旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)(du)仲,中藥材品種,四(si)川(chuan)省旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣特(te)產,中國國家地理標志產品。旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣人工(gong)栽培杜(du)(du)仲歷史悠久(jiu),適宜的土(tu)壤氣候條件和豐富的水資源,使旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)(du)仲資源豐富、品質高(gao),杜(du)(du)仲皮和葉里有效成分含量居中國之(zhi)首,為旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)贏(ying)來了“林蔭藥鄉”的美譽。
生物特性
旺蒼杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)屬杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)科落葉(xie)喬(qiao)木(mu)。又稱(cheng)絲棉木(mu)。高可(ke)達15米(mi)—20米(mi)。樹皮(pi)入(ru)藥,以杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)為(wei)主要原(yuan)料的中(zhong)成藥在東南亞各(ge)國和(he)港澳(ao)地區(qu)很有(you)聲譽;葉(xie)子可(ke)制保健茶,外銷日(ri)本,也可(ke)提(ti)取杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)膠。品種(zhong)有(you)粗(cu)皮(pi)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)、光皮(pi)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)。四川(chuan)開發利用歷史悠久,全省120個縣(市(shi))有(you)公布,主要公布在廣元、綿陽、成都、萬縣、巴中(zhong)等市(shi)地。
杜(du)仲的干燥(zao)樹(shu)皮,常用川(chuan)產道(dao)地中藥(yao)材(cai)。又稱思仙(xian)、思仲、絲(si)(si)棉皮、扯絲(si)(si)皮。始載于(yu)(yu)《神農(nong)本(ben)草(cao)經》。性(xing)溫,味甘、微辛,具(ju)有(you)補肝腎、強(qiang)筋骨、安胎、降血壓等(deng)功效。主產于(yu)(yu)巴中、達川(chuan)、綿陽(yang)、青川(chuan)、平武、溫江(jiang)、彭州、都江(jiang)堰等(deng)地。栽培或野生于(yu)(yu)山(shan)地林中,春、夏兩季剝(bo)取種(zhong)植近10年的樹(shu)皮。皮厚,塊大,去(qu)凈粗(cu)皮,面(mian)絲(si)(si)多,內(nei)表(biao)面(mian)色暗(an)紫為佳。主要藥(yao)用成分為杜(du)仲膠。
生產情況
旺蒼(cang)(cang)縣是川北革(ge)命老區,山地面(mian)積占了全縣的99.96%,地理(li)條件決定了旺蒼(cang)(cang)是以林業為主的山區縣。旺蒼(cang)(cang)杜仲人工栽(zai)培歷史悠久,為該縣傳統的重要(yao)出(chu)口藥(yao)材(cai)。
資源分布
2008全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣有(you)杜仲(zhong)3006.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),分布在(zai)三(san)十五個鄉(鎮(zhen)(zhen)),有(you)九個鄉(鎮(zhen)(zhen))在(zai)百萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)以上(shang),集中(zhong)成(cheng)片的(de)區(qu)域(yu)有(you)英(ying)(ying)萃(cui)片區(qu)(包(bao)括英(ying)(ying)萃(cui)、正(zheng)源、鼓城(cheng)、檬子),有(you)杜仲(zhong)1259.1萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣41.9%,五權(quan)片區(qu)(包(bao)括五權(quan)、水磨、大河)有(you)杜仲(zhong)373.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣12.4%,木(mu)門(men)片區(qu)(包(bao)括木(mu)門(men)、九龍(long)、化龍(long)、龍(long)建)有(you)杜仲(zhong)389.2萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣12.9%,杜仲(zhong)最多的(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)有(you)英(ying)(ying)萃(cui)600萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)、正(zheng)源397萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣涉及杜仲(zhong)大戶5114戶。其(qi)中(zhong)10000株(zhu)以上(shang)有(you)286戶,占(zhan)(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)的(de)有(you)1013戶,占(zhan)(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)的(de)有(you)3815戶,占(zhan)(zhan)74.6%。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣出現了檬子鄉張尚凱、化龍(long)鄉劉枝坤(kun)等杜仲(zhong)大戶,每戶均在(zai)五萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)以上(shang)。根據單(dan)株(zhu)生物(wu)量測算(suan),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣干(gan)皮貯(zhu)量為36630噸(dun)(dun),枝皮24930噸(dun)(dun),葉(xie)86670噸(dun)(dun),每年產籽10噸(dun)(dun)。成(cheng)片造林2085.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總株(zhu)數(shu)的(de)69.4%,“四旁”載植達921萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總株(zhu)數(shu)的(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦巴山區(qu)的(de)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)資源豐富、品質高,素有(you)“林蔭(yin)藥(yao)鄉”之(zhi)美稱。1984年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省中(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)生產(chan)規(gui)劃(hua)會把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)列(lie)為杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)基(ji)地縣。1988年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省科委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)建設10萬畝(mu)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商品生產(chan)基(ji)地,列(lie)為“星火計劃(hua)”項(xiang)目(mu),1996年(nian)(nian)四(si)川省科委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)列(lie)為天然藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)業化示范(fan)(fan)工(gong)程,2000年(nian)(nian)國(guo)家林業局(ju)把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣命名為中(zhong)國(guo)特優經濟林杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)鄉。1998年(nian)(nian),該縣被列(lie)為中(zhong)國(guo)第二(er)批高產(chan)優質高效農(nong)業標準化杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)示范(fan)(fan)區(qu),也是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)惟一一個杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)栽培(pei)的(de)農(nong)業標準化示范(fan)(fan)區(qu)。為此,旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優質豐產(chan)技(ji)術(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)剝皮再生技(ji)術(shu)》等(deng)地方標準,編寫印制(zhi)了(le)《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全年(nian)(nian)管(guan)理技(ji)術(shu)工(gong)作歷》、《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)林間管(guan)理技(ji)術(shu)》等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)資料(liao),舉(ju)辦各種(zhong)培(pei)訓(xun)20余(yu)期,培(pei)訓(xun)人(ren)員1000余(yu)人(ren),召開技(ji)術(shu)現場會20次,農(nong)民受培(pei)訓(xun)面(mian)達85%以上。按照(zhao)示范(fan)(fan)區(qu)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)要求,示范(fan)(fan)區(qu)全面(mian)實(shi)施(shi)了(le)“公司+基(ji)地+農(nong)戶+標準”的(de)標準化生產(chan)管(guan)理模式,建立了(le)育苗(miao)、建園、栽植(zhi)、施(shi)肥澆水、整形(xing)修剪、采(cai)摘、加工(gong)等(deng)環節的(de)一系(xi)列(lie)控制(zhi)措施(shi)。
2000年(nian),示范區(qu)順利(li)通過(guo)國家驗收。同年(nian),國家林業(ye)局(ju)命名旺蒼縣為“杜(du)仲(zhong)之鄉”。到2006年(nian),產(chan)值過(guo)億元;開發(fa)出杜(du)仲(zhong)酒、杜(du)仲(zhong)茶、杜(du)仲(zhong)葉粉等多種產(chan)品(pin),不斷(duan)銷(xiao)往中國各地,杜(du)仲(zhong)茶還遠銷(xiao)日本等國。