓜開(kai)始推行標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產,截止2008年(nian)6月30日(ri),已有1533.3h㎡西(xi)瓜通過了綠(lv)色食品基地認定,3600h㎡西(xi)瓜通過了無公害農(nong)產品基地認定。“中國西(xi)瓜第一鎮”堯溝鎮先后被確定為農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部農(nong)業(ye)(ye)科技示范(fan)(fan)場、西(xi)瓜工廠(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)育苗基地、國家級西(xi)瓜標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(hua)示范(fan)(fan)區(qu)項目建設單位(wei)。
銷售情況
到2008年,該縣(xian)瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批發市(shi)場(chang)51個(ge),西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產(chan)地(di)批發市(shi)場(chang)遍布全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)的(de)(de)主要西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產(chan)區,累計總投(tou)資6700萬元,占地(di)面積(ji)80萬平(ping)方(fang)米,固(gu)定攤位數(shu)7300多(duo)個(ge),年交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)量175萬噸(dun)(dun),交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)額25億多(duo)元。其中(zhong)堯溝瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批發市(shi)場(chang),累計總投(tou)資3000萬元,占地(di)200畝,年交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)量100萬噸(dun)(dun),交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)額10億多(duo)元,是江(jiang)北最大的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)批發市(shi)場(chang)。經(jing)紀隊伍龐大。雖(sui)然全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)沒(mei)有注(zhu)冊經(jing)紀人(ren),也沒(mei)有注(zhu)冊經(jing)紀組(zu)織,但從事(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)經(jing)紀的(de)(de)瓜(gua)(gua)農已(yi)達5000多(duo)人(ren),幾乎(hu)聯結了昌(chang)樂西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)產(chan)地(di)市(shi)場(chang)和全(quan)(quan)國(guo)各(ge)地(di)的(de)(de)大中(zhong)型瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)市(shi)場(chang),保證了全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)10000h㎡、45萬噸(dun)(dun)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)順利銷(xiao)售。
種植環境
土壤地貌情況
昌樂縣屬低山(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)區,中西(xi)部多低山(shan),東南部多丘(qiu)陵(ling),南北兩端各有(you)一(yi)平原地(di)帶。微地(di)貌為(wei)低山(shan)丘(qiu)嶺、荒坡地(di)、沿河(he)階地(di)、坡麓梯(ti)(ti)田、近山(shan)階地(di)、河(he)谷梯(ti)(ti)田等。土(tu)壤分(fen)為(wei)褐土(tu)、棕(zong)壤、潮土(tu)3個土(tu)類。土(tu)壤耕層PH值平均為(wei)7.2,變幅在6.2-8之間;平均有(you)機質為(wei)1.19%,堿解氨86.5ppm,速效磷27.9ppm,速效鉀127.1ppm。地(di)貌和土(tu)壤情況比較適合瓜果的栽(zai)培和生(sheng)長。
水文情況
全縣5公里(li)以(yi)上的河(he)流(liu)35條,但多數(shu)為(wei)(wei)季節性河(he)流(liu),總(zong)流(liu)域面積1568平方(fang)公里(li),水(shui)(shui)資源總(zong)量30515萬(wan)(wan)方(fang),其(qi)中地下水(shui)(shui)14735萬(wan)(wan)方(fang),地表水(shui)(shui)29738萬(wan)(wan)方(fang)。地下水(shui)(shui)礦化度范圍一般在(zai)(zai)216-400mg/l,PH值(zhi)在(zai)(zai)6.5=8之間。礦化類型(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)HCO3-→Ca++→Cl-→Na+型(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)。影響(xiang)因(yin)素主要是面源污染,無潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)(xing)工業污染,為(wei)(wei)該(gai)縣瓜果生產提供(gong)了比較(jiao)充足的水(shui)(shui)源。
氣候情況
昌(chang)樂縣屬東部(bu)暖溫帶季(ji)(ji)風型大陸性氣候(hou),四季(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)明,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)溫暖,夏季(ji)(ji)濕潤多(duo)(duo)雨(yu),秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽,冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷干(gan)燥。年(nian)平均氣溫12.6℃,降水量594.6毫米,相(xiang)對濕度65%,日照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數2421.3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),無霜(shuang)期190天。降水的時(shi)(shi)間分(fen)(fen)布對于西(xi)瓜的生長有(you)利(li),較多(duo)(duo)的日照(zhao)(zhao)量為西(xi)瓜的糖(tang)分(fen)(fen)積累(lei)提供(gong)了有(you)利(li)條(tiao)件。