一.產品介紹
小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)原產(chan)(chan)于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)北方(fang)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河流(liu)域,是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)作物,全世界小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)栽(zai)(zai)培面(mian)積約10多億畝(mu),我國(guo)(guo)最(zui)(zui)多,總產(chan)(chan)量最(zui)(zui)高(gao)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)耐旱(han),品種(zhong)(zhong)繁多,有(you)白、紅(hong)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)、黑、橙、紫各種(zhong)(zhong)顏(yan)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),俗稱“粟有(you)五彩”。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗旱(han)能力超群。它既耐干(gan)(gan)旱(han)、貧(pin)瘠,又不(bu)怕酸堿,所以(yi)在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)南北干(gan)(gan)旱(han)地(di)區、貧(pin)瘠山區都有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。適合(he)在(zai)干(gan)(gan)旱(han)而(er)缺(que)乏灌(guan)溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山西(xi)地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歷史悠久,春(chun)秋時期(qi)(qi)就有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),約有(you)8千多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)培歷史。為(wei)(wei)(wei)清代全國(guo)(guo)四大(da)(da)貢(gong)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),被譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”。相傳乾隆皇帝出巡,路經章丘,西(xi)關高(gao)如恂接(jie)駕獻(xian)“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)金湯”,甚得(de)乾隆稱贊,被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貢(gong)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶為(wei)(wei)(wei)山前洪(hong)積土,土層(ceng)深厚,土質(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)壤(rang),質(zhi)地(di)較肥沃,加(jia)之其(qi)地(di)理(li)環(huan)境和(he)(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件較為(wei)(wei)(wei)適宜谷(gu)(gu)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)(he)發育,具備了形成(cheng)(cheng)優良品質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得(de)天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。因谷(gu)(gu)味(wei)隨生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)短而(er)增減(jian),故(gu)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法上(shang)(shang),均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)旱(han)田春(chun)播。耕前施足農家肥,耙(pa)平耢(lao)細,谷(gu)(gu)雨前后下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)120天以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)籽大(da)(da)粒(li)圓,色(se)澤金黃(huang)(huang)(huang),性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粘味(wei)香,營(ying)(ying)養(yang)豐(feng)富,較其(qi)他品種(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)分含(han)(han)量高(gao)。特(te)別是煮稀(xi)飯時,表面(mian)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質(zhi)油,食(shi)(shi)之香味(wei)可口,是產(chan)(chan)婦(fu)、老(lao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳(jia)補(bu)食(shi)(shi)品。用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)磨面(mian)做粥(zhou)別具風(feng)味(wei),濟南市有(you)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“八寶(bao)粥(zhou)”“王家甜(tian)沫”等,均(jun)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)做原料。據中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農科院化(hua)驗,此種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)含(han)(han)蛋白質(zhi)11.2%、脂(zhi)肪5.26%、賴氨酸0.25%、淀(dian)粉74.95%、維(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)A和(he)(he)(he)維(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)B1及(ji)維(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)B2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)量也(ye)超過(guo)其(qi)它小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物 ,屬禾本科。它性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)喜溫(wen)暖,適應(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強。大(da)(da)寧(ning)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)地(di)——山西(xi)大(da)(da)寧(ning)縣,號(hao)稱“上(shang)(shang)堂糧(liang)倉”,位于(yu)呂梁山余脈,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河水東岸(an),平均(jun)海拔1500米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da),屬于(yu)丘陵地(di)帶,氣(qi)(qi)候土壤(rang)獨特(te),谷(gu)(gu)子生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)較長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。昕水河縱貫全境,氣(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he),水資源(yuan)是鄰縣不(bu)可相比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域環(huan)境正適合(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),而(er)大(da)(da)多小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)都種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)山腰和(he)(he)(he)丘陵間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)塊(kuai)平地(di)上(shang)(shang),獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境和(he)(he)(he)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法保證了小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)“天然、綠色(se)、無(wu)污(wu)染”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。作為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)寧(ning)縣特(te)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件要(yao)求苛刻(ke),產(chan)(chan)量低,一(yi)(yi)(yi)直被當(dang)地(di)人(ren)(ren)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)饋贈親友(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳(jia)品,市場上(shang)(shang)很少流(liu)通。紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)谷(gu)(gu)殼成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)紅(hong)色(se),熬粥(zhou)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)價值豐(feng)富,有(you)“代參湯”之美稱。據測定,每100克(ke)(ke)中(zhong)含(han)(han)蛋白質(zhi)9.7克(ke)(ke),脂(zhi)肪3.5克(ke)(ke),碳水化(hua)合(he)物72.8克(ke)(ke),鈣29毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),磷240毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),鐵(tie)4.8毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),胡蘿卜素(su)(su)0.19毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),硫(liu)胺(an)素(su)(su)0.57毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),核(he)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)0.12毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),煙酸1.6毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)且這些(xie)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)素(su)(su)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)化(hua)吸收率也(ye)較高(gao),蛋白質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)化(hua)吸收率為(wei)(wei)(wei)83.4%,脂(zhi)肪為(wei)(wei)(wei)90.8%,碳水化(hua)合(he)物為(wei)(wei)(wei)99.4%。不(bu)但有(you)滋(zi)養(yang)腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi),清熱解(jie)渴、健胃除濕(shi)、和(he)(he)(he)胃安(an)(an)眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效,還具有(you)滋(zi)陰養(yang)血的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能,可以(yi)使產(chan)(chan)婦(fu)虛寒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質(zhi)得(de)到調養(yang),幫助她(ta)們(men)恢復體(ti)力,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)食(shi)(shi)用能達到滋(zi)養(yang)腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi)、和(he)(he)(he)胃安(an)(an)眠、滋(zi)陰養(yang)血的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效,實為(wei)(wei)(wei)孕婦(fu)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孩、老(lao)人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)(he)體(ti)虛者(zhe)滋(zi)養(yang)進補(bu)及(ji)日常(chang)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳(jia)品。
二.自然生態(tai)環境和(he)人(ren)文歷史因素
大(da)(da)寧縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處山西(xi)省呂梁(liang)山南端,黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)東岸,境內垣坡連(lian)綿,南北高(gao)山對(dui)峙,東高(gao)西(xi)凸,形如(ru)盆地(di),屬于大(da)(da)陸性(xing)暖溫帶(dai)亞干旱(han)氣候(hou)區,氣候(hou)溫和(he),四季(ji)分明。春季(ji)干旱(han)多風,夏季(ji)炎熱多雨,秋季(ji)陰(yin)雨連(lian)綿,冬季(ji)寒冷干燥。年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)(wei)10.7℃,最高(gao)氣溫38.5℃,最低氣溫-20.3℃.;年(nian)平(ping)均降水(shui)(shui)量、536.9mm;年(nian)平(ping)均日照數>2466小時,年(nian)平(ping)均無霜(shuang)期(qi)212天。小米(mi)(mi)種(zhong)植(zhi)區域地(di)形平(ping)坦,土(tu)(tu)壤類型為(wei)(wei)栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu),黃土(tu)(tu)母質,PH值(zhi)在(zai)8.23~8.25之(zhi)間(jian),土(tu)(tu)壤肥(fei)沃,有機質含量在(zai)0.25~1.91%之(zhi)間(jian),全氮含量0.013~0.11%,速(su)效氮18~22ppm,全磷(lin)0.034~0.11%,速(su)效磷(lin)0.8~36ppm,速(su)效鉀2.53~114ppm。 大(da)(da)寧縣(xian)(xian)境內有昕水(shui)(shui)河(he)、義亭(ting)河(he)、岔(cha)口河(he)三條河(he)流(liu),種(zhong)植(zhi)區域地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)系為(wei)(wei)昕水(shui)(shui)河(he)。日常產(chan)生的生活廢水(shui)(shui)較少且采用(yong)隨(sui)地(di)潑灑(sa)的方式,不會對(dui)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)造成(cheng)影(ying)響。河(he)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)質PH值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)8.0~8.04,呈(cheng)弱(ruo)堿性(xing),地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質為(wei)(wei)中性(xing)。作為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)植(zhi)灌溉用(yong)水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)質符合無公害和(he)綠(lv)色食(shi)品相應標(biao)準NY-x123-2000的要求,適宜種(zhong)植(zhi)和(he)生產(chan)紅皮小米(mi)(mi)系列產(chan)品。大(da)(da)寧縣(xian)(xian)獨特的氣候(hou)條件,使得此區域所產(chan)谷子,具有生產(chan)周期(qi)長,利于干物質積累的特點,形成(cheng)了紅皮小米(mi)(mi)色澤(ze)嫩黃、漿大(da)(da)醇香(xiang)、入(ru)口柔潤(run)的獨特品質。
三.產地(di)環境
大(da)寧縣(xian)位(wei)于山(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)呂(lv)梁(liang)山(shan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)端,地(di)理坐標(biao)為東(dong)經110°27′55″—111°0′40″,北緯36°16′40″—36°36′25″之間。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長50公(gong)里(li),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)38公(gong)里(li),總面積967平(ping)方公(gong)里(li)。縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)北與(yu)(yu)永和(he)縣(xian)接壤,南(nan)(nan)(nan)同吉縣(xian)毗連(lian);東(dong)與(yu)(yu)蒲縣(xian)、隰縣(xian)為鄰,西(xi)(xi)與(yu)(yu)陜西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)延長縣(xian)隔黃河(he)(he)相望。境(jing)(jing)內(nei)溝壑縱橫(heng),山(shan)巒逶(wei)迤,梁(liang)峁(mao)層疊,垣坡連(lian)綿。南(nan)(nan)(nan)北高山(shan)對峙,中部(bu)(bu)昕水橫(heng)貫(guan),東(dong)高西(xi)(xi)凸,形(xing)(xing)如盆地(di),有“三(san)川十塬溝四千,周圍(wei)大(da)山(shan)包一圈”之說。海(hai)拔最(zui)低為481 米(mi),最(zui)高為1719米(mi)。境(jing)(jing)內(nei)有昕水河(he)(he)、義亭河(he)(he)和(he)岔口河(he)(he)三(san)條河(he)(he)流。從川到山(shan)形(xing)(xing)成中部(bu)(bu)河(he)(he)川區(qu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)北部(bu)(bu)土(tu)石山(shan)區(qu),東(dong)部(bu)(bu)殘塬溝壑區(qu)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)破碎殘塬溝壑區(qu)等四種地(di)貌單元。
大寧縣屬大陸(lu)性暖溫帶亞(ya)干(gan)(gan)旱氣(qi)候(hou)區,氣(qi)候(hou)溫和,四季分明。春季干(gan)(gan)旱多風(feng),夏季炎(yan)熱多雨(yu),秋(qiu)季陰雨(yu)連綿(mian),冬季寒冷干(gan)(gan)燥(zao),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照數平(ping)均為(wei)(wei)2466.7小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)溫為(wei)(wei)10.7 ℃,氣(qi)溫年(nian)(nian)(nian)較差為(wei)(wei)31.8 ℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)無霜期212天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均降水量427mm。全年(nian)(nian)(nian)主導風(feng)向(xiang)為(wei)(wei)西南(nan)風(feng)。氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件優(you)越,盛產糧棉。
四.品質特點
大(da)寧(ning)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)歷來有(you)“賽參湯”之美稱,期顆粒均勻飽(bao)滿,色澤嫩(nen)黃柔和,營養(yang)(yang)豐富(fu)易(yi)煮熟(普通(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)需20-30分(fen),紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)只需8-10分(fen)既可達(da)到最(zui)佳(jia)(jia),入口(kou)細膩(ni)綿滑(hua),余香讓(rang)人回味(wei)無(wu)窮。長期食用能達(da)到滋養(yang)(yang)腎氣(qi),和胃安(an)眠,滋陰養(yang)(yang)血(xue)的(de)(de)功效(xiao),為孕產(chan)婦,小(xiao)(xiao)孩,老人和體虛(xu)者滋養(yang)(yang)進補及日常營養(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)佳(jia)(jia)品。作(zuo)為大(da)寧(ning)縣特產(chan)的(de)(de)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)米(mi),由于種植條件要(yao)求苛刻(ke),產(chan)量低,一直被當地人視為饋贈親友(you)的(de)(de)佳(jia)(jia)品,市場(chang)上很少流通(tong)。