松(song)(song)(song)茸(Tricholoma Matsutake)因其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在松(song)(song)(song)、櫟(li)林地,菌(jun)(jun)蕾(lei)期狀(zhuang)如鹿(lu)茸而得此名。亦稱松(song)(song)(song)蕈(xun)、杉蕈(xun)、合菌(jun)(jun)、臺菌(jun)(jun)、松(song)(song)(song)口蘑等,為(wei)國家二級(ji)重(zhong)點保護物(wu)種。是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種與(yu)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)、櫟(li)樹(shu)及杉樹(shu)植物(wu)根(gen)共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)真菌(jun)(jun),對(dui)環境的(de)要求十分苛刻,通常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在海拔2000—4000米(mi)之(zhi)間的(de)云南松(song)(song)(song)、高(gao)山(shan)松(song)(song)(song)、灰背櫟(li)、黃背櫟(li)、長(chang)穗(sui)高(gao)山(shan)櫟(li)或松(song)(song)(song)、櫟(li)混交(jiao)林中(zhong),發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)期為(wei)6—10月。松(song)(song)(song)茸,富(fu)含維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素B1和(he)B2,含多(duo)種氨基酸和(he)人(ren)體必需的(de)鋅(xin)、鎂(mei)等微量元素,粗(cu)脂肪含量低(di),具有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理功能(neng),并可增強(qiang)人(ren)體免疫力、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)精(jing)益氣(qi)、理氣(qi)化(hua)痰、延緩衰老(lao)、防(fang)癌(ai)治癌(ai)、防(fang)治糖尿病等,不僅(jin)有(you)(you)(you)較高(gao)的(de)營養價值,還有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)要的(de)食療和(he)保健(jian)功能(neng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)難得的(de)珍貴(gui)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)。歷史上,在日本(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)貢品之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)級(ji)酒(jiu)宴的(de)名菜之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),深受日本(ben)人(ren)喜愛,日本(ben)人(ren)以吃上松(song)(song)(song)茸為(wei)榮。據報道,1945年(nian)日本(ben)廣(guang)島原子彈(dan)0后,松(song)(song)(song)茸是(shi)(shi)(shi)唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)夠保持生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命力的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu),這使得日本(ben)人(ren)更(geng)迷信于(yu)松(song)(song)(song)茸。
松(song)(song)茸,在世界(jie)不多的(de)國家有生長,但就(jiu)其(qi)(qi)出現的(de)頻率、種群分(fen)化(hua)程度及分(fen)布(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)來看(kan),滇(dian)川藏橫斷山區(qu)腹地(di)是松(song)(song)茸群的(de)多樣化(hua)中心(xin),被認為是松(song)(song)茸群的(de)現代分(fen)布(bu)中心(xin)。經研究表(biao)明,這一區(qu)域有可能(neng)是其(qi)(qi)它地(di)區(qu)松(song)(song)茸的(de)起源中心(xin),其(qi)(qi)數量之(zhi)大,種類之(zhi)多,生態之(zhi)復雜是其(qi)(qi)它松(song)(song)茸產地(di)所(suo)無法相(xiang)比(bi)的(de)。
迪慶(qing)州,是許多(duo)植物(wu)的(de)(de)起源、分(fen)(fen)化(hua)和現代分(fen)(fen)布中(zhong)心,是動(dong)植物(wu)的(de)(de)薈萃之(zhi)地。從社(she)會經濟發展(zhan)和現有(you)人口(kou)(kou)情況看,迪慶(qing)人口(kou)(kou)稀少(平均(jun)每平方公里有(you)13人),傳統文化(hua)中(zhong)就有(you)人與自(zi)然和諧共處(chu)的(de)(de)生存理念。所以,對自(zi)然環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)破壞(huai)少,境(jing)(jing)內沒有(you)污染嚴重的(de)(de)工礦企業,原生態保(bao)存完好(hao)。加上,近幾(ji)年又實施了“天(tian)然林(lin)保(bao)護工程(cheng)”、“退耕(geng)還林(lin)還草工程(cheng)”等(deng),局部受損(sun)的(de)(de)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)得(de)以修復,區域(yu)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)進(jin)一步(bu)改善,松茸產量亦呈現出(chu)逐年遞增的(de)(de)態勢,使迪慶(qing)香(xiang)格里拉松茸成為真正的(de)(de)綠色環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)食(shi)品,以其(qi)“菇(gu)體肥大、肉質細嫩、久香(xiang)味濃、色澤好(hao)”而(er)聞名中(zhong)外(wai)。
迪(di)慶香格里拉松茸(rong)(rong),從(cong)1985年(nian)起(qi)開發,目前(qian)已成(cheng)為(wei)迪(di)慶州最主要的出(chu)(chu)口產(chan)品(pin)。年(nian)自然生長量在(zai)1000噸(dun)以(yi)上,采集量在(zai)500——900噸(dun)。此外,由于迪(di)慶地處滇(dian)、川、藏(zang)結合部,毗(pi)鄰的藏(zang)區12個縣(xian)每年(nian)從(cong)迪(di)慶中轉(zhuan)出(chu)(chu)境的松茸(rong)(rong)近500噸(dun),,使迪(di)慶松茸(rong)(rong)年(nian)貿易量達到(dao)1000——1300噸(dun),占云(yun)南省鮮松茸(rong)(rong)出(chu)(chu)口量的65%以(yi)上。所(suo)以(yi),迪(di)慶已成(cheng)為(wei)云(yun)南乃至中國的“松茸(rong)(rong)之鄉(xiang)”。
迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)香格里(li)(li)拉松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)主要產品(pin)有鮮(xian)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和制品(pin)兩大(da)(da)(da)類,制品(pin)又分為(wei)清水罐頭、冰凍松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、鹽漬松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等多種(zhong)產品(pin),每種(zhong)產品(pin)又有不同的(de)(de)(de)等級規格。在迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)經營(ying)鮮(xian)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)企業主要有香格里(li)(li)拉圣(sheng)寶食品(pin)進(jin)出口公(gong)司,經營(ying)制品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)企業有香格里(li)(li)拉野生食品(pin)進(jin)出口有限責任(ren)公(gong)司、香格里(li)(li)拉智園松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)加工廠、香格里(li)(li)拉縣(xian)祥(xiang)和食品(pin)有限責任(ren)公(gong)司、迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou)外貿(mao)公(gong)司等。2005年,我(wo)州(zhou)企業自營(ying)出口鮮(xian)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)69.8噸(dun),制品(pin)135噸(dun),出口創匯(hui)437萬美元。此外,向省內外客(ke)商供貨500余噸(dun),產值近7000萬元,兩項產值1.08億(yi)元人民幣。松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),是迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)宗出口商品(pin),也是迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)各族農民脫貧致富的(de)(de)(de)主要經濟(ji)來(lai)源。所以(yi),進(jin)一(yi)步優化松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)經營(ying)模式、拓展松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)消費市場(chang),加大(da)(da)(da)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)出口力度(du),對迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)經濟(ji)社會發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用尤為(wei)重(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)。