一.產品介紹
黔(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分布于(yu)貴(gui)(gui)州省的(de)(de)北部(bu)和東北部(bu),主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)遵義、綏(sui)陽、湄潭(tan)、桐梓、正安、務川、鳳崗、余慶、道真(zhen)、習水(shui)、匯川、紅花崗等縣區(qu)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)居民以(yi)(yi)漢族為(wei)主(zhu),由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、生(sheng)活的(de)(de)需(xu)要,群眾除養豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)積肥(fei)外,還(huan)有殺年豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)-煉油和腌(a)制臘(la)肉的(de)(de)習慣(guan),所以(yi)(yi)多選(xuan)擇“油多易(yi)肥(fei)”的(de)(de)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)種(zhong)用,對(dui)外形的(de)(de)要求是“頭大、嘴(zui)長、岔口深,腳高、體長架子蹬,大耳下掛粗尾(wei)根,倒八(ba)卦(gua)頭日增斤(jin)。境內以(yi)(yi)大婁山脈為(wei)主(zhu)體,是貴(gui)(gui)州高原向四川盆地(di)傾(qing)斜和向西湘丘陵過渡(du)的(de)(de)地(di)帶,赤水(shui)河,芙蓉(rong)江(jiang)、烏江(jiang)流經其間(jian)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)春(chun)暖較(jiao)(jiao)早,秋寒較(jiao)(jiao)晚,夏溫(wen)較(jiao)(jiao)高,土壤肥(fei)沃(wo),雨量充沛,農業(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)發達,以(yi)(yi)水(shui)稻(dao)、小麥、玉米(mi)、油菜為(wei)王,并盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)蕃薯、馬鈴薯、豆類、花生(sheng)以(yi)(yi)及烤煙、茶葉等經濟作(zuo)物。由于(yu)山場廣闊,野生(sheng)飼(si)料和農副產(chan)(chan)(chan)品豐富,為(wei)養豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)提供了物質條(tiao)件。
二.自然(ran)生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史(shi)因素
1、土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌 黔北黑豬(zhu)的(de)主產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)遵(zun)義地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢以中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)峽谷(gu)為(wei)主,低山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)次之(zhi),山(shan)(shan)(shan)巒(luan)起伏,形成了(le)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、溝谷(gu)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)和(he)(he)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)相間的(de)復(fu)雜地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形。屬(shu)低緯度高(gao)海拔的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)農業區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積30762平(ping)方公(gong)里,占(zhan)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)17.46%,其中(zhong),山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)占(zhan)61.9%,丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)占(zhan)30.7%,盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)及河谷(gu)壩子(zi)僅占(zhan)7.4%。耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積588.1萬(wan)畝(mu),人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)0.82畝(mu)。該地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質結(jie)構復(fu)雜,土(tu)壤(rang)類型多樣,以黃壤(rang)、黃棕壤(rang)、石灰土(tu)和(he)(he)水(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)為(wei)主,土(tu)質肥沃。 產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)居民(min)(min)以漢(han)族為(wei)主,亦有仡佬族、土(tu)家族、苗族等(deng)(deng)(deng)少數民(min)(min)族,由(you)于生產(chan)(chan)(chan)、生活需要,群眾(zhong)除(chu)養豬(zhu)積肥外,還(huan)有殺(sha)年(nian)豬(zhu)、煉(lian)油(you)和(he)(he)腌制臘肉(rou)的(de)習慣,所以多選擇“油(you)多易肥”的(de)豬(zhu)作種(zhong)用。產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)群眾(zhong)選擇種(zhong)豬(zhu)積累了(le)豐富的(de)經驗(yan),對(dui)外形的(de)要求(qiu)是“頭大(da)、嘴長、岔口深(shen),腳高(gao)、體長架子(zi)蹬(deng),大(da)耳下掛(gua)粗尾根(gen),倒八卦頭日增(zeng)斤”。 產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)農業較發達(da),是貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)的(de)主要糧食產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),主產(chan)(chan)(chan)稻(dao)谷(gu)、玉米(mi)、小麥、油(you)菜,也盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)紅(hong)薯、馬鈴(ling)薯、豆類、花(hua)生等(deng)(deng)(deng)農作物(wu)和(he)(he)各類蔬(shu)菜,再加上草(cao)場(chang)廣闊,野生牧(mu)草(cao)極為(wei)豐富。農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)及農副(fu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)、蔬(shu)菜、野生牧(mu)草(cao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)為(wei)黔北黑豬(zhu)的(de)形成和(he)(he)發展(zhan)奠定了(le)堅實的(de)物(wu)質基礎。黔北地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)經濟、文化相對(dui)發達(da)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),俗稱貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)的(de)糧倉和(he)(he)豬(zhu)倉,長期(qi)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)陽市和(he)(he)遵(zun)義市場(chang)提供了(le)大(da)量的(de)鮮豬(zhu)肉(rou)及豬(zhu)肉(rou)加工制品(pin)(pin),養育著該地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)人民(min)(min),促進了(le)黔北黑豬(zhu)選育和(he)(he)種(zhong)群的(de)擴大(da)。
2、氣(qi)候情況 境內氣(qi)候溫(wen)(wen)和,熱(re)(re)量(liang)資源較(jiao)豐(feng)富(fu),雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)充(chong)沛,四(si)(si)季分明,冬(dong)無(wu)嚴寒,夏無(wu)酷暑,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15~17℃,年(nian)降雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)900~1400毫米,相(xiang)對濕度(du)(du)80%左(zuo)右(you)。最(zui)多年(nian)份1313毫米,最(zui)少年(nian)份852.2毫米。無(wu)霜(shuang)期260~300天左(zuo)右(you)。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15.6℃,最(zui)冷月(yue)(元月(yue))平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)5℃,極(ji)端最(zui)低溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)零下(xia)5.5℃,最(zui)熱(re)(re)月(yue)(七月(yue))平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15.6℃,極(ji)端最(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)37.4℃,年(nian)日照數(shu)1266.7小(xiao)時。低山(shan)(shan)河谷地(di)區的(de)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)熱(re)(re)量(liang)條件更為充(chong)裕,如赤(chi)水(shui)河下(xia)段(duan)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)18℃左(zuo)右(you),夏季炎熱(re)(re),時間較(jiao)長,冬(dong)季溫(wen)(wen)和,少見霜(shuang)雪。東與(yu)湖南接壤,北與(yu)四(si)(si)川(chuan)毗連(lian),境內以(yi)大婁山(shan)(shan)脈為主體(ti),是貴州高(gao)原向四(si)(si)川(chuan)盆地(di)傾斜和向西湘(xiang)丘陵過渡(du)的(de)地(di)帶,赤(chi)水(shui)河,芙蓉江、烏江流經其(qi)間。產(chan)(chan)(chan)區春暖較(jiao)早,秋寒較(jiao)晚,夏溫(wen)(wen)較(jiao)高(gao),土壤肥沃,雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)充(chong)沛,農業較(jiao)發(fa)達,是貴州省的(de)主要糧食產(chan)(chan)(chan)區。農作物(wu)一年(nian)兩熟(shu),以(yi)水(shui)稻(dao)、小(xiao)麥、玉(yu)米、油菜為王,并盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)蕃(fan)薯、馬鈴薯、豆類、花(hua)生(sheng)以(yi)及烤煙、茶葉等經濟作物(wu)。由于山(shan)(shan)場廣(guang)闊,野(ye)生(sheng)飼料和農副產(chan)(chan)(chan)品豐(feng)富(fu),為養豬提供了物(wu)質條件。
三.地域范圍
黔北黑豬主要產(chan)區位(wei)于貴州省北部遵(zun)(zun)義(yi)市的(de)桐梓縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、遵(zun)(zun)義(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳岡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、綏(sui)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、道真(zhen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、務(wu)川縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、余慶(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、湄(mei)(mei)潭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、正安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、赤水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、習水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、仁(ren)懷縣(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)12個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。黔北黑豬的(de)地域(yu)保護范圍為:桐梓縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、遵(zun)(zun)義(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳岡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、綏(sui)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、道真(zhen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、務(wu)川縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、余慶(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、湄(mei)(mei)潭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、正安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、赤水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、習水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、仁(ren)懷縣(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)12個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。地理坐標:東經105°36′—108°13′,北緯(wei)27°08′—29°12。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
1、產品典型特征特性描述(shu) 黔北黑豬全身被(bei)毛(mao)黑色(se)。頭大小適中,耳(er)大下垂,嘴長(chang)(chang)而直,額部(bu)皺紋多呈菱形。頸長(chang)(chang)短適中,背腰(yao)微凹(ao),較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)(chang)而稍(shao)窄(zhai),后軀(qu)較(jiao)(jiao)豐滿,斜(xie)尻(kao),尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)超過飛(fei)節(jie),胸稍(shao)窄(zhai)而較(jiao)(jiao)深,腹大下垂,但不著地。四肢健壯,后肢多臥系。
2、內在品質 成年母豬(zhu)體(ti)重161.88+28公斤,體(ti)長136.38+15厘米(mi),成年公豬(zhu)體(ti)重150.83+10公斤,體(ti)長148.38+7厘米(mi)。 胴體(ti)品質:黔北黑(hei)豬(zhu)屠宰(zai)率高(gao),胴體(ti)品質較好(hao)。屠宰(zai)率平(ping)均70.34%,膘厚平(ping)均3.54厘米(mi),瘦肉(rou)率平(ping)均41.90%。 蛋白質(g/100g)10.2-11.5,谷氨(an)酸(g/100g)2.9-3.4,精氨(an)酸(g/100g)2.0-2.8,亮(liang)氨(an)酸(g/100g)1.4-2.0,丙(bing)氨(an)酸(g/100g)1.0-1.8,蘇(su)氨(an)酸(g/100g)1.5-2.1。
3、黔北黑豬養殖嚴格按昭NY5029-2008無公害食品豬肉的(de)規定養殖。
五.特(te)定生產方(fang)式
1、產地(di)選(xuan)擇 首先應(ying)選(xuan)擇牧草(cao)(cao)資源豐(feng)富的(de)地(di)方或者是利(li)于種植優質牧草(cao)(cao)的(de)草(cao)(cao)山草(cao)(cao)坡,背風(feng)向陽(yang),地(di)勢干(gan)燥,冬暖夏(xia)涼的(de)環境是黔北(bei)黑豬最適合的(de)生存環境,所(suo)以(yi)豬舍圈舍應(ying)選(xuan)擇地(di)勢較高,排水良好,通(tong)(tong)風(feng)順暢(chang),向陽(yang)避風(feng),位于居民區(qu)下風(feng)向。土質應(ying)選(xuan)擇透水性好的(de)沙(sha)質土壤。水源四季(ji)供水充足(zu),無污染。電力通(tong)(tong)訊交通(tong)(tong)便(bian)利(li),但考慮到防疫的(de)需要,圈舍與主要交通(tong)(tong)干(gan)線的(de)距離應(ying)不少(shao)于1000米(mi)。
2、品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu) 在黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北地(di)區的(de)鳳(feng)崗縣(xian)、道真縣(xian)、遵義縣(xian)是黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)保護區和(he)(he)中心產(chan)區,廣泛開展(zhan)(zhan)本品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)、提(ti)純復(fu)壯的(de)工作。 品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu):采取(qu)“集中選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu),按群建系,統一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)供應(ying),分場(chang)(戶)生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)”的(de)方法。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)品系純正(zheng)、整(zheng)齊度(du)高(gao)而健壯、免(mian)疫可靠(kao)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進行(xing)推廣生(sheng)產(chan)。 充(chong)分利用黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源優勢,建立純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)地(di),廣泛開展(zhan)(zhan)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)配(pei)工作,指導養殖(zhi)戶實行(xing)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)異地(di)交換(huan)、區域調整(zheng),嚴格(ge)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)配(pei)制(zhi)度(du),對不留作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用的(de)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)律要求育(yu)(yu)(yu)肥作商品豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出(chu)(chu)售,避免(mian)近(jin)親繁(fan)殖(zhi)產(chan)生(sheng)不良性(xing)狀(zhuang),以(yi)此鞏固提(ti)高(gao)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)優良特性(xing)和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)能,培育(yu)(yu)(yu)出(chu)(chu)符合本品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標準(zhun)的(de)等(deng)級黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。 通過良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)登記,增加基(ji)因多樣性(xing),增強選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)強度(du),實行(xing)科學選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)配(pei),提(ti)高(gao)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)整(zheng)體水平。 黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)流程:選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)定純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑母豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)→用黔(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)北黑公豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)→懷(huai)孕(yun)→產(chan)出(chu)(chu)仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)→乳期(qi)斷奶育(yu)(yu)(yu)成(10-12個月育(yu)(yu)(yu)肥飼養)→100公斤以(yi)上出(chu)(chu)欄。
3、生產過程管理 本(ben)技術規定了黔北黑豬飼養過程的要求。
(1)人員(yuan)(yuan)管理:種場的(de)飼養員(yuan)(yuan)應定期進行健康(kang)檢查,傳染病患者不(bu)(bu)得從事養殖(zhi)工作;場內獸醫人員(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)準對(dui)外診療。一般養殖(zhi)場(戶)的(de)養殖(zhi)從業人員(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)應保持健康(kang)。
(2)飼養(yang)管理:
①仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)的(de)飼養管理 仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)出生后一(yi)定要(yao)喂初乳(ru)(ru),固定乳(ru)(ru)頭,按(an)照大的(de)放在中間,小的(de)放在兩邊,固定2次后,仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)就不會亂爭搶乳(ru)(ru)頭了(le),這(zhe)樣仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)長勢均(jun)勻。每(mei)頭母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)量一(yi)般不要(yao)超過12頭,若產仔(zi)數(shu)量較(jiao)多時,應(ying)采取寄(ji)養的(de)辦法(fa),寄(ji)養時給寄(ji)養仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang)抹來蘇水或(huo)母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)尿,干擾(rao)寄(ji)養母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)嗅覺,不讓(rang)母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)吃(chi)仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu),保證寄(ji)養成功。 仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)出生第7天(tian)開始誘食,把仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)料撒(sa)在仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)補料間內,避(bi)免(mian)母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)舔(tian)食。仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)盡(jin)(jin)早(zao)吃(chi)開食,這(zhe)樣有助于提高斷奶(nai)窩重(zhong),縮短哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)天(tian)數(shu),使母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)盡(jin)(jin)快恢復體力,提早(zao)發情(qing)。黔北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)斷奶(nai)一(yi)般比雜交仔(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)日齡長,一(yi)般需要(yao) 35—40天(tian),體重(zhong)平均(jun)達15斤以上(shang)才能斷奶(nai),否(fou)則成活率低。
②育(yu)成豬(zhu)的(de)飼(si)養管(guan)理 黔北黑豬(zhu)育(yu)肥時(shi)(shi)間為10-14個月。飼(si)養時(shi)(shi)營養要全(quan)面,主要以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉米、紅(hong)薯(shu)、紅(hong)薯(shu)藤、南瓜、蘿卜、白菜、牛皮(pi)菜等農作(zuo)物或(huo)野(ye)生草本植物為飼(si)料原料。育(yu)肥時(shi)(shi),在(zai)80斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下時(shi)(shi),精料比(bi)例(li)占(zhan)60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang),青飼(si)料比(bi)例(li)占(zhan)40%最佳,因(yin)為此時(shi)(shi)豬(zhu)的(de)體格小,消(xiao)化薄弱,抗(kang)病力(li)低。80斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)逐漸(jian)加大(da)青飼(si)料的(de)比(bi)例(li),縮小精料比(bi)例(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)節約飼(si)料,用(yong)地方說法是“吊架子(zi)”。180斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)又要加大(da)精料比(bi)例(li),此時(shi)(shi)要催(cui)肥,使豬(zhu)出欄時(shi)(shi)屠宰率高,瘦(shou)肉(rou)率在(zai)40%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。
③種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)的飼養管(guan)理 母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)體軀要(yao)勻稱,乳頭6對以上,對稱整(zheng)齊。過(guo)肥豬(zhu)(zhu)不發情,過(guo)瘦(shou)則受胎率低(di),產仔數少,仔豬(zhu)(zhu)成活率低(di)。母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)飼喂到150—200斤才能方可配種(zhong)。母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)每(mei)隔21天(tian)(tian)發情一次,配種(zhong)后(hou),做(zuo)好記(ji)錄,懷孕111—114天(tian)(tian)(三個月三個星期(qi)零三天(tian)(tian))開始(shi)產仔,此時(shi),要(yao)做(zuo)好接生(sheng)的準備。母(mu)(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)產仔時(shi)要(yao)做(zuo)好防寒保暖、防暑(shu)降溫工作,冬天(tian)(tian)保持圈(quan)舍干燥,農村散(san)養戶可給圈(quan)舍鋪層稻(dao)草(cao)。
④種公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬的(de)飼(si)養管理 種公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬要(yao)(yao)壯實,12個月(yue)即可用于配種。1—2歲的(de)種公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬每星期采(cai)(cai)精(jing)2—5次,2歲以(yi)上可隔(ge)一(yi)天(tian)采(cai)(cai)一(yi)次。采(cai)(cai)精(jing)應在早、晚涼(liang)爽時進(jin)行。采(cai)(cai)精(jing)后種公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強營養,每次采(cai)(cai)精(jing)后生喂雞(ji)蛋1—2個。為了加(jia)強公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬的(de)體力,應做適(shi)量運(yun)動(dong),每天(tian)趕著公(gong)(gong)(gong)豬運(yun)動(dong)2小時以(yi)上。
(3)常規管理 根(gen)據(ju)黔北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長階(jie)段,按(an)時、按(an)量(liang)、按(an)標準飼(si)喂,每(mei)天(tian)打掃(sao)圈舍(she)2次(ci)(ci),每(mei)周對(dui)圈舍(she)帶豬(zhu)消毒2-3次(ci)(ci)。制定免疫(yi)程序,按(an)期接(jie)種(zhong)疫(yi)苗,確(que)保(bao)豬(zhu)群健康。 獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)及休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期:保(bao)持良好的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養管理,盡量(liang)減(jian)(jian)少疾病的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng),減(jian)(jian)少藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang),嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期規定。采用(yong)飲水或拌料(liao)方式添加獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)符合NY5030-2006要(yao)求。所購(gou)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)來自有《獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)許可(ke)證》和(he)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)批準文號的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企業(ye),購(gou)買手(shou)續齊備存檔備查(cha)。為做到合理用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)、正確(que)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao),嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)控制和(he)剔(ti)除高殘留獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao),杜絕違禁藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong),對(dui)限量(liang)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)嚴(yan)(yan)禁超量(liang)和(he)濫用(yong),未作(zuo)規定限量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)也不得(de)濫用(yong)。獸(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)必須嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期制度,每(mei)年定期、不定期地對(dui)黔北(bei)育成黑(hei)豬(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)殘留藥(yao)(yao)情況進行(xing)(xing)(xing)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce),治(zhi)療(liao)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)黔北(bei)育成豬(zhu)應實行(xing)(xing)(xing)隔圈飼(si)養,在休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期過(guo)后(hou)方可(ke)出欄。 驅蟲(chong):一般(ban)每(mei)年春(chun)秋兩(liang)次(ci)(ci)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)驅蟲(chong)。丙硫(liu)咪唑、阿(a)維(wei)菌素都具有高效、低毒、廣譜的(de)(de)(de)優點,對(dui)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)胃(wei)腸道(dao)線蟲(chong)、肺線蟲(chong)、片(pian)型吸(xi)蟲(chong)均有效。可(ke)同(tong)時驅除混合感(gan)染的(de)(de)(de)多種(zhong)寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)。
(4)飼(si)養(yang)管理(li)(li)質量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi) 嚴(yan)格按《無公害食(shi)品肉豬飼(si)養(yang)管理(li)(li)準則》控(kong)制(zhi)和操作全(quan)生(sheng)產管理(li)(li)過程(cheng),縣局(ju)產品質量(liang)安全(quan)領導小(xiao)組每年(nian)至(zhi)少對(dui)產地(di)內的(de)生(sheng)產管理(li)(li)進(jin)行(xing)二次全(quan)面檢(jian)查,鎮鄉畜牧(mu)站和農(nong)(nong)村(cun)獸(shou)醫人員對(dui)產地(di)內黔北黑豬的(de)無公害生(sheng)產進(jin)行(xing)常年(nian)巡查管理(li)(li),保證各飼(si)養(yang)場和農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)按標準化組織和進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)產。
(5)投入品管理
①飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao):飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)與飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)原料(liao)應符合NY5150的規定。不能在(zai)黔(qian)北(bei)黑豬(zhu)體內埋植(zhi)或者在(zai)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)中添(tian)加鎮靜(jing)劑、激素類等違(wei)禁(jin)藥(yao)品。黔(qian)北(bei)育肥(fei)黑豬(zhu)使(shi)用含有抗生素的添(tian)加劑時,應按照《飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)和飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)添(tian)加劑管理條(tiao)例》執行休藥(yao)期。不同性別、年齡、體重和不同生理狀況的黔(qian)北(bei)黑豬(zhu)選用不同的飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)方式和飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)標準。飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)種(zhong)類要多樣化,適(shi)口性要好。飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)營養(yang)(yang)價(jia)值(zhi)要保持相對(dui)穩定,不能喂發霉變質的飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)。日糧以(yi)優質青粗飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)為(wei)主,適(shi)當搭配(pei)精料(liao)。選用飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)可根據當地條(tiao)件就地取材,同時,也要考(kao)慮飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)的價(jia)格(ge),以(yi)降低(di)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)成本。
②飲(yin)(yin)水:經常(chang)保持有充(chong)足的飲(yin)(yin)水,水質(zhi)符合NY5092-2001的要(yao)求(qiu);定(ding)期清洗消毒(du)飲(yin)(yin)水設備,避免細菌滋生。放牧時應特別注(zhu)意水源問題(ti)。
(6)出(chu)欄后(hou)的處理規定(ding)(ding) 黔(qian)北黔(qian)豬(zhu)育肥豬(zhu)出(chu)售前應在各鄉鎮檢疫(yi)(yi)員實施產地檢疫(yi)(yi);達到休藥(yao)期、檢疫(yi)(yi)合格才能(neng)上(shang)市,不合格的實行留(liu)滯觀察定(ding)(ding)性后(hou)按規定(ding)(ding)處理;有明顯病狀的豬(zhu)及時隔(ge)離(li)或撲殺焚燒、深埋(mai)等無害化處理。以(yi)保證產地育肥豬(zhu)獸藥(yao)殘留(liu)低于(yu)規定(ding)(ding)的動物(wu)性食品中獸藥(yao)最高殘留(liu)限量(liang)。
(7)生產記(ji)錄(lu)要(yao)求:根(gen)據農(nong)業部“畜(chu)禽標識和(he)養殖(zhi)檔(dang)案管理辦法”規(gui)定,種(zhong)場及一般養殖(zhi)場(戶(hu))都應當建立養殖(zhi)檔(dang)案,載明以下內容:品種(zhong)、數量、繁(fan)殖(zhi)記(ji)錄(lu)、標識情況(kuang)、來源和(he)進出(chu)場日期;飼料投入品和(he)獸藥(yao)的來源、名稱、使用對象、時(shi)間和(he)用量等有(you)關情況(kuang);檢疫、免疫、監測、消毒情況(kuang);豬的發(fa)病、診療、死亡和(he)無害化處理情況(kuang)。資(zi)料應盡可能(neng)長期保(bao)存(cun),最少保(bao)留2年。
六(liu).包(bao)裝標(biao)識相關規定
本規(gui)定地(di)域范(fan)圍內(nei)的黔(qian)(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產經營者,在產品(pin)或(huo)包裝上使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)地(di)理(li)標(biao)志,須向遵義市黔(qian)(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)養殖專業(ye)合(he)作(zuo)社利(li)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)業(ye)專業(ye)合(he)作(zuo)社提出申請,按(an)照相(xiang)關要求(qiu)規(gui)范(fan)生(sheng)產和(he)使(shi)用(yong)標(biao)志,統一采用(yong)黔(qian)(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)產品(pin)名稱和(he)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)地(di)理(li)標(biao)志公共標(biao)識(shi)相(xiang)結合(he)的標(biao)識(shi)標(biao)注方(fang)法。