一.產品介紹
賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),始于明代,據清(qing)朝道(dao)光版《清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)縣(xian)志》(光緒版)物(wu)(wu)產(chan)(chan)篇記:“三(san)月(yue)栽(zai),引(yin)蔓不甚(shen)長,俗云:花(hua)(hua)(hua)落在地,而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之土中,故名”的(de)(de),記述。地處清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)縣(xian)境域最高山(shan)峰,海拔為1705.7米的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)豐山(shan)腳下的(de)(de)賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)鄉,因海拔高,日照時(shi)間長,又處南北(bei)氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)交匯帶及獨特(te)氣候和土壤條(tiao)件,使其富含(han)(han)礦物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)鋅(xin)、硒和維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素E。賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)外形紋(wen)路清(qing)晰(xi),殼薄易剝,細(xi)(xi)長個小,仁(ren)大(da)(da)(da)皮紅(hong),嚼(jiao)之有(you)甜味,煲湯,香氣濃(nong)郁,湯色(se)鮮(xian)紅(hong),滋味鮮(xian)醇(chun)。因紅(hong)衣(yi)紅(hong)肉,細(xi)(xi)細(xi)(xi)長長(多為3-4仁(ren)),營養(yang)豐富,客家人視其為“圣(sheng)果(guo)”。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出的(de)(de)紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)品質(zhi)優良,以其獨特(te)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)方式,酥脆(cui)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品口感,富含(han)(han)不飽和脂肪酸(suan),具有(you)調和脾(pi)胃,補血養(yang)血、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發烏(wu)發等多種(zhong)(zhong)功效,深受(shou)廣大(da)(da)(da)消費者的(de)(de)青(qing)睞。2012年(nian)(nian)被列入為福建省(sheng)地方稀有(you)品種(zhong)(zhong)保護。賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)縣(xian)近年(nian)(nian)強勢崛起的(de)(de)一個特(te)色(se)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)項目。清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)縣(xian)政府十分重視賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye),出臺(tai)了(le)相關扶(fu)持政策(ce),加(jia)大(da)(da)(da)了(le)品牌(pai)建設力(li)度,產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)前景十分看好。2012年(nian)(nian)11月(yue)賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)獲得綠色(se)食(shi)品認(ren)證,品牌(pai)知名度和產(chan)(chan)品附(fu)加(jia)值明顯提升。近年(nian)(nian),在龍頭(tou)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)帶動下,通(tong)過以公司+基地+農(nong)戶的(de)(de)運作模式,全縣(xian)發展(zhan)賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)植5000多畝(mu),平(ping)均年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)值3540萬元,成為農(nong)民(min)增(zeng)收致(zhi)富的(de)(de)重要(yao)項目。賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)目前將種(zhong)(zhong)殖、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、加(jia)工(gong)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態旅(lv)游(you)觀(guan)光、紅(hong)色(se)旅(lv)游(you)觀(guan)光結合起來,豐富清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)品、促(cu)進清(qing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)旅(lv)游(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan),而(er)且(qie)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)(fang)紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)殖業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)影響力(li)。
二(er).自然生態環境和人(ren)文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)貌情況:清流(liu)縣位于福建省西部,地(di)處武夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)(mo)西南端東側,沙溪上游。三(san)面環水、一面依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),素有(you)“山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區明(ming)珠”和“內陸鼓(gu)浪嶼”之美(mei)稱。境(jing)內山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)青水秀,林(lin)茂礦多,森林(lin)覆蓋率(lv)(lv)82%,是全(quan)國綠(lv)化(hua)模(mo)范(fan)縣。境(jing)內山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)(mo)縱橫,丘(qiu)陵起伏(fu),地(di)貌較為復雜(za)。賴坊花生(sheng)種植(zhi)區域位于海拔350米的大豐山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)(mo)東麓的小盆地(di),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)主要(yao)為沖(chong)積(ji)沙壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)較肥(fei)沃(wo),養(yang)分(fen)含(han)(han)量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao),且土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中富(fu)含(han)(han)硒(xi)(xi),經三(san)明(ming)市產品質(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)(jian)驗所檢(jian)(jian)測,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中硒(xi)(xi)含(han)(han)量(liang)達(da)1.2mg/kg,高(gao)(gao)(gao)于全(quan)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)硒(xi)(xi)平(ping)均(jun)含(han)(han)量(liang)0.29 mg/kg。 研究(jiu)顯示,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中硒(xi)(xi)濃度為0.5-3.0 mg/kg時,對花生(sheng)種子發(fa)芽率(lv)(lv)和發(fa)芽勢有(you)較好的促進作(zuo)用,有(you)助于提高(gao)(gao)(gao)葉綠(lv)色(se)含(han)(han)量(liang)及脂肪酶活力,有(you)利于花生(sheng)的生(sheng)長發(fa)育。
2、水(shui)文情況:大豐山東麓的(de)(de)小盆地雨量充沛(pei),年(nian)平均(jun)降雨量1788.1mm,相對濕(shi)度(du)多年(nian)平均(jun)為84%。區(qu)(qu)域內溪河(he)縱橫,文昌(chang)溪貫(guan)穿全(quan)境。區(qu)(qu)域內沒(mei)有工業(ye)污染,水(shui)資源保持良好,水(shui)質清澈(che)、純凈,是理(li)想的(de)(de)農業(ye)用水(shui)。保證了種(zhong)植賴坊花(hua)生過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)無(wu)污染的(de)(de)水(shui)源,為種(zhong)植出高(gao)品質的(de)(de)賴坊花(hua)生提(ti)供保障。
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:賴坊(fang)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種植區(qu)域屬亞熱帶季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),年平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)18.5℃,無霜期295天,滿足兩季花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)需(xu)求。年活動積(ji)溫(wen)5279℃,年均(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)數(shu)1685.5小時(shi)。年平均(jun)降(jiang)雨量(liang)1788.1mm,年蒸發量(liang)1325.7mm, 相對濕(shi)度84%。由于這塊小盆地所(suo)形成的(de)獨特(te)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),晝夜溫(wen)差較大,擁有適宜花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)得(de)天獨厚的(de)自然氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)條件。
三.地域范圍
“賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)花生(sheng)”農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理(li)(li)標(biao)志地(di)域保護范(fan)圍(wei)包括清流縣(xian)轄(xia)區內(nei)的(de)賴(lai)(lai)坊(fang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、田源鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、沙(sha)蕪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、靈地(di)鎮(zhen)、李家(jia)(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、長校鎮(zhen)、里(li)田鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、嵩(song)口鎮(zhen)、余朋(peng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一帶(dai)的(de)大豐山(shan)(shan)脈東麓(lu)的(de)小盆地(di),轄(xia)區9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)35村(cun)(cun),東到沙(sha)蕪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)灌尾(wei)村(cun)(cun),西到里(li)田鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)廖坊(fang)村(cun)(cun),南到李家(jia)(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南山(shan)(shan)下,北到嵩(song)口鎮(zhen)高賴(lai)(lai)村(cun)(cun)。地(di)理(li)(li)坐(zuo)標(biao): 東經116°26′27" -117°3′1" ,北緯25°26′27" -26°21′。總保護面積700平方千(qian)米,年生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)面積1000公頃,年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)0.3萬噸。
四(si).產品品質特性特征
1、外在感(gan)官特征:賴坊花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)屬多(duo)粒型(xing)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)品(pin)種,具(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)育期短(duan),分枝少,莢果串珠型(xing)、以三、四仁為主,種皮紅色(se)等特點(dian)。其果殼薄,網紋(wen)清晰,果型(xing)美觀(guan),籽(zi)粒飽滿,出仁率高。新鮮花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)嚼(jiao)感(gan)脆嫩潤滑,細(xi)膩無渣,其濕烤(kao)花(hua)(hua) 生(sheng)(sheng)產品(pin)香甜可口,風味好,由于(yu)高油亞(ya)比的(de)特點(dian),產品(pin)的(de)貨架期長。
2、內(nei)在品質(zhi)指標:賴坊花生(sheng)營(ying)養(yang)素含量:蛋白質(zhi)24.5%-28.5%,粗脂肪48%-51.2%,油亞比為1.25-1.35。
3、產品質量安(an)全規定:賴坊花生產品質量應符合(NY5303-2005)標準。
五.特定生產方(fang)式
1、產(chan)地(di)選擇(ze):主產(chan)地(di)位于海(hai)拔(ba)高度為350m的(de)(de)大豐山東(dong)麓(lu)盆(pen)地(di),選擇(ze)排水(shui)良好、土(tu)層深厚、土(tu)壤肥沃、疏松、通氣好的(de)(de)沖積沙壤土(tu)。產(chan)地(di)遠離工業“三廢”等污染源,土(tu)壤環(huan)境(jing)、灌溉水(shui)質和空(kong)氣環(huan)境(jing)質量符合NY5332-2006《無公害食品(pin)大田作物產(chan)地(di)環(huan)境(jing)條件》的(de)(de)要(yao)求。
2、品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選擇:福建花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)栽培(pei)歷(li)(li)史(shi)悠久,是(shi)我國最早引進花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)的(de)省份之一,在明朝(chao)1500年(nian)左右,距(ju)今已(yi)有500多年(nian)的(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi)。而賴坊鄉花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)也有400多年(nian)的(de)歷(li)(li)史(shi), 據《清流縣志》(1994年(nian)版(ban))農業篇(pian)中記載:“明嘉靖年(nian)間開始種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),主要為本(ben)地品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),因歷(li)(li)史(shi)上賴坊及其周邊種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)比較普遍,賴坊花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)因此(ci)得名。”因而賴坊花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)選用當地特(te)色(se)的(de)農家品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)——賴坊紅(hong)衣(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng),是(shi)當地傳統種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)珍稀特(te)色(se)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),該品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)較于(yu)其他(ta)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),較為古老,古老程度可(ke)追溯(su)400年(nian)前。該品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)莢果細長(chang),殼薄粒(li)滿,籽仁長(chang)橢圓(yuan)型(xing),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮深紅(hong)色(se),籽仁以3粒(li)莢居多,甚(shen)至達4-5粒(li)。
3、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程管(guan)理與控制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu):賴(lai)坊(fang)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)春花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)“清明”前后(hou)播(bo)種(zhong),秋(qiu)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)7月(yue)(yue)底-8月(yue)(yue)初 播(bo)種(zhong);春花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)植密(mi)度為(wei)2.4萬(wan)株/畝(mu),秋(qiu)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)植密(mi)度為(wei)2.8萬(wan)株/畝(mu)。根據其“重基肥(fei)(fei)(fei),追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)早(zao);有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)輔”的原則(ze)施肥(fei)(fei)(fei),整(zheng)畦時,每畝(mu)施腐熟農(nong)(nong)(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)1500公(gong)斤(jin),鈣鎂(mei)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)25公(gong)斤(jin)及尿素10公(gong)斤(jin);結(jie)合中耕,在花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)齊苗后(hou)10天內進行追肥(fei)(fei)(fei),每畝(mu)施復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)25公(gong)斤(jin),注意防治青枯病、蠐螬等(deng),杜絕使(shi)用禁用農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用必須(xu)符合無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品關于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用的有(you)關規定,嚴格執(zhi)行安全(quan)(quan)間隔期,確保賴(lai)坊(fang)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安全(quan)(quan)。制(zhi)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)業各項管(guan)理制(zhi)度,采取源頭控制(zhi),全(quan)(quan)程跟蹤,做好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程記錄檔(dang)案(an),建立賴(lai)坊(fang)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)質量可追溯制(zhi)度。
4、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)采(cai)收:賴坊(fang)花生植株(zhu)中下部(bu)葉片轉黃脫落(luo),多數(shu)莢果(guo)果(guo)殼硬化,種子顆粒飽(bao)滿、光潤、呈現品(pin)(pin)種特(te)有的色(se)澤,可開始收獲(huo)。
5、生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)要求:賴(lai)坊花生(sheng)生(sheng)產(chan)的全(quan)過(guo)程要建(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)檔案,對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)情況(kuang),病蟲害(hai)發生(sheng)情況(kuang)、技術措施、農藥化肥(fei)的使用情況(kuang)以及收獲日期(qi)、質量檢測情況(kuang)、銷售情況(kuang)等進行全(quan)面記(ji)錄(lu),生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)應(ying)當保(bao)存兩年以上,以備查詢。